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Tamil Selvan G, Samson J, Rajasingh P, Li X, Ravi Kumar A, Zhu N, Kuldeep SA, Mosae Selvakumar P, Jun Tang P, Zhang Z. A captivating approach to elevate the detection of Al 3+ ions incorporates the utilization of a tripodal receptor intricately embellishing the surface of zinc oxide. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 316:124339. [PMID: 38696995 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
The FDA (Food and Drug Administration, (USA)) lists ZnO as a material that is widely acknowledged to be safe. ZnO NPs with a range of tiny particle sizes were made using the precipitation process. ZnO nanoparticles' surface is embellished with a tripodal sensor containing naphthol units. The assembly with the same receptor decorated on ZnO NPs is contrasted with the cation detection capabilities of the purified tripodal receptor. The UV-visible spectrophotometric analysis was conducted to study the state transitions of the receptor and the decorated ZnO receptor. A positive selectivity to Al3+ cations is determined by the fluorescence study under ideal circumstances. The particle size and surface morphologies are determined by DLS and SEM analysis for the same receptor - TP1 and embellished with a tripodal receptor TP2. Using a fluorescence switch-on Photoinduced Electron Transfer (PET) mechanism, the receptor coated on ZnO detects the presence of Al3+ ions with specificity. The binding constant value was determined using the B-H plot equation. Binding stoichiometry for [TP1-Al3+, TP2-Al3+] showed a 1:1 ratio. The fluorescence switches ON-OFF process of the ZnO surface adorned - TP2 with Tripodal receptor- TP1 was used to create molecular logic gates, which can function as a module for sensors and molecular switches. The addition of Na2EDTA in the solution of the [TP1; TP2 - Al3+] complex resulted in a noticeable reduction in the emission of fluorescence. This finding offers compelling support for the reversibility of the chemosensor. To enable the practical application of this sensor, we have developed a cassette containing receptors TP1 and TP2. Successfully, it can detect Al3+ metal ions. We performed a comprehensive assessment of the dependability and appropriateness of our approach in measuring the concentration of Al3+ ions in wastewater produced by important industrial procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Tamil Selvan
- School of Emergency Management, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Joel Samson
- Department of NanoScience and Technology, KITS, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641114, India
| | - P Rajasingh
- Department of Chemistry, Kamarajar Government Arts College, Surandai, Tamil Nadu 627859, India
| | - Xuesong Li
- School of Emergency Management, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - A Ravi Kumar
- School of Emergency Management, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Nuanfei Zhu
- School of Emergency Management, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Sweety Angela Kuldeep
- Environmental Science Program, Asian University for Women, Chittagong 4000, Bangladesh
| | | | - P Jun Tang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- School of Emergency Management, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
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Hashemi SM, Moradi SE, Ahangar RM, Farmanzadeh D, Emami S. Synthesis, Sensing Performance and DFT Studies of a Novel Coumarin-based Schiff Base As a Turn-on Fluorescence Probe for Zinc Ion Detection. J Fluoresc 2023:10.1007/s10895-023-03510-x. [PMID: 38041792 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-023-03510-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
The design and development of novel efficient fluorescent chemical sensors for the selective detection of ions is currently of significant importance in supramolecular chemistry. Since zinc is a ubiquitous, indispensable and the second most abundant metal ion in the human body, developing chemosensors that can accurately discriminate between Zn2+ and Cd2+ ions has been a challenge due to their similar properties as they are in the same group of the periodic table. Therefore, a technique to trace and visualize free zinc ions is demanded. In this study, an innovative coumarin-based Schiff base (L) was synthesized and characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR and mass spectroscopy. A novel "Turn On" fluorescence chemosensor platform was developed for trace amounts of Zn2+ ions. The fluorescence Job's plot measurement was used to determine the complexation ratio between the probe and Zn2+ ion, which showed a maximum point indicating the formation of a ML2 adduct. Additionally, the geometrical parameters calculated using DFT and TD-DFT calculations were in close agreement with the experimentally observed values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedeh Mahdieh Hashemi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
| | - Seyed Ershad Moradi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Roudabeh Mohsseni Ahangar
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, 47416-95447, Iran
| | - Davood Farmanzadeh
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, 47416-95447, Iran
| | - Saeed Emami
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
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3
