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Tan X, Zhang Y, Mao H, Yang J. Recognition of chiral propranolol by fluorescent aptamerlight switch based on GO. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 305:123436. [PMID: 37832446 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
In this work, specific aptamers with affinity for S-propranolol were screened by SELEX technology based on the graphene oxide (GO) adsorption platform, and a GO-FAM labeled aptamer-propranolol fluorescent optical switch system was constructed for the recognition of chiral propranolol. It was found that the fluorescence quenching of FAM labeled aptamer could be caused by the adsorption of GO. However, when S-propranolol was introduced, S-propranolol could pull out the aptamer adsorbed by GO, and the fluorescence of the system could be restored. But, R-propranolol could not be realized. Therefore, a simple and sensitive fluorescent optical switch system was established to identify chiral propranolol and perform highly sensitive detection of S-propranolol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanping Tan
- ChongQing Three Gorges University, Chongqing 404000, China
| | - Yuhui Zhang
- ChongQing Three Gorges University, Chongqing 404000, China
| | - Huaping Mao
- ChongQing Three Gorges University, Chongqing 404000, China
| | - Jidong Yang
- ChongQing Three Gorges University, Chongqing 404000, China.
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2
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Liu H, Chen J, Chen M, Wang J, Qiu H. Recent development of chiral ionic liquids for enantioseparation in liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1274:341496. [PMID: 37455089 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs), which are salts in a molten state below 100 °C, have become a hot topic of research in various fields because of their negligible vapour pressure, high thermal stability, and tunable viscosity. Chiral ionic liquids (CILs) can be applied in chromatography and capillary electrophoresis fields to improve the performance of enantiomeric separation, such as chiral stationary phases (CSPs) and mobile phase additives in high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC); CSPs in gas chromatography (GC); and background electrolyte additives (BGE), chiral ligands and chiral selectors (CSs) in capillary electrophoresis (CE). This review focuses on the applications of CILs in HPLC and CE for the separation of enantiomers in the past five years. The mechanism for separating enantiomers was explained, and the prospect of the application of CILs in chiral liquid chromatography (LC) and CE analysis was also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifeng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Jia Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Mingli Chen
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China.
| | - Hongdeng Qiu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, China.
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3
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Zhong H, Zhang T, Zeng Q, Li L. Preparation and Evaluation of an Azobenzenediamide Bridged bis(β-Cyclodextrin)-Bonded Chiral Stationary Phase for HPLC. J Chromatogr Sci 2023; 61:625-636. [PMID: 35726164 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmac050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
An azobenzenediamide bridged bis(β-cyclodextrin) chiral stationary phase (AZCDP) was prepared, and its high-performance liquid chromatography performance in reversed-phase and polar organic modes was evaluated by chiral probes, including triazoles, flavanones, amino acids and β-blockers. The results showed that AZCDP had strong chiral separation ability and the 40 chiral compounds were successfully resolved, of which 32 were completely separated (Rs ≥ 1.5) and the best enantioresolution was up to 3.93 within 20 min under a wide range of pH value and temperature. The separation ability of AZCDP with double cavities was significantly better than common CD-CSPs with single cavity, which was related to the synergistic inclusion effect. Compared with the previously reported stilbene (C=C)-bridged CSP, AZCDP with azobenzene (N=N)-bridged had a wider resolution range. For example, it could resolve myclobutanil, pindolol, carteolol, betaxolol, bevanolol and bitertanol, which could not be resolved before, and should be related to the fact that the flexible N=N was more compatible with the synergistic inclusion between cavities than the rigid C=C bridge group. The azobenzenediamide bridging group could also provide hydrogen bond, π-π and other sites, which was conducive to chiral separations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhong
- College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, No. 999, Xuefu Ave., Honggutan Dist., Nanchang 330031, PR China
| | - Tianci Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, No. 999, Xuefu Ave., Honggutan Dist., Nanchang 330031, PR China
| | - Qingli Zeng
- College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, No. 999, Xuefu Ave., Honggutan Dist., Nanchang 330031, PR China
| | - Laisheng Li
- College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, No. 999, Xuefu Ave., Honggutan Dist., Nanchang 330031, PR China
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4
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Lu X, Li Y, Yang J, Wang Y. A quasi-dual-chiral-channel specific enantioseparation material. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2023.108342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
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5
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Zhu Y, Zhang H, Ma S, Miao L, Jin G, Li J, Nuerkaman T, Sun Q, Liu Y, Yin S. Stereoselective quantitative analysis of ranolazine in plasma and tissue samples: application in pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution studies. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj02302d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to develop a rapid and sensitive reversed-phase mode high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization coupled with a tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous determination of ranolazine enantiomers in rat plasma and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Siman Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
| | - Lizhi Miao
- Safety Evaluation Center of Shenyang SYRICI Testing Co., Ltd., Shenyang 110141, China
| | - Ge Jin
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Medical College, No. 146 Huanghe North Street, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110034, China
| | - Jiahui Li
- School of Business Administration, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Tohutanguli Nuerkaman
