1
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Lee YJ, Jeong YJ, Cho IS, Park SJ, Lee CG, Alvarez PJJ. Facile synthesis of N vacancy g-C 3N 4 using Mg-induced defect on the amine groups for enhanced photocatalytic •OH generation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 449:131046. [PMID: 36821907 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalysis offers opportunities to degrade recalcitrant organic pollutants without adding treatment chemicals. Nitrogen (N) vacancy is an effective point-defect engineering strategy to mitigate electron-hole recombination and facilitate hydroxyl radical (•OH) production via superoxide radical (O2•-) generation during photocatalytic application of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4). Here, we report a novel strategy for fabrication of N-vacancy-rich g-C3N4 (NvrCN) via post-solvothermal treatment of Mg-doped g-C3N4. The addition of the Mg precursor during the polycondensation of urea created abundant amine sites in the g-C3N4 framework, which facilitates formation of N vacancies during post-solvothermal treatment. Elemental analysis and electron paramagnetic resonance spectra confirmed a higher abundance of N vacancies in the resultant NvrCN. Further optical and electronic analyses revealed the beneficial role of N vacancies in light-harvesting capacity, electron-hole separation, and charge transfer. N vacancies also provide specific reaction centers for O2 molecules, promoting oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Therefore, •OH generation increased via enhanced formation of H2O2 under visible light irradiation, and NvrCN photocatalytically degraded oxytetracycline 4-fold faster with degradation rate constant of 1.85 × 10-2 min-1 (light intensity = 1.03 mW/cm2, catalyst concentration = 0.6 g/L, oxytetracycline concentration = 20 mg/L) than pristine g-C3N4. Overall, this study provides a facile method for synthesizing N-vacancy-rich g-C3N4 and elucidates the role of the defect structure in enhancing the photocatalytic activity of g-C3N4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youn-Jun Lee
- Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo Jae Jeong
- Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea; Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - In Sun Cho
- Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea; Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Jik Park
- Department of Bioresources and Rural System Engineering, Hankyong National University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Gu Lee
- Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea; Department of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea.
| | - Pedro J J Alvarez
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
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2
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Wen H, Huang S, Meng X, Xian X, Zhao J, Roy VAL. Recent progress in the design of photocatalytic H 2O 2 synthesis system. Front Chem 2022; 10:1098209. [PMID: 36618869 PMCID: PMC9815808 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1098209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Photocatalytic synthesis of hydrogen peroxide under mild reaction conditions is a promising technology. This article will review the recent research progress in the design of photocatalytic H2O2 synthesis systems. A comprehensive discussion of the strategies that could solve two essential issues related to H2O2 synthesis. That is, how to improve the reaction kinetics of H2O2 formation via 2e- oxygen reduction reaction and inhibit the H2O2 decomposition through a variety of surface functionalization methods. The photocatalyst design and the reaction mechanism will be especially stressed in this work which will be concluded with an outlook to show the possible ways for synthesizing high-concentration H2O2 solution in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haobing Wen
- Hebei Provincial Laboratory of Inorganic Nonmetallic Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Sen Huang
- Hebei Provincial Laboratory of Inorganic Nonmetallic Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Xianguang Meng
- Hebei Provincial Laboratory of Inorganic Nonmetallic Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China,*Correspondence: Xianguang Meng, ; Xiaole Xian, ; Jingjing Zhao,
| | - Xiaole Xian
- Traditional Chinese Medical College, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China,*Correspondence: Xianguang Meng, ; Xiaole Xian, ; Jingjing Zhao,
| | - Jingjing Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China,*Correspondence: Xianguang Meng, ; Xiaole Xian, ; Jingjing Zhao,
| | - Vellaisamy A. L. Roy
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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3
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Polymeric Carbon Nitride-based Single Atom Photocatalysts for CO2 Reduction to C1 Products. Chem Res Chin Univ 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-022-2275-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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4
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Yu X, Su H, Zou J, Liu Q, Wang L, Tang H. Doping-induced metal–N active sites and bandgap engineering in graphitic carbon nitride for enhancing photocatalytic H2 evolution performance. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(21)63849-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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5