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Singh D, Tomar S, Singh S, Chaudhary G, Singh AP, Gupta R. A fluorescent pH switch probe for the ‘turn-on’ dual-channel discriminative detection of magnesium and zinc ions. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.114334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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4
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Yoon Y, Jo S, Lee DH, Lee TS. Synthesis of fluorescent, ortho-azonaphthol-containing conjugated polymer for ratiometric fluoride ion sensing. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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5
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Radha VP, Prabakaran M. Novel thiadiazole derived Schiff base ligand and its transition metal complexes: Thermal behavior, theoretical study, chemo‐sensor, antimicrobial, antidiabetic and anticancer activity. Appl Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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6
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Zhang H, Mo X, Tang D, Ma Y, Xie Y, Yang H, Shi M, Li L, Li W, Yan F, Zhang Y, Zhang H, Xu J. Comparative analysis of volatile and carotenoid metabolites and mineral elements in the flesh of 17 kiwifruit. J Food Sci 2021; 86:3023-3032. [PMID: 34146407 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Kiwifruit contains abundant nutritive compounds and is highly favored by the consumers worldwide. Therefore, detailed metabolic profiling is important to provide theoretic basis for the improvement of kiwifruit quality. In this study, the levels of volatiles, carotenoids, and mineral elements in the flesh of 17 kiwifruit accessions were evaluated. Acids and esters were the main volatiles in kiwifruit. During these 17 kiwifruit accessions, "Chenhong," three "Jinyan," and two "Guichang" germplasms were specifically rich in aromatic esters, which might be associated with their special taste. The main carotenoids were lutein, β-carotene, and zeaxanthin, and their levels were also genotype specific, with the green-fleshed "Guichang" having the highest level of carotenoids, and red-fleshed "Fuhong" and "Chenhong" being rich in zeaxanthin. Partial correlation analysis showed that the contents of some mineral elements were significantly correlated with those of specific volatiles and carotenoids, indicating the impacts of mineral elements on the accumulation of volatiles and carotenoids in the kiwifruit flesh. These results indicated that the contents of carotenoids and volatiles seemed to be affected by mineral elements and also provided a new potential method for improving fruit flavor quality in production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haipeng Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Xiaoqin Mo
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Dongmei Tang
- Citrus Fruit Research Institute, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, PR China
| | - Yuhua Ma
- Citrus Fruit Research Institute, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, PR China
| | - Yunxia Xie
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Hongbin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Meiyan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Lin Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Wenyun Li
- Citrus Fruit Research Institute, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, PR China
| | - Fuhua Yan
- Lishui Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Lishui, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Yajuan Zhang
- Enshi Agriculture Bureau, Enshi, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Hongyan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Juan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
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Structural and Spectral Investigation of a Series of Flavanone Derivatives. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26051298. [PMID: 33670879 PMCID: PMC7957484 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26051298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Four flavanone Schiff bases (E)-1-(2-phenylchroman-4-ylidene)thiosemicarbazide (FTSC) (1), N′,2-bis((E)-2-phenylchroman-4-ylidene)hydrazine-1-carbothiohydrazide (FTCH) (2), (E)-N’-(2-phenylchroman-4-ylidene)benzohydrazide (FHSB) (3) and (E)-N′-(2-phenylchroman-4-ylidene)isonicotinohydrazide (FIN) (4) were synthesized and evaluated for their electronic and physicochemical properties using experimental and theoretical methods. One of them, (2), consists of two flavanone moieties and one substituent, the rest of the compounds (1, 3, 4) comprises of a flavanone-substituent system in relation to 1:1. To uncover the structural and electronic properties of flavanone Schiff bases, computational simulations and absorption spectroscopy were applied. Additionally, binding efficiencies of the studied compounds to serum albumins were evaluated using fluorescence spectroscopy. Spectral profiles of flavanone Schiff bases showed differences related to the presence of substituent groups in system B of the Schiff base molecules. Based on the theoretically predicted chemical descriptors, FTSC is the most chemically reactive among the studied compounds. Binding regions within human and bovine serum albumins of the ligands studied are in the vicinity of the Trp residue and a static mechanism dominates in fluorescence quenching.
