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Campodónico PR, Tapia RA, Suárez-Rozas C. How the Nature of an Alpha-Nucleophile Determines a Brønsted Type-Plot and Its Reaction Pathways. An Experimental Study. Front Chem 2022; 9:740161. [PMID: 35186890 PMCID: PMC8847609 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.740161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The reactions between 2-chloro-5-nitro pyrimidine with a serie of α-nucleophile derivatives were kinetically evaluated. The kinetic study was carried out in aqueous media and the data shown an unusual split on the Brønsted type-plot, opening a controversial discussion based on reactivities and possible reaction pathways. These split Brønsted type-plots are discussed over the hypothetical transition state (TS) structures associated to concerted or stepwise mechanisms with emphasis on hydrogen bond interactions between electrophile/nucleophile pair able to determine the reactivities and the plausible reaction routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola R. Campodónico
- Centro de Química Médica, Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
- *Correspondence: Paola R. Campodónico,
| | - Ricardo A. Tapia
- Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristian Suárez-Rozas
- Centro de Química Médica, Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
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2
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Guo S, Swager TM. Versatile Porous Poly(arylene ether)s via Pd-Catalyzed C-O Polycondensation. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:11828-11835. [PMID: 34313420 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c05853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Porous organic polymers (POPs) with strong covalent linkages between various rigid aromatic structural units having different geometries and topologies are reported. With inherent porosity, predictable structure, and tunable functionality, POPs have found utility in gas separation, heterogeneous catalysis, sensing, and water treatment. Poly(arylene ether)s (PAEs) are a family of high-performance thermoplastic materials with high glass-transition temperatures, exceptional thermal stability, robust mechanical properties, and excellent chemical resistance. These properties are desirable for development of durable POPs. However, the synthetic methodology for the preparation of these polymers has been mainly limited in scope to monomers capable of undergoing nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr) reactions. Herein, we describe a new general method using Pd-catalyzed C-O polycondensation reactions for the synthesis of PAEs. A wide range of new compositions and PAE architectures are now readily available using monomers with unactivated aryl chlorides and bromides. Specifically, monomers with conformational rigidity and intrinsic internal free volume are now used to create porous organic polymers with high molecular weight, good thermal stability, and porosity. The reported porous PAEs are solution processable and can be used in environmentally relevant applications including heavy-metal-ion sensing and capture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Timothy M Swager
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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3
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Marullo S, D'Anna F, Rizzo C, Billeci F. Ionic liquids: "normal" solvents or nanostructured fluids? Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:2076-2095. [PMID: 33606870 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob02214d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) are a class of non-conventional solvents, which, for almost two decades, have continued to generate burgeoning interest in different fields of present-day chemical research with few similar precedents. Among the various aspects related to ILs, a topic worthy of in-depth analysis is their influence on organic reactivity and reaction rates. In light of this, the present short review aims to provide an overview of the literature from 2010 to the present day that addresses this issue. In particular, we herein present two main different viewpoints by which the solvent effect of ILs is explained: the first is mainly based on considering the bulk polarity of ILs and linear solvation energy relationships, while the other treats ILs as nanostructured fluids. In both cases, studies dealing with IL mixtures are also covered. Finally, literature addressing the area of supramolecular catalysis "by" or "in" ILs is also reported. This is one of the few reviews covering these specific aspects, aiming to provide a useful framework to guide future research into the effects of ILs on organic reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Marullo
- Università degli Studi di Palermo, Dipartimento STEBICEF, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 17, 90128 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Francesca D'Anna
- Università degli Studi di Palermo, Dipartimento STEBICEF, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 17, 90128 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Carla Rizzo
- Università degli Studi di Palermo, Dipartimento STEBICEF, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 17, 90128 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Floriana Billeci
- Università degli Studi di Palermo, Dipartimento STEBICEF, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 17, 90128 Palermo, Italy.
