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Martínez-Junquera M, Lalinde E, Moreno MT. cis/ trans-[Pt(C ∧N)(C≡CR)(CNBu t)] Isomers: Synthesis, Photophysical, DFT Studies, and Chemosensory Behavior. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:11849-11868. [PMID: 37458185 PMCID: PMC10394665 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c01196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
cis/trans Isomerism can be a crucial factor for photophysical properties. Here, we report the synthesis and optical properties of a series of trans- and cis-alkynyl/isocyanide cycloplatinated compounds [Pt(C∧N)(C≡CR)(CNBut)] [R = C6H4-4-OMe 1, 3-C4H3S 2; C∧N = 2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)pyridine (dfppy) (a), 4-(2-pyridyl)benzaldehyde (ppy-CHO) (b)]. The trans-forms do not isomerize thermally in MeCN solution to the cis forms, but upon photochemical irradiation in this medium at 298 K, a variable isomerization to the cis forms was observed. This behavior is in good agreement with the theoretically calculated energy values. The trans/cis configuration, the identity of the cyclometalated, and the alkynyl ligand influence on the absorption and emission properties of the complexes in solution, polystyrene (PS) films, and solid state are reported. All complexes are efficient triplet emitters in all media (except for trans-1a and trans-2a in CH2Cl2 solution at 298 K), with emission wavelengths depending mainly on the cyclometalated ligand in the region 473-490 nm (dfppy), 510-550 (ppy-CHO), and quantum yields (ϕ) ranging from 18.5 to 40.7% in PS films. The combined photophysical data and time-dependent density functional theory calculations (TD-DFT) at the excited-state T1 geometry reveal triplet excited states of 3L'LCT (C≡CR → C∧N)/3IL (C∧N) character with minor 3MLCT contribution. The dfppy (a) complexes show a greater tendency to aggregate in rigid media than the ppy-CHO (b) and the cis with respect to the trans, showing red-shifted structureless bands of 3MMLCT and/or excimer-like nature. Interestingly, trans-1a,2a and cis-1a,2a undergo significant changes in the ultraviolet (UV) and emission spectra with Hg2+ ions enabling their use for sensing of Hg2+ ions in solution. This is clearly shown by the hypsochromic shift and substantial decrease of the low-energy absorption band and an increase of the intensity of the emission in the MeCN solution upon the addition of a solution of Hg(ClO4)2 (1:5 molar ratio). Job's plot analysis estimated a 1:1 stoichiometry in the complexation mode of Hg2+ by trans-2a. The binding constant (log K) calculated for this system from absorption titration data resulted to be 2.56, and the limit of the detection (LOD) was 6.54 × 10-7 M.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Martínez-Junquera
- Departamento de Química-Centro de Síntesis Química de La Rioja, (CISQ), Universidad de La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain
| | - Elena Lalinde
- Departamento de Química-Centro de Síntesis Química de La Rioja, (CISQ), Universidad de La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain
| | - M Teresa Moreno
- Departamento de Química-Centro de Síntesis Química de La Rioja, (CISQ), Universidad de La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain
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2
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Sadeghian M, Gómez de Segura D, Golbon Haghighi M, Safari N, Lalinde E, Moreno MT. Luminescent Anionic Cyclometalated Organoplatinum (II) Complexes with Terminal and Bridging Cyanide Ligand: Structural and Photophysical Properties. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:1513-1529. [PMID: 36651903 PMCID: PMC9890487 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We present the synthesis and characterization of two series of mononuclear heteroleptic anionic cycloplatinated(II) complexes featuring terminal cyanide ligand Q+[Pt(C^N)(p-MeC6H4)(CN)]- [C^N = benzoquinolate (bzq), Q+ = K+ 1 and NBu4+ 4; 2-phenylpyridinate (ppy), Q+ = K+ 2 and NBu4+ 5 and 2-(2,4- difluorophenyl)pyridinate (dfppy), Q+ = K+ 3 and NBu4+ 6] and a series of symmetrical binuclear complexes (NBu4)[Pt2(C^N)2(p-MeC6H4)2(μ-CN)] (C^N = bzq 7, ppy 8, dfppy 9). Compounds 5, 6, and 7-9 were further determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. There are no apparent intermolecular Pt···Pt interactions owing to the presence of bulky NBu4+ counterion. Slow crystallization of K[Pt(ppy)(p-MeC6H4)(CN)] 2 in acetone/hexane