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8
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Azadbakht R, Koolivand M, Menati S. Salicylimine-based fluorescent chemosensor for magnesium ions in aqueous solution. Inorganica Chim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2020.120021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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9
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Yuwen Z, Mei H, Li H, Pu S. A novel diarylethene probe with high selective recognition of CN- and Mg2+and its application. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2020.112754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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10
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8-Hydroxyjulolidine aldimine as a fluorescent sensor for the dual detection of Al3+ and Mg2+. SENSING AND BIO-SENSING RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2020.100358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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11
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Yu C, Cui S, Ji Y, Wen S, Jian L, Zhang J. A pH tuning single fluorescent probe based on naphthalene for dual-analytes (Mg 2+ and Al 3+) and its application in cell imaging. RSC Adv 2020; 10:21399-21405. [PMID: 35518728 PMCID: PMC9054541 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra02101f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, a naphthalene Schiff-base P which serves as a dual-analyte probe for the quantitative detection of Al3+ and Mg2+ has been designed. The proposed probe showed an ''off-on'' fluorescent response toward Al3+ in ethanol-water solution (1 : 9, v/v, pH 6.3, 20 mM HEPES) over other metal ions and anions, while the detection by the probe could be switched to Mg2+ by regulating the pH from 6.3 to 9.4. The sensing mechanisms of P to Al3+/Mg2+ are attributed to inhibition of the photo-induced electron transfer (PET) process by the formation of 1 : 1 ligand-metal complexes. More importantly, the probe was applied successfully in living cells for the fluorescent cell-imaging of Al3+ and Mg2+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunwei Yu
- Laboratory of Environmental Monitoring, School of Tropical and Laboratory Medicine, Hainan Medical University Haikou Hainan 571101 P. R. China
| | - Shuhua Cui
- Weifang University of Science and Technology Shouguang Shandong 262700 P. R. China
| | - Yuxiang Ji
- Laboratory of Environmental Monitoring, School of Tropical and Laboratory Medicine, Hainan Medical University Haikou Hainan 571101 P. R. China
| | - Shaobai Wen
- Laboratory of Environmental Monitoring, School of Tropical and Laboratory Medicine, Hainan Medical University Haikou Hainan 571101 P. R. China
| | - Li Jian
- Laboratory of Environmental Monitoring, School of Tropical and Laboratory Medicine, Hainan Medical University Haikou Hainan 571101 P. R. China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Laboratory of Environmental Monitoring, School of Tropical and Laboratory Medicine, Hainan Medical University Haikou Hainan 571101 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translalional Medicine of Ministry of Education, School of Tropical Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, Hainan Medical University Haikou Hainan 571199 P. R. China
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12
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Varadaraju C, Paulraj MS, Tamilselvan G, Muthu Vijayan Enoch IV, Srinivasadesikan V, Shyi-Long L. Evaluation of metal ion sensing behaviour of fluorescent probe along with its precursors: PET-CHEF mechanism, molecular logic gate behaviour and DFT studies. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10847-019-00919-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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13
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Synthesis, spectroscopic characterization, crystal structure, interaction with DNA, CTAB as well as evaluation of biological potency, docking and Molecular Dynamics studies of N-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzylidene)-2, 3-dimethylbenzenamine. J Mol Struct 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2018.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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14
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Jonaghani MZ, Zali-Boeini H, Moradi H. A coumarin based highly sensitive fluorescent chemosensor for selective detection of zinc ion. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 207:16-22. [PMID: 30195181 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.08.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A very effective and highly sensitive fluorescent chemosensor, based on 4-hydroxycoumarin skeleton substituted by benzothiazole moiety was synthesized and investigated for the detection of zinc ion. This chemosensor displays highly selective and sensitive fluorescence enhancement to Zn2+ over other metal ions examined in solution and in biological systems. The detection limit for the fluorescent chemosensor 1 toward Zn2+ was 3.58 × 10-8 M. A simple and efficient approach was improved for the synthesis of chemosensor 1 starting from 4-hydroxycoumarin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hassan Zali-Boeini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Isfahan, 81746-73441 Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Hassan Moradi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Isfahan, 81746-73441 Isfahan, Iran