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4
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Phenol alkylation under phase transfer catalysis conditions: Insights on the mechanism and kinetics from computations. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2021.111566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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5
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Valvi A, Tiwari S. Solvent‐Controlled Regioselectivity in Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions of 1‐X‐2,4‐Difluorobenzenes with Morpholine Using Deep Eutectic Solvents. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202002806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arun Valvi
- Department of Chemistry Karmaveer Bhaurao Patil College Vashi, Navi Mumbai 400703 India
| | - Shraeddha Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry Institute of Chemical Technology Mumbai 400019 India
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6
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Jordan A, Stoy P, Sneddon HF. Chlorinated Solvents: Their Advantages, Disadvantages, and Alternatives in Organic and Medicinal Chemistry. Chem Rev 2020; 121:1582-1622. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Jordan
- GlaxoSmithKline Carbon Neutral Laboratory for Sustainable Chemistry, Jubilee Campus, University of Nottingham, 6 Triumph Road, Nottingham NG7 2GA, U.K
| | - Patrick Stoy
- Drug Design and Selection, Platform and Technology Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Helen F. Sneddon
- GSK, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
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7
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Dognini P, Killoran PM, Hanson GS, Halsall L, Chaudhry T, Islam Z, Giuntini F, Coxon CR. Using
19
F NMR
and two‐level factorial design to explore thiol‐fluoride substitution in hexafluorobenzene and its application in peptide stapling and cyclisation. Pept Sci (Hoboken) 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pep2.24182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Dognini
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences Byrom Street Campus, Liverpool John Moores University Liverpool UK
| | - Patrick M. Killoran
- Division of Structural Biology (STRUBI) University of Oxford, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus Harwell UK
| | - George S. Hanson
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences Byrom Street Campus, Liverpool John Moores University Liverpool UK
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot‐Watt University Edinburgh UK
| | - Lewis Halsall
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences Byrom Street Campus, Liverpool John Moores University Liverpool UK
| | - Talhat Chaudhry
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences Byrom Street Campus, Liverpool John Moores University Liverpool UK
| | - Zasharatul Islam
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences Byrom Street Campus, Liverpool John Moores University Liverpool UK
| | - Francesca Giuntini
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences Byrom Street Campus, Liverpool John Moores University Liverpool UK
| | - Christopher R. Coxon
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot‐Watt University Edinburgh UK
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8
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Gjineci N, Aharonovich S, Willdorf-Cohen S, Dekel DR, Diesendruck CE. The Reaction Mechanism Between Tetraarylammonium Salts and Hydroxide. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nansi Gjineci
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry; Technion - Israel Institute of Technology; Haifa 3200008 Israel
| | - Sinai Aharonovich
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry; Technion - Israel Institute of Technology; Haifa 3200008 Israel
| | - Sapir Willdorf-Cohen
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering; Technion - Israel Institute of Technology; Haifa 3200003 Israel
| | - Dario R. Dekel
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering; Technion - Israel Institute of Technology; Haifa 3200003 Israel
- The Nancy & Stephan Grand Technion Energy Program (GTEP); Technion - Israel Institute of Technology; Haifa 3200003 Israel
| | - Charles E. Diesendruck
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry; Technion - Israel Institute of Technology; Haifa 3200008 Israel
- The Nancy & Stephan Grand Technion Energy Program (GTEP); Technion - Israel Institute of Technology; Haifa 3200003 Israel
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9
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Jaman Z, Logsdon DL, Szilágyi B, Sobreira TJP, Aremu D, Avramova L, Cooks RG, Thompson DH. High-Throughput Experimentation and Continuous Flow Evaluation of Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution Reactions. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2020; 22:184-196. [PMID: 32176474 DOI: 10.1021/acscombsci.9b00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr) reactions were optimized using high-throughput experimentation techniques for execution under flow conditions. A total of 3072 unique reactions were evaluated with an analysis time of ∼3.5 s per reaction using a system that combines a liquid handling robot for reaction mixture preparation with desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) mass spectrometry (MS) for analysis. The reactions were performed in bulk microtiter arrays with and without incubation. In-house developed software was used to process the data and generate heat maps of the results. This information was then used to select the most promising conditions for continuous synthesis under microfluidic reactor conditions. Our results show that this HTE approach provides robust guidance for narrowing the range of conditions needed for optimization of SNAr reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zinia Jaman
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, Bindley Bioscience Center, 1203 West State Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - David L. Logsdon
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, Bindley Bioscience Center, 1203 West State Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Botond Szilágyi
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2100, United States
| | - Tiago J. P. Sobreira