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Deng Q, Li H, Ba G, Huo T, Hou W. The pivotal role of defects in fabrication of polymeric carbon nitride homojunctions with enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 586:748-757. [PMID: 33220957 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.10.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Fabrication of homojunctions is a cost-effective efficient way to enhance the photocatalytic performance of polymeric carbon nitride (CN), but the generation of defects upon synthesizing CN homojunctions and their roles in the homojunction fabrication were hardly reported. Herein, nitrogen-deficient CN homojunctions were simply synthesized by calcining dicyandiamide-loaded CN (prepared from urea and denoted as UCN) with dicyandiamide polymerizing into CN (denoted as DCN) and simultaneous formation of nitrogen vacancies in the surface of UCN. Fabrication of the nitrogen-deficient UCN (dUCN)/DCN homojunction depends on the nitrogen vacancy content in dUCN which can tune the energy band structure of dUCN from not matching to matching with that of DCN. The dUCN/DCN homojunction exhibits extended optical absorption and remarkably enhanced charge separation and photocatalytic H2 evolution, compared with UCN and DCN. This work illustrates the pivotal role of defects in fabricating CN homojunctions and supplies a new facile way to synthesize nitrogen-deficient CN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanhua Deng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Haiping Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Colloidal Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China.
| | - Guiming Ba
- National Engineering Research Center for Colloidal Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Tingting Huo
- National Engineering Research Center for Colloidal Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Wanguo Hou
- National Engineering Research Center for Colloidal Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China.
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6
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Li Y, Wang Y, Dong CL, Huang YC, Chen J, Zhang Z, Meng F, Zhang Q, Huangfu Y, Zhao D, Gu L, Shen S. Single-atom nickel terminating sp 2 and sp 3 nitride in polymeric carbon nitride for visible-light photocatalytic overall water splitting. Chem Sci 2021; 12:3633-3643. [PMID: 34163637 PMCID: PMC8179473 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc07093a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymeric carbon nitride (PCN) has been widely used as a metal-free photocatalyst for solar hydrogen generation from water. However, rapid charge carrier recombination and sluggish water catalysis kinetics have greatly limited its photocatalytic performance for overall water splitting. Herein, a single-atom Ni terminating agent was introduced to coordinate with the heptazine units of PCN to create new hybrid orbitals. Both theoretical calculation and experimental evidence revealed that the new hybrid orbitals synergistically broadened visible light absorption via a metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) process, and accelerated the separation and transfer of photoexcited electrons and holes. The obtained single-atom Ni terminated PCN (PCNNi), without an additional cocatalyst loading, realized efficient photocatalytic overall water splitting into easily-separated gas-product H2 and liquid-product H2O2 under visible light, with evolution rates reaching 26.6 and 24.0 μmol g−1 h−1, respectively. It was indicated that single-atom Ni and the neighboring C atom served as water oxidation and reduction active sites, respectively, for overall water splitting via a two-electron reaction pathway. Single-atom Ni terminating agent is introduced to coordinate with sp2 or sp3 N atoms in the heptazine units of PCN, realizing visible-light photocatalytic overall water splitting to H2O2 and H2 without additional cocatalyst.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanrui Li
- International Research Center for Renewable Energy, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 China
| | - Yiqing Wang
- International Research Center for Renewable Energy, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 China
| | - Chung-Li Dong
- Department of Physics, Tamkang University 151 Yingzhuan Rd New Taipei City 25137 Taiwan
| | - Yu-Cheng Huang
- Department of Physics, Tamkang University 151 Yingzhuan Rd New Taipei City 25137 Taiwan
| | - Jie Chen
- Division of Physical Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Zhen Zhang
- International Research Center for Renewable Energy, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 China
| | - Fanqi Meng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Yiliang Huangfu
- International Research Center for Renewable Energy, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 China
| | - Daming Zhao
- International Research Center for Renewable Energy, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 China
| | - Lin Gu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Shaohua Shen
- International Research Center for Renewable Energy, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 China
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7
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Jiang H, Li Y, Wang D, Hong X, Liang B. Recent Advances in Heteroatom Doped Graphitic Carbon Nitride (g-C3N4) and g-C3N4/Metal Oxide Composite Photocatalysts. CURR ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272824666200309151648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Industrial wastewater contains abundant organic dyes, antibiotics, pesticides,
chemical fertilizers or heavy metal ions, which seriously deteriorate the ecological environment.