evolves with formation of yellow crystals, which were identified by single-crystal X-ray diffraction methods as the salt complex {[Pt(ppy)(p-MeC6H4)(CN)]2K3(OCMe2)4(μ-OCMe2)2}[Pt(ppy)(p-MeC6H4)(μ-CN)Pt(ppy)(p-MeC6H4)]·2acetone (10), featuring the binuclear anionic unit 8- neutralized by an hybrid inorganic-organometallic coordination polymer {[Pt(ppy)(p-MeC6H4)(CN)]2K3(OCMe2)4(μ-OCMe2)2}+. The photophysical properties of all compounds were recorded in powder, polystyrene film, and solution states with a quantum yield up to 21% for 9 in the solid state. All complexes displayed bright emission in rigid media, and for the interpretation of their absorption and emission properties, density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT calculations were applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Sadeghian
- Department
of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, Evin, Tehran 19839-69411, Iran,Departamento
de Química-Centro de Síntesis Química de La Rioja
(CISQ), Universidad de La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain
| | - David Gómez de Segura
- Departamento
de Química-Centro de Síntesis Química de La Rioja
(CISQ), Universidad de La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain
| | | | - Nasser Safari
- Department
of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, Evin, Tehran 19839-69411, Iran
| | - Elena Lalinde
- Departamento
de Química-Centro de Síntesis Química de La Rioja
(CISQ), Universidad de La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain,
| | - M. Teresa Moreno
- Departamento
de Química-Centro de Síntesis Química de La Rioja
(CISQ), Universidad de La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain,
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Gavrilov GA, Kinzhalov MA. Isocyanide-Phosphine Complexes of Palladium(II) Dihalides: Synthesis, Structure, and Resistance to Ligand Disproportionation Reactions. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363222110123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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4
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Intermolecular (Isocyano group)···PtII interactions involving coordinated isocyanides in cyclometalated PtII complexes. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.132230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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5
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Sutton GD, Olumba ME, Nguyen YH, Teets TS. The diverse functions of isocyanides in phosphorescent metal complexes. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:17851-17863. [PMID: 34787613 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03312c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this Perspective, we highlight many examples of photoluminescent metal complexes supported by isocyanides, with an emphasis on recent developments including several from our own group. Work in this field has shown that the isocyanide can play important structural roles, both as a terminal ligand and as a bridging ligand for polynuclear structures, and can influence the excited-state character and excited-state dynamics. In addition, there are many examples of isocyanide-supported complexes where the isocyanide serves as a chromophoric ligand, meaning the low-energy excited states that are important in the photochemistry are partially or completely localized on the isocyanide. Finally, an emerging trend in the design of luminescent compounds is to use the isocyanide as an electrophilic precursor, converted to an acyclic carbene by nucleophilic addition which imparts certain photophysical advantages. This Perspective aims to show the diverse roles played by isocyanides in the design of luminescent compounds, showcasing the recent developments that have led to a substantial growth in fundamental knowledge, function, and applications related to photoluminescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory D Sutton
- University of Houston, Department of Chemistry, 3585 Cullen Blvd., Room 112, Houston, TX 77204-5003, USA.
| | - Morris E Olumba
- University of Houston, Department of Chemistry, 3585 Cullen Blvd., Room 112, Houston, TX 77204-5003, USA.
| | - Yennie H Nguyen
- University of Houston, Department of Chemistry, 3585 Cullen Blvd., Room 112, Houston, TX 77204-5003, USA.
| | - Thomas S Teets
- University of Houston, Department of Chemistry, 3585 Cullen Blvd., Room 112, Houston, TX 77204-5003, USA.