- School of Business Administration, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Qiruo Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Medical College, No. 146 Huanghe North Street, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110034, China
| | - Shiliang Yin
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Medical College, No. 146 Huanghe North Street, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110034, China
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Pu Y, Shi J, Shi B, Li G, Du Y. Quaternized chitin used as chiral stationary phase for HPLC and the high enantioseparation of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-naphthalenamine racemates. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 193:809-813. [PMID: 34728299 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.10.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Quaternized chitin (QC) with different degrees of substitution (DSs) and molecular weight (Mw) were homogeneously synthesized. Eight novel chiral stationary phases (CSPs) for HPLC were prepared by coating the QC on 3-aminopropyl silica gel, which were firstly used to separate 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-naphthalenamine (THNA) racemates. Enantioseparation capability of the CSPs was evaluated and the influence factors including DS and Mw of QCs were explored respectively. The results demonstrated that the successful separation of THNA enantiomers was obtained by all the new CSPs of the chitin derivatives. Resolution (Rs) increased from 1.12 to 1.58 with the increase of DS of QC from 0.40 to 0.62, while the Rs decreased with the reduction of Mw of the products from 2.8 × 105 to 9.7 × 104. The maximum Rs is 2.29. A simple pathway for the fabrication of novel CSPs of cationic chitin derivatives is developed, which has potential application for the separation of THAN racemates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanlin Pu
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, The Central Hospital of Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Enshi 445000, China
| | - Jie Shi
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Key Laboratory of Biological Resources Protection and Utilization of Hubei Province, Hubei Minzu University, Enshi 445000, China
| | - Boan Shi
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Key Laboratory of Biological Resources Protection and Utilization of Hubei Province, Hubei Minzu University, Enshi 445000, China
| | - Guoxiang Li
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Key Laboratory of Biological Resources Protection and Utilization of Hubei Province, Hubei Minzu University, Enshi 445000, China.
| | - Yumin Du
- School of Resource and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
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7
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Zhang JH, Xie SM, Yuan LM. Recent progress in the development of chiral stationary phases for high-performance liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2021; 45:51-77. [PMID: 34729907 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Separations and analyses of chiral compounds are important in many fields, including pharmaceutical production, preparation of chemical intermediates, and biochemistry. High-performance liquid chromatography using a chiral stationary phase is regarded as one of the most valuable methods for enantiomeric separation and analysis because it is highly efficient, is broadly applicable, and has powerful separation capability. The focus for development of this method is the identification of novel chiral stationary phases with superior recognition performance and good stability. The present article reviews recent progress in the development of new chiral stationary phases for high-performance liquid chromatography between January 2018 and June 2021. These newly reported chiral stationary phases are divided into three categories: small organic molecule-based (cyclodextrin and its derivatives, macrocyclic antibiotics, cinchona alkaloids, and other low molecular weight chiral molecules), macromolecule-based (cellulose and amylose derivatives, chitin and chitosan derivatives, and synthetic helical polymers) and chiral porous material-based (chiral metal-organic frameworks, chiral covalent organic frameworks, and chiral inorganic mesoporous silicas). Each type of chiral stationary phase is discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hui Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Sheng-Ming Xie
- Department of Chemistry, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Li-Ming Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, P. R. China
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8
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Li M, Jiang Z, Guo X, Di X, Yu J. Enantioseparation and modelling study of six proton pump inhibitors on a novel 3, 5-dichloro-phenylcarbamated β-cyclodextrin chemically bonded chiral stationary phase by high performance liquid chromatography. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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9
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Zhao Y, Zhu X, Jiang W, Liu H, Sun B. Chiral Recognition for Chromatography and Membrane-Based Separations: Recent Developments and Future Prospects. Molecules 2021; 26:1145. [PMID: 33669919 PMCID: PMC7924630 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26041145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
With the rapid development of global industry and increasingly frequent product circulation, the separation and detection of chiral drugs/pesticides are becoming increasingly important. The chiral nature of substances can result in harm to the human body, and the selective endocrine-disrupting effect of drug enantiomers is caused by differential enantiospecific binding to receptors. This review is devoted to the specific recognition and resolution of chiral molecules by chromatography and membrane-based enantioseparation techniques. Chromatographic enantiomer separations with chiral stationary phase (CSP)-based columns and membrane-based enantiomer filtration are detailed. In addition, the unique properties of these chiral resolution methods have been summarized for practical applications in the chemistry, environment, biology, medicine, and food industries. We further discussed the recognition mechanism in analytical enantioseparations and analyzed recent developments and future prospects of chromatographic and membrane-based enantioseparations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Huilin Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, 11 Fucheng Road, Beijing 100048, China; (Y.Z.); (X.Z.); (W.J.); (B.S.)
