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Huang B, Yin Z, Zhou F, Su J. Functional anti-bone tumor biomaterial scaffold: construction and application. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:8565-8585. [PMID: 37415547 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb00925d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Bone tumors, including primary bone tumors and bone metastases, have been plagued by poor prognosis for decades. Although most tumor tissue is removed, clinicians are still confronted with the dilemma of eliminating residual cancer cells and regenerating defective bone tissue after surgery. Therefore, functional biomaterial scaffolds are considered to be the ideal candidates to bridge defective tissues and restrain cancer recurrence. Through functionalized structural modifications or coupled therapeutic agents, they provide sufficient mechanical strength and osteoinductive effects while eliminating cancer cells. Numerous novel approaches such as photodynamic, photothermal, drug-conjugated, and immune adjuvant-assisted therapies have exhibited remarkable efficacy against tumors while exhibiting low immunogenicity. This review summarizes the progress of research on biomaterial scaffolds based on different functionalization strategies in bone tumors. We also discuss the feasibility and advantages of the combined application of multiple functionalization strategies. Finally, potential obstacles to the clinical translation of anti-tumor bone bioscaffolds are highlighted. This review will provide valuable references for future advanced biomaterial scaffold design and clinical bone tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biaotong Huang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
- Organoid Research Center, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
- Wenzhou Institute of Shanghai University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Zhifeng Yin
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Zhongye Hospital, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Fengjin Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, 710000, China.
| | - Jiacan Su
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
- Organoid Research Center, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
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2
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Pei B, Hu M, Wu X, Lu D, Zhang S, Zhang L, Wu S. Investigations into the effects of scaffold microstructure on slow-release system with bioactive factors for bone repair. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1230682. [PMID: 37781533 PMCID: PMC10537235 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1230682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, bone tissue engineering (BTE) has played an essential role in the repair of bone tissue defects. Although bioactive factors as one component of BTE have great potential to effectively promote cell differentiation and bone regeneration, they are usually not used alone due to their short effective half-lives, high concentrations, etc. The release rate of bioactive factors could be controlled by loading them into scaffolds, and the scaffold microstructure has been shown to significantly influence release rates of bioactive factors. Therefore, this review attempted to investigate how the scaffold microstructure affected the release rate of bioactive factors, in which the variables included pore size, pore shape and porosity. The loading nature and the releasing mechanism of bioactive factors were also summarized. The main conclusions were achieved as follows: i) The pore shapes in the scaffold may have had no apparent effect on the release of bioactive factors but significantly affected mechanical properties of the scaffolds; ii) The pore size of about 400 μm in the scaffold may be more conducive to controlling the release of bioactive factors to promote bone formation; iii) The porosity of scaffolds may be positively correlated with the release rate, and the porosity of 70%-80% may be better to control the release rate. This review indicates that a slow-release system with proper scaffold microstructure control could be a tremendous inspiration for developing new treatment strategies for bone disease. It is anticipated to eventually be developed into clinical applications to tackle treatment-related issues effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoqing Pei
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Design and Evaluation Technology of Advanced Implantable and Interventional Medical Devices, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Mengyuan Hu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Design and Evaluation Technology of Advanced Implantable and Interventional Medical Devices, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Xueqing Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Design and Evaluation Technology of Advanced Implantable and Interventional Medical Devices, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Da Lu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Design and Evaluation Technology of Advanced Implantable and Interventional Medical Devices, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Shijia Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Design and Evaluation Technology of Advanced Implantable and Interventional Medical Devices, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Le Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Design and Evaluation Technology of Advanced Implantable and Interventional Medical Devices, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuqin Wu
- School of Big Data and Information, Shanxi College of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
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3