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6
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Shahsavari HR, Chamyani S, Hu J, Aghakhanpour RB, Rheingold AL, Paziresh S, Rahal D, Tsuji M, Momand B, Beyzavi H. The Utilization of
Para
‐Substituted Triphenylphosphine Derivatives to Synthesize Highly Emissive Cyclometalated Platinum(II) Complexes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hamid R. Shahsavari
- Department of Chemistry Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS) Zanjan 45137-66731 Iran
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Arkansas Fayetteville Arkansas 72701 United States
| | - Samira Chamyani
- Department of Chemistry Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS) Zanjan 45137-66731 Iran
| | - Jiyun Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Arkansas Fayetteville Arkansas 72701 United States
| | - Reza Babadi Aghakhanpour
- Department of Chemistry Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS) Zanjan 45137-66731 Iran
| | - Arnold L. Rheingold
- Department of Chemistry University of California San Diego, La Jolla California 92093 United States
| | - Sareh Paziresh
- Department of Chemistry Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS) Zanjan 45137-66731 Iran
| | - Dania Rahal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Arkansas Fayetteville Arkansas 72701 United States
| | - Miu Tsuji
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Arkansas Fayetteville Arkansas 72701 United States
| | - Bilal Momand
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Arkansas Fayetteville Arkansas 72701 United States
| | - Hudson Beyzavi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Arkansas Fayetteville Arkansas 72701 United States
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Photophysical Properties and Kinetic Studies of 2-Vinylpyridine-Based Cycloplatinated(II) Complexes Containing Various Phosphine Ligands. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26072034. [PMID: 33918450 PMCID: PMC8038257 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26072034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of cycloplatinated(II) complexes with general formula of [PtMe(Vpy)(PR3)], Vpy = 2-vinylpyridine and PR3 = PPh3 (1a); PPh2Me (1b); PPhMe2 (1c), were synthesized and characterized by means of spectroscopic methods. These cycloplatinated(II) complexes were luminescent at room temperature in the yellow–orange region’s structured bands. The PPhMe2 derivative was the strongest emissive among the complexes, and the complex with PPh3 was the weakest one. Similar to many luminescent cycloplatinated(II) complexes, the emission was mainly localized on the Vpy cyclometalated ligand as the main chromophoric moiety. The present cycloplatinated(II) complexes were oxidatively reacted with MeI to yield the corresponding cycloplatinated(IV) complexes. The kinetic studies of the reaction point out to an SN2 mechanism. The complex with PPhMe2 ligand exhibited the fastest oxidative addition reaction due to the most electron-rich Pt(II) center in its structure, whereas the PPh3 derivative showed the slowest one. Interestingly, for the PPhMe2 analog, the trans isomer was stable and could be isolated as both kinetic and thermodynamic product, while the other two underwent trans to cis isomerization.
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Katkova SA, Eliseev II, Mikherdov AS, Sokolova EV, Starova GL, Kinzhalov MA. Cyclometalated Platinum(II) Complexes with Nitrile and Isocyanide Ligands: Synthesis, Structure, and Photophysical Properties. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363221030099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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9
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Shahsavari HR, Paziresh S. The impact of cyclometalated and phosphine ligands on the luminescence properties of cycloplatinated( ii) complexes: photophysical and theoretical investigations. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj04242d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The effects of various C^N cyclometalated and phosphine ligands on the photophysical properties of cycloplatinated(ii) complexes were investigated experimentally and theoretically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid R. Shahsavari
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan, 45137-66731, Iran
| | - Sareh Paziresh
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan, 45137-66731, Iran
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10
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The history of organoplatinum chemistry in Iran: 40-year research. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-020-01892-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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11
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Katkova SA, Leshchev AA, Mikherdov AS, Kinzhalov MA. Synthesis of Cyclometalated Platinum(II) Complex with an Alkynyl-Substituted Isocyanide Ligand, Its Structure and Photophysical Properties. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363220040143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Nikahd S, Babadi Aghakhanpour R, Nabavizadeh SM, Niroomand Hosseini F, Hoseini SJ, Pfitzner A, Samandar Sangari M. Luminescent mononuclear and dinuclear cycloplatinated (II) complexes comprising azide and phosphine ancillary ligands. Appl Organomet Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.5197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sahebeh Nikahd
- Professor Rashidi Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, College of SciencesShiraz University Shiraz 71467‐13565 Iran
| | | | - S. Masoud Nabavizadeh
- Professor Rashidi Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, College of SciencesShiraz University Shiraz 71467‐13565 Iran
| | | | - S. Jafar Hoseini
- Professor Rashidi Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, College of SciencesShiraz University Shiraz 71467‐13565 Iran
| | - Arno Pfitzner
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieUniversität Regensburg 93040 Regensburg Germany
| | - Mozhgan Samandar Sangari
- Professor Rashidi Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, College of SciencesShiraz University Shiraz 71467‐13565 Iran
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieUniversität Regensburg 93040 Regensburg Germany