Among the practical techniques for reducing water pollution, photocatalysis is a
kind of sustainable solar energy conversion technique for removing organic contaminants.
In this review, the advances in the preparation, modification, and doping of graphitic carbon
nitride (g-C3N4), including non-metal doping, metal doping, dual- or tri-doping, are
introduced firstly. Then, we systematically reviewed the recent progress of g-C3N4/metal
oxide composite photocatalysts, including a g-C3N4/n-type metal oxide, such as TiO2,
ZnO, SnO2, WO3, FexOy, CeO2, V2O5, MoO3, MnO2, Nb2O5, In2O3, and a g-C3N4/p-type
metal oxide, such as Co3O4, Bi2O3, NiO and Cu2O. At last, we summarized the design
principles for preparing heteroatom doped g-C3N4 and g-C3N4/metal oxide composites, and
forecast the promising research directions. The main objective is to provide a guideline for designing highperformance
heteroatom doped g-C3N4 and g-C3N4/metal oxide photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Jiang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fuxin 123000, China
| | - Yang Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin 123000, China
| | - Daohan Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fuxin 123000, China
| | - Xiaodong Hong
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin 123000, China
| | - Bing Liang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China
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8
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Sun C, Wang R. Enhanced photocatalytic activity of Bi 2WO 6 for the degradation of TC by synergistic effects between amorphous Ti and Ni as hole–electron cocatalysts. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj00015a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The possible mechanism of photocatalytic degradation of TC by Ni/Ti-Bi2WO6 under visible light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenjing Sun
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Shandong University
- Jimo
- P. R. China
| | - Rui Wang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Shandong University
- Jimo
- P. R. China
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9
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Li Y, Kong T, Shen S. Artificial Photosynthesis with Polymeric Carbon Nitride: When Meeting Metal Nanoparticles, Single Atoms, and Molecular Complexes. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1900772. [PMID: 30977981 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201900772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Artificial photosynthesis for solar water splitting and CO2 reduction to produce hydrogen and hydrocarbon fuels has been considered as one of the most promising ways to solve increasingly serious energy and environmental problems. As a well-documented metal-free semiconductor, polymeric carbon nitride (PCN) has been widely used and intensively investigated for photocatalytic water splitting and CO2 reduction, owing to its physicochemical stability, visible-light response, and facile synthesis. However, PCN as a photocatalyst still suffers from the fast recombination of electron-hole pairs and poor water redox reaction kinetics, greatly restricting its activity for artificial photosynthesis. Among the various modification approaches developed so far, decorating PCN with metals in different existences of nanoparticles, single atoms and molecular complexes, has been evidently very effective to overcome these limitations to improve photocatalytic performances. In this Review article, a systematic introduction to the state-of-the-art metal/PCN photocatalyst systems is given, with metals in versatility of nanoparticles, single atoms, and molecular complexes. Then, the recent processes of the metal/PCN photocatalyst systems in the applications of artificial photosynthesis, e.g., water splitting and CO2 reduction, are reviewed. Finally, the remaining challenges and opportunities for the development of high efficiency metal/PCN photocatalyst systems are presented and prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanrui Li
- International Research Center for Renewable Energy, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Tingting Kong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Shaohua Shen
- International Research Center for Renewable Energy, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
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10
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Finely dispersed Au nanoparticles on graphitic carbon nitride as highly active photocatalyst for hydrogen peroxide production. CATAL COMMUN 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2019.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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11