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Feng J, Niu Y, Zhang Y, Zuo H, Wang S, Liu X. Ficus carica extract impregnated amphiphilic polymer scaffold for diabetic wound tissue regenerations. ARTIFICIAL CELLS, NANOMEDICINE, AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 49:219-229. [PMID: 33666536 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2021.1890610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes associated injury healing and other tissue irregularities are viewed as a significant concern. The purpose of the study is to design the wound regeneration activity of Ficus carica extract (FFE) loaded amphiphilic polymeric scaffold of poly(xylitol-g-adipate-co-glutamide) (PXAG)-polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) for potential diabetic affected wound regeneration. The PXAG copolymer was prepared by the condensation method, and the polymeric scaffolds of PXAG-PHB, PXAG-PHB/FFE were developed through the ultra-sonication process and magnetic stirrer processes. The chemical structure, crystalline nature, thermal stability, size, surface charge and surface morphology of PXAG-PHB and PXAG-PHB/FFE polymeric scaffolds were investigated. The PXAG-PHB/FFE exhibits 99.0% free radical scavenging activity which was determined by the DPPH method. The inhibition zones by the PXAG-PHB/FFE indicate it had a higher antibacterial activity with the Escherichia coli (gram-negative) and Staphylococcus aureus (gram-positive) pathogens. The PXAG, PXAG-PHB and PXAG-PHB/FFE polymeric scaffolds exhibited good viability against diabetic induced wound cells (WS1) in 100 μg/mL concentrations up to 72 h incubation. Since the synthesized PXAG-PHB/FFE polymeric scaffolds possess excellent thermal stability, bioactivity, biocompatibility and antioxidant activity along with potent antimicrobial activity, they play a potential role in diabetic wound tissue regenerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Feng
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Ninth Hospital of Xi'an, Xi'an, China
| | - Yu Niu
- Department of Endocrinology, Ninth Hospital of Xi'an, Xi'an, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Ninth Hospital of Xi'an, Xi'an, China
| | - Hong Zuo
- Department of Endocrinology, Ninth Hospital of Xi'an, Xi'an, China
| | - Shujin Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Ninth Hospital of Xi'an, Xi'an, China
| | - Xufeng Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Ninth Hospital of Xi'an, Xi'an, China
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4
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Fungal keratitis infected eye treatment with antibiotic-loaded zinc ions tagged polyvinyl acetate phthalate-g-polypyrrole drug carrier. JOURNAL OF SAUDI CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jscs.2021.101347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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5
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Diwu W, Dong X, Nasif O, Alharbi SA, Zhao J, Li W. In-vivo Investigations of Hydroxyapatite/Co-polymeric Composites Coated Titanium Plate for Bone Regeneration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:631107. [PMID: 33681187 PMCID: PMC7930390 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.631107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A perfect mimic of human bone is very difficult. Still, the latest advancement in biomaterials makes it possible to design composite materials with morphologies merely the same as that of bone tissues. In the present work is the fabrication of selenium substituted Hydroxyapatite (HAP-Se) covered by lactic acid (LA)-Polyethylene glycol (PEG)-Aspartic acid (AS) composite with the loading of vincristine sulfate (VCR) drug (HAP-Se/LA-PEG-AS/VCR) for twin purposes of bone regenerations. The HAP-Se/LA-PEG-AS/VCR composite coated on titanium implant through electrophoretic deposition (EPD). The prepared composite characterized using FTIR, XRD techniques to rely on the composites' chemical nature and crystalline status. The morphology of the composite and the titanium plate with the composite coating was investigated by utilizing SEM, TEM instrument techniques, and it reveals the composite has porous morphology. The drug (VCR) load in HAP-Se/LA-PEG-AS and releasing nature were investigated through UV-Visible spectroscopy at the wavelength of 295 nm. In vitro study of SBF treatment shows excellent biocompatibility to form the HAP crystals. The viability against MG63 and toxicity against Saos- 2 cells have expressed the more exceptional biocompatibility in bone cells and toxicity with the cancer cells of prepared composites. The in-vivo study emphasizes prepared biomaterial suitable for implantation and helps accelerate bone regeneration on osteoporosis and osteosarcoma affected hard tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilong Diwu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xin Dong
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Omaima Nasif
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and King Khalid University Hospital, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sulaiman Ali Alharbi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jian Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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6
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Hu J, Zhang R, Chen H, Wu Y, Chen L, Zhang Q, Ren H, Yan Y. The study on calcium polyphosphate/poly-amino acid composite for supportive bone substitute materials in vitro. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj06128j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A poly-amino acid/calcium polyphosphate composite with high mechanical strength, excellent stability and biological activity was prepared and studied for bone-repaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbo Hu
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Rongguang Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Hong Chen
- College of Physics
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
| | - Yanan Wu
- College of Physics
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
| | - Lichao Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Qiyi Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Haohao Ren
- College of Physics
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
| | - Yonggang Yan
- College of Physics
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
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7
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Padmanabhan VP, Balakrishnan S, Kulandaivelu R, T. S. N. SN, Lakshmipathy M, Sagadevan S, Mohammad F, Al-Lohedan HA, Paiman S, Oh WC. Nanoformulations of core–shell type hydroxyapatite-coated gum acacia with enhanced bioactivity and controlled drug delivery for biomedical applications. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj00668h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this work, nanospherical hydroxyapatite (HAP) was prepared that has combined properties of controlled drug delivery, biocompatibility, and antibacterial activity to have applications in the biomedical sector.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Subha Balakrishnan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Madras, Gundy Campus
- Chennai-600025
- India
| | | | - Sankara Narayanan T. S. N.