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13
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Nazari M, Shahsavari HR. Strong red emissions induced by Pt–Pt interactions in binuclear cycloplatinated(II) complexes containing bridging diphosphines. Appl Organomet Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.5020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Nazari
- Department of ChemistryInstitute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS) Zanjan 45137‐66731 Iran
| | - Hamid R. Shahsavari
- Department of ChemistryInstitute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS) Zanjan 45137‐66731 Iran
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14
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Paziresh S, Babadi Aghakhanpour R, Fuertes S, Sicilia V, Niroomand Hosseini F, Nabavizadeh SM. A double rollover cycloplatinated(ii) skeleton: a versatile platform for tuning emission by chelating and non-chelating ancillary ligand systems. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:5713-5724. [PMID: 30968899 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt00807a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Described here is the synthesis and characterization of heteroleptic binuclear platinum(ii) complexes of the type [Pt2(μ-bpy-2H)(S^S)2] and [Pt2(μ-bpy-2H)(L)2(X)2], containing a 2,2'-bipyridine-based double rollover cycloplatinated core (Pt(μ-bpy-2H)Pt), in combination with the anionic S^S- chelate ligands di(ethyl)dithiocarbamate (dedtc) and O,O'-di(cyclohexyl)dithiophosphate (dcdtp) or non-chelating L/X ancillary ligands (PPh3/Me, t-BuNC/Me, PPh3/SCN and PPh3/N3). The new complexes were characterized using multinuclear (1H, 31P and 195Pt) NMR spectroscopy and some of them additionally using single crystal X-ray diffraction. The absorption and photoluminescence of the complexes show a strong dependence on the ancillary ligands. Upon excitation at 365 nm, in a CH2Cl2 rigid matrix (77 K), the complexes exhibit structured emission bands with λmax between 488 nm and 525 nm and vibrational spacing around 1350 cm-1, indicating the excited states centered on the cyclometalated ligand (3ILCT) with some mixing 3MLCT characteristics. In the case of the PPh3/N3 complex, a dual emission band (orange color) is observed in the solid state at 298 K for which the low energy band arises from an aggregation-induced emission (AIE). Upon lowering the temperature (77 K), thermochromism is observed (orange to yellow) which is accompanied by the intensification of the high energy band (ligand-centered structured band). Finally, in order to rationalize the obtained photophysical data, complete DFT (density functional theory) and TD-DFT (time-dependent DFT) calculations were performed on the selected complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sareh Paziresh
- Professor Rashidi Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 71454, Iran.
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15
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Shahsavari HR, Babadi Aghakhanpour R, Nikravesh M, Ozdemir J, Golbon Haghighi M, Notash B, Beyzavi H. Highly Emissive Cycloplatinated(II) Complexes Obtained by the Chloride Abstraction from the Complex [Pt(ppy)(PPh3)(Cl)]: Employing Various Silver Salts. Organometallics 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hamid R. Shahsavari
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan 45137-66731, Iran
| | - Reza Babadi Aghakhanpour
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan 45137-66731, Iran
| | - Mahshid Nikravesh
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan 45137-66731, Iran
| | - John Ozdemir
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | | | - Behrouz Notash
- Department of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, Evin, Tehran 19839-69411, Iran
| | - Hudson Beyzavi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
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Sivchik V, Sarker RK, Liu ZY, Chung KY, Grachova EV, Karttunen AJ, Chou PT, Koshevoy IO. Improvement of the Photophysical Performance of Platinum-Cyclometalated Complexes in Halogen-Bonded Adducts. Chemistry 2018; 24:11475-11484. [PMID: 29874401 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Three groups of luminescent platinum complexes [Pt(C^N)(L)(Y)] [C^N=benzothienyl-pyridine (1), bezofuryl-pyridine (2), phenyl-pyridine (3); L/Y=DMSO/Cl (a), PPh3 /Cl (b), PPh3 /CN (c)] have been probed as halogen-bond (XB) acceptors towards iodofluorobenzenes (IC6 F5 and I2 C6 F4 ). Compounds 1 a and 2 a (L/Y=DMSO/Cl) afford the adducts 1 a⋅⋅⋅I2 C6 F4 and 2 a⋅⋅⋅I2 C6 F4 , which feature I⋅⋅⋅Sbtpy /I⋅⋅⋅πbtpy and I⋅⋅⋅ODMSO /I⋅⋅⋅Cl short contacts, respectively. The phosphane-cyanide derivatives 1 c and 2 c (L/Y=PPh3 /CN) co-crystallise with both IC6 F5 and I2 C6 F4 . None of the phpy-based species 3 a-3 c participated in XB interactions. Although the native complexes are rather poor luminophores in the solid state (Φem =0.023-0.089), the adducts exhibit an up to 10-fold increase of the intensity with a minor alteration of the emission energy. The observed gain in the quantum efficiency is mainly attributed to the joint influence of non-covalent interactions (halogen/hydrogen bonding, π-π stacking), which govern the crystal-packing mode and diminish the radiationless pathways for the T1 →S0 transition by providing a rigid environment around the chromophore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasily Sivchik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, 80101, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Rajib Kumar Sarker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, 80101, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Zong-Ying Liu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Kun-You Chung
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Elena V Grachova
- Institute of Chemistry, St.-Petersburg State University, 26 Universitetskiy pr., Petergof, St.-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Antti J Karttunen
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto University, FI-00076, Aalto, Finland
| | - Pi-Tai Chou
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Igor O Koshevoy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, 80101, Joensuu, Finland
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