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15
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Gao X, Gao Y, Qi R, Han L. One-pot synthesis of a recyclable ratiometric fluorescent probe based on MOFs for turn-on sensing of Mg2+ ions and bioimaging in live cells. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj04536h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This work illustrates the design and construction of a fascinating recyclable ratiometric fluorescent probe based on MOFs (Fe3O4/RhB@Al-MOFs) via a simple one-step approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuechuan Gao
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Inner Mongolia University of Technology
- Hohhot 010051
- P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Gao
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Inner Mongolia University of Technology
- Hohhot 010051
- P. R. China
| | - Ruilong Qi
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Inner Mongolia University of Technology
- Hohhot 010051
- P. R. China
| | - Limin Han
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Inner Mongolia University of Technology
- Hohhot 010051
- P. R. China
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16
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Wang Z, Cui S, Qiu S, Pu S. A novel diarylethene-based fluorescent “turn-on” sensor for the selective detection of Mg2+. RSC Adv 2019; 9:6021-6026. [PMID: 35517269 PMCID: PMC9060869 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra10470k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A new photochromic diarylethene derivative with a 4-methylphenol unit has been designed and synthesized. It displayed distinct photochromism and fluorescent ‘‘turn on’’ features to Mg2+ in acetonitrile solution. With the addition of Mg2+, there was an obvious increase of fluorescent emission intensity at 552 nm, accompanied by a clear change of fluorescent color from dark purple to green. Meantime, the 1 : 1 stoichiometry between the derivative and Mg2+ was verified by Job's plot and HRMS. Furthermore, the sensor was successfully applied in the detection of Mg2+ in practical samples. Moreover, based on the multiple-responsive fluorescence switching behaviors, it also could be used to construct a molecular logic circuit with UV/vis lights and Mg2+/EDTA as input signals and the emission at 552 nm as the output signal. A new photochromic diarylethene derivative with a 4-methylphenol unit has been designed and synthesized.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry
- Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University
- Nanchang 330013
- PR China
| | - Shiqiang Cui
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry
- Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University
- Nanchang 330013
- PR China
| | - Shouyu Qiu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry
- Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University
- Nanchang 330013
- PR China
| | - Shouzhi Pu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry
- Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University
- Nanchang 330013
- PR China
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Tamil Selvan G, Varadaraju C, Tamil Selvan R, Enoch IVMV, Mosae Selvakumar P. On/Off Fluorescent Chemosensor for Selective Detection of Divalent Iron and Copper Ions: Molecular Logic Operation and Protein Binding. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:7985-7992. [PMID: 31458937 PMCID: PMC6644644 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b00748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Here, naphthalene diamine-based β-diketone derivative (compound LH) was successfully used as a dual signaling probe for divalent cations, Fe2+ and Cu2+ ions, in bimodal methods (colorimetric and fluorometric). It showed fluorescent enhancement for Fe2+ ion by photoinduced electron transfer mechanism and fluorescence quenching for Cu2+ ion by charge-transfer process. Binding stoichiometry for [LH-(Fe2+)2] and [LH-(Cu2+)2] was found to be 1:2 by Job's plot method and, the binding constants were calculated as 1.6638 × 1010 and 9.22929 × 108 M-1, respectively. Compound LH exhibited OR and XOR logic gate behavior with H+, Fe2+, and Cu2+ as inputs. Further, the compound LH and bovine serum albumin binding interaction showed quenching of fluorescence by Förster resonance energy-transfer mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Tamil Selvan
- Chemistry Research Lab, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore 641114, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Chitra Varadaraju
- Chemistry Research Lab, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore 641114, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R. Tamil Selvan
- Chemistry Research Lab, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore 641114, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Israel V. M. V. Enoch
- Chemistry Research Lab, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore 641114, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - P. Mosae Selvakumar
- Chemistry Research Lab, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore 641114, Tamil Nadu, India
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