- Department of Dental Biomaterials and Institute of Biodegradable Materials
- Chonbuk National University
- Jeonju 561-756
- South Korea
| | | | - Suresh Sagadevan
- Nanotechnology & Catalysis Research Centre
- University of Malaya
- Kuala Lumpur 50603
- Malaysia
| | - Faruq Mohammad
- Surfactants Research Chair
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Science
- King Saud University
- Riyadh 11451
| | - Hamad A. Al-Lohedan
- Surfactants Research Chair
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Science
- King Saud University
- Riyadh 11451
| | - Suriati Paiman
- Department of Physics
- Faculty of Science
- Universiti Putra Malaysia
- 43400, Serdang
- Malaysia
| | - Won Chun Oh
- Department of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering
- Hanseo University
- Seosan-si
- Korea
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The Potential Selective Cytotoxicity of Poly (L- Lactic Acid)-Based Scaffolds Functionalized with Nanohydroxyapatite and Europium (III) Ions toward Osteosarcoma Cells. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12223779. [PMID: 31752084 PMCID: PMC6888250 DOI: 10.3390/ma12223779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OSA) is malignant bone tumor, occurring in children and adults, characterized by poor prognosis. Despite advances in chemotherapy and surgical techniques, the survival of osteosarcoma patients is not improving significantly. Currently, great efforts are taken to identify novel selective strategies, distinguishing between cancer and normal cells. This includes development of biomimetic scaffolds with anticancer properties that can simultaneously support and modulate proper regeneration of bone tissue. In this study cytotoxicity of scaffolds composed from poly (L-lactic acid) functionalized with nanohydroxyapatite (nHAp) and doped with europium (III) ions-10 wt % 3 mol % Eu3+: nHAp@PLLA was tested using human osteosarcoma cells: U-2 OS, Saos-2 and MG-63. Human adipose tissue-derived stromal cells (HuASCs) were used as non-transformed cells to determine the selective cytotoxicity of the carrier. Analysis included evaluation of cells morphology (confocal/scanning electron microscopy (SEM)), metabolic activity and apoptosis profile in cultures on the scaffolds. Results obtained indicated on high cytotoxicity of scaffolds toward all OSA cell lines, associated with a decrease of cells' viability, deterioration of metabolic activity and activation of apoptotic factors determined at mRNA and miRNA levels. Simultaneously, the biomaterials did not affect HuASCs' viability and proliferation rate. Obtained scaffolds showed a bioimaging function, due to functionalization with luminescent europium ions, and thus may find application in theranostics treatment of OSA.