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10
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Wu D, Pan F, Gao L, Tao Y, Kong Y. An ionic-based carbon dot for enantioselective discrimination of nonaromatic amino alcohols. Analyst 2020; 145:3395-3400. [PMID: 32239048 DOI: 10.1039/d0an00399a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Here, ionized chiral carbon dots, (S,S)-C-dots-1 (λex = 430 nm, λem = 480 nm), were synthesized via a facile route with relatively high quantum yield (∼24.4%) and used as a fluorescent chiral sensor. One of the advantages of the synthetic process is that it avoids the loss of the chiral center. That is, the chiral bromo compound can directly form an ionic pair with the pyridyl group, which is derived from the amine precursor in the first step. Furthermore, (S,S)-C-dots-1 shows clear discrimination toward different configurations of nonaromatic amino alcohols in the presence of Cu(ii). When the (R)-isomer is added to a solution of (S,S)-C-dots-1 + Cu(ii), it shows much higher fluorescent intensity than the (S)-isomer. The values of IR/IS are 2.9 and 2.3 for 2-aminobutan-1-ol and 2-aminopropan-1-ol, respectively. In summary, we believe that this work can expand the synthetic routes and potential applications of functional carbon dots in the field of enantioselective sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Datong Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China.
| | - Fei Pan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China.
| | - Li Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China.
| | - Yongxin Tao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China.
| | - Yong Kong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China.
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11
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Yu RB, Quirino JP. Chiral liquid chromatography and capillary electrochromatography: Trends from 2017 to 2018. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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12
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Functional Cyclodextrin-Clicked Chiral Stationary Phases for Versatile Enantioseparations by HPLC. Methods Mol Biol 2019. [PMID: 31069733 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9438-0_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
The urgent demand for pure biological and pharmaceutical enantiomers has brought together great efforts in developing chiral techniques. High-performance liquid chromatography employing chiral stationary phases (CSPs) has evolved as a powerful tool for both chiral analysis and manufacture of pure enantiomers. Herein, we describe a facile method to prepare a phenylcarbamate cyclodextrin (CD)-based CSPs via azide/alkyne click chemistry. The functionalities of CD rims are altered to mediate the enantioseparation performance in multimode high-performance liquid chromatography.
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Teixeira J, Tiritan ME, Pinto MMM, Fernandes C. Chiral Stationary Phases for Liquid Chromatography: Recent Developments. Molecules 2019; 24:E865. [PMID: 30823495 PMCID: PMC6429359 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24050865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The planning and development of new chiral stationary phases (CSPs) for liquid chromatography (LC) are considered as continuous and evolutionary issues since the introduction of the first CSP in 1938. The main objectives of the development strategies were to attempt the improvement of the chromatographic enantioresolution performance of the CSPs as well as enlarge their versatility and range of applications. Additionally, the transition to ultra-high-performance LC were underscored. The most recent strategies have comprised the introduction of new chiral selectors, the use of new materials as chromatographic supports or the reduction of its particle size, and the application of different synthetic approaches for preparation of CSPs. This review gathered the most recent developments associated to the different types of CSPs providing an overview of the relevant advances that are arising on LC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Teixeira
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Maria Elizabeth Tiritan
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
- Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, Politécnico e Universitário (CESPU), Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde (IINFACTS), Rua Central de Gandra, 1317, 4585-116 Gandra PRD, Portugal.
| | - Madalena M M Pinto
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - Carla Fernandes
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
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Jin X, Li X, Wang Y. Click regulation of cyclodextrin primary face for the preparation of novel chiral stationary phases. Electrophoresis 2019; 40:1978-1985. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Jin
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science; Department of Chemistry; School of Science; Tianjin University; Tianjin P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin); Tianjin P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxuan Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Chengde Petroleum College; Chengde Hebei P. R. China
| | - Yong Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science; Department of Chemistry; School of Science; Tianjin University; Tianjin P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin); Tianjin P. R. China
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15
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Xu S, Wang Y, Tang Y, Ji Y. A protein-based mixed selector chiral monolithic stationary phase in capillary electrochromatography. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj02309c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A mixed selector CSP combines the enantioselectivities of both individual proteins, thus expanding their application range practically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujuan Xu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance
| | - Yuying Wang
- Department of Analytical Chemistry
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance
| | - Yixia Tang
- Department of Analytical Chemistry
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance
| | - Yibing Ji
- Department of Analytical Chemistry
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance
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