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Gu G, Wang K, Xiong N, Li Z, Fan Z, Hu S, Zou X. Template free synthesis of lithium doped three-dimensional macroporous graphitic carbon nitride for photocatalytic N2 fixation: the effect of Li–N active sites. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:5083-5089. [DOI: 10.1039/c9dt00013e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this work, three-dimensional macroporous lithium doped graphitic carbon nitride was synthesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guizhou Gu
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering
- and Environmental Engineering
- Liaoning Shihua University
- Fushun 113001
| | - Keyun Wang
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering
- and Environmental Engineering
- Liaoning Shihua University
- Fushun 113001
| | - Nanni Xiong
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering
- and Environmental Engineering
- Liaoning Shihua University
- Fushun 113001
| | - Zheng Li
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering
- and Environmental Engineering
- Liaoning Shihua University
- Fushun 113001
| | - Zhiping Fan
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering
- and Environmental Engineering
- Liaoning Shihua University
- Fushun 113001
| | - Shaozheng Hu
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering
- and Environmental Engineering
- Liaoning Shihua University
- Fushun 113001
| | - Xiong Zou
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116012
- PR China
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12
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Xu Y, Liu J, Xie M, Wei W, Zhou T, Yan J, Xu H, Ji H, Li H, Xie J. The construction of a Fenton system to achieve in situ H2O2 generation and decomposition for enhanced photocatalytic performance. Inorg Chem Front 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9qi00071b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A photo-Fenton system combining NixFeyO4–BiOBr with the in situ generation and decomposition of H2O2 was constructed for efficient organic compound degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanguo Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- School of Pharmacy
- Jiangsu University
- Zhenjiang 212013
- PR China
| | - Jie Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- School of Pharmacy
- Jiangsu University
- Zhenjiang 212013
- PR China
| | - Meng Xie
- School of Pharmacy
- Jiangsu University
- Zhenjiang 212013
- PR China
| | - Wei Wei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- School of Pharmacy
- Jiangsu University
- Zhenjiang 212013
- PR China
| | - Ting Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- School of Pharmacy
- Jiangsu University
- Zhenjiang 212013
- PR China
| | - Jia Yan
- Institute for Energy Research
- Jiangsu University
- Zhenjiang 212013
- PR China
| | - Hui Xu
- Institute for Energy Research
- Jiangsu University
- Zhenjiang 212013
- PR China
| | - Haiyan Ji
- Institute for Energy Research
- Jiangsu University
- Zhenjiang 212013
- PR China
| | - Huaming Li
- Institute for Energy Research
- Jiangsu University
- Zhenjiang 212013
- PR China
| | - Jimin Xie
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- School of Pharmacy
- Jiangsu University
- Zhenjiang 212013
- PR China
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13
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Bai J, Sun Y, Li M, Yang L, Li J, Hu S. “Two channel” photocatalytic hydrogen peroxide production using g-C3N4 coated CuO nanorod heterojunction catalysts prepared via a novel molten salt-assisted microwave process. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj02565g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This work reports g-C3N4 coated CuO nanorod catalysts with outstanding photocatalytic H2O2 production ability via a “two channel pathway”.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Bai
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering, and Environmental Engineering
- Liaoning Shihua University
- Fushun 113001
- China
| | - Yongzhen Sun
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering, and Environmental Engineering
- Liaoning Shihua University
- Fushun 113001
- China
| | - Meiyuan Li
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering, and Environmental Engineering
- Liaoning Shihua University
- Fushun 113001
- China
| | - Lina Yang
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering, and Environmental Engineering
- Liaoning Shihua University
- Fushun 113001
- China
| | - Jian Li
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering, and Environmental Engineering
- Liaoning Shihua University
- Fushun 113001
- China
| | - Shaozheng Hu
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering, and Environmental Engineering
- Liaoning Shihua University
- Fushun 113001
- China
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