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, Bindley Bioscience Center, 1203 West State Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Deborah Aremu
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, Bindley Bioscience Center, 1203 West State Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Larisa Avramova
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, Bindley Bioscience Center, 1203 West State Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - R. Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, Bindley Bioscience Center, 1203 West State Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - David H. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, Bindley Bioscience Center, 1203 West State Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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10
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Schaffarczyk McHale KS, Haines RS, Harper JB. Investigating Variation of the Pnicogen Nucleophilic Heteroatom on Ionic Liquid Solvent Effects in Bimolecular Nucleophilic Substitution Processes. Chempluschem 2020; 84:534-539. [PMID: 31943899 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201900188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A series of nucleophiles containing Group 15 nucleophilic heteroatoms has been used to expand and develop the current understanding of ionic liquid solvent effects on bimolecular nucleophilic substitution processes. It was found that when using arsenic-, antimony- and bismuth-based nucleophiles, rate constant enhancement was observed for all solvent compositions containing ionic liquids. This rate constant enhancement was driven by ionic liquid/transition state interactions, which contrasts with previous studies on earlier Group 15 nucleophiles. This study provides a holistic understanding and augments the predictive framework for the effects of ionic liquids on bimolecular nucleophilic substitution processes, with the potential for these periodic trends to be broadly applied.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ronald S Haines
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jason B Harper
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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11
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Schindl A, Hawker RR, Schaffarczyk McHale KS, Liu KTC, Morris DC, Hsieh AY, Gilbert A, Prescott SW, Haines RS, Croft AK, Harper JB, Jäger CM. Controlling the outcome of S N2 reactions in ionic liquids: from rational data set design to predictive linear regression models. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:23009-23018. [PMID: 33043942 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp04224b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Rate constants for a bimolecular nucleophilic substitution (SN2) process in a range of ionic liquids are correlated with calculated parameters associated with the charge localisation on the cation of the ionic liquid (including the molecular electrostatic potential). Simple linear regression models proved effective, though the interdependency of the descriptors needs to be taken into account when considering generality. A series of ionic liquids were then prepared and evaluated as solvents for the same process; this data set was rationally chosen to incorporate homologous series (to evaluate systematic variation) and functionalities not available in the original data set. These new data were used to evaluate and refine the original models, which were expanded to include simple artificial neural networks. Along with showing the importance of an appropriate data set and the perils of overfitting, the work demonstrates that such models can be used to reliably predict ionic liquid solvent effects on an organic process, within the limits of the data set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Schindl
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Rebecca R Hawker
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, UNSW Sydney, 2052, Australia.
| | | | - Kenny T-C Liu
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, UNSW Sydney, 2052, Australia.
| | - Daniel C Morris
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, UNSW Sydney, 2052, Australia. and School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, UNSW Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Andrew Y Hsieh
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, UNSW Sydney, 2052, Australia.
| | - Alyssa Gilbert
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, UNSW Sydney, 2052, Australia.
| | - Stuart W Prescott
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, UNSW Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Ronald S Haines
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, UNSW Sydney, 2052, Australia.
| | - Anna K Croft
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Jason B Harper
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, UNSW Sydney, 2052, Australia.
| | - Christof M Jäger
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
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12
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Schaffarczyk McHale KS, Haines RS, Harper JB. The Dependence of Ionic Liquid Solvent Effects on the Nucleophilic Heteroatom in S N Ar Reactions. Highlighting the Potential for Control of Selectivity. Chempluschem 2019; 84:465-473. [PMID: 31943898 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201900173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SN Ar) reactions of 1-fluoro-4-nitrobenzene using similar nitrogen and sulfur nucleophiles were studied through extensive kinetic analysis in mixtures containing ionic liquids. The interactions of the ionic liquid components with the starting materials and transition state for each process were investigated in an attempt to construct a broad predictive framework for how ionic liquids affect reaction outcome. It was found that, based on the activation parameters, the microscopic interactions and thus the ionic liquid solvent effect were different for each of the nucleophiles considered. The results from this study suggest that it may be possible to rationally select a given ionic liquid mixture to selectively control reaction outcome of an SN Ar reaction where multiple nucleophiles are present.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ronald S Haines
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jason B Harper
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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