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Sumathra M, Rajan M. Pulsed Electrodeposition of HAP/CPG-BSA/CUR Nanocomposite on Titanium Metal for Potential Bone Regeneration. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2019; 2:4756-4768. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b00494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Murugan Sumathra
- Biomaterials in Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Natural Products Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai 625021, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mariappan Rajan
- Biomaterials in Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Natural Products Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai 625021, Tamil Nadu, India
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10
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Amarnath Praphakar R, Sumathra M, Sam Ebenezer R, Vignesh S, Shakila H, Rajan M. Fabrication of bioactive rifampicin loaded κ-Car-MA-INH/Nano hydroxyapatite composite for tuberculosis osteomyelitis infected tissue regeneration. Int J Pharm 2019; 565:543-556. [PMID: 31102805 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Biocompatible polymers and ceramic materials have been identified as vital components to fabricate drug delivery and tissue engineering applications because of their high drug loading capability, sustained release and higher mechanical strength with remarkable in-vivo bioavailability. In the present work, initially we designed κ-carrageenan grafted with maleic anhydride and then reacted it with isoniazid drug (κ-Car-MA-INH). The polymeric system was cross linked with nanohydroxyapatite (NHAP) via electrostatic interaction followed by the addition of rifampicin (RF) and loaded to fabricate κ -Car-MA-INH/NHAP/RF nanocomposites. The chemical modification and interaction of drug with the polymeric-ceramic system were characterised by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The zeta potential of the κ -Car-MA-INH/NHAP/RF nanocomposite was observed to be -20.04 mV using Zetasizer. The in vitro drug release studies demonstrated that the nanocomposite releases 76% of RF and 82% of INH in 12 days at pH 5.5. Scanning Electron Microscope analysis revealed the structural deformation of Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae upon treatment with this nanocomposite. By using ex-vivo studies combined with physio-chemical characterization methods on the erythrocytes, L929 and MG-63 cell lines, this composite was found to be biocompatible, non-cytotoxic and inducing cell proliferation with less significant hemolysis. Thus, our modified drug delivery nanocomposites afforded higher drug bioavailability with large potential for fabrication as long-acting drug delivery nanocomposites, especially with hydrophobic drugs inducing the growth of osteoblastic bone cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendran Amarnath Praphakar
- Biomaterials in Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Natural Products Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai 625021, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Murugan Sumathra
- Biomaterials in Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Natural Products Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai 625021, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajadas Sam Ebenezer
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, School of Biotechnology, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai 625021, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sounderrajan Vignesh
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, School of Biotechnology, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai 625021, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Harshavardhan Shakila
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, School of Biotechnology, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai 625021, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mariappan Rajan
- Biomaterials in Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Natural Products Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai 625021, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Sumathra M, Sadasivuni KK, Kumar SS, Rajan M. Cisplatin-Loaded Graphene Oxide/Chitosan/Hydroxyapatite Composite as a Promising Tool for Osteosarcoma-Affected Bone Regeneration. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:14620-14633. [PMID: 30555982 PMCID: PMC6289495 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b02090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Presently, tissue engineering approaches have been focused toward finding new potential scaffolds with osteoconductivity on bone-disease-affected cells. This work focused on the cisplatin (CDDP)-loaded graphene oxide (GO)/hydroxyapatite (HAP)/chitosan (CS) composite for enhancing the growth of osteoblast cells and prevent the development of osteosarcoma cells. The prepared composites were characterized for the confirmation of composite formation using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction techniques. A flowerlike morphology was observed for the GO/HAP/CS-3/CDDP composite. UV-vis spectroscopy was used to observe the controlled release of CDDP from the GO/HAP/CS-3/CDDP composite, and 67.34% of CDDP was released from the composite over a time period of 10 days. The GO/HAP/CS-3/CDDP nanocomposites showed higher viability in comparison with GO/HAP/CS-3 on MG63 osteoblast-like cells and higher cytotoxicity against cancer cells (A549). The synthesized composite was found to show enhanced proliferative, adhesive, and osteoinductive effects on the alkaline phosphatase activity of osteoblast-like cells. Our results suggested that the CDDP-loaded GO/HAP/CS-3 nanocomposite has an immense prospective as a bone tissue replacement in the bone-cancer-affected tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murugan Sumathra
- Biomaterials
in Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Natural Products
Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Madurai
Kamaraj University, Madurai625021, India
| | | | - S. Suresh Kumar
- Department
of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - Mariappan Rajan
- Biomaterials
in Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Natural Products
Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Madurai
Kamaraj University, Madurai625021, India
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12
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Sumathra M, Munusamy MA, Alarfaj AA, Rajan M. Osteoblast response to Vitamin D3 loaded cellulose enriched hydroxyapatite Mesoporous silica nanoparticles composite. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 103:858-868. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.04.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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