1
|
Almeida J, Tomé AC, Rangel M, Silva AMG. Microwave-Assisted Synthesis and Spectral Properties of Pyrrolidine-Fused Chlorin Derivatives. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093833. [PMID: 37175243 PMCID: PMC10179977 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work we pursued research involving the microwave-assisted N-alkylation of a NH pyrrolidine-fused chlorin with methyl 4-(bromomethyl) benzoate and subsequent ester hydrolysis as a straightforward strategy to obtain carboxylic acid functionality in the pyrrolidine-fused chlorin, as a single reaction product. We studied the reaction's scope by extending the N-alkylation of the free-base chlorin and its corresponding Zn(II) complex to other alkyl halides, including 1,4-diiodobutane, N-(2-bromoethyl)phthalimide, and 2-bromoethanaminium bromide. In addition, two new chlorin-dansyl dyads were synthesized by reacting dansyl chloride with the 2-aminoethyl pyrrolidine-fused chlorin (dyad 6) and NH pyrrolidine-fused chlorin (dyad 7). According to spectral studies, the linker length between the two fluorophores influences the response of the dyads to the solvent polarity. Because of the simplicity of these approaches, we believe it will enable access to a vast library of custom-tailored N-functionalized chlorins while preserving their important absorption and emission spectra as photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer and photodynamic inactivation (PDI) of microorganisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Almeida
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Augusto C Tomé
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Maria Rangel
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, 4099-003 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana M G Silva
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Photoinactivation of Planktonic Cells, Pseudohyphae, and Biofilms of Candida albicans Sensitized by a Free-Base Chlorin and Its Metal Complexes with Zn(II) and Pd(II). Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12010105. [PMID: 36671307 PMCID: PMC9854949 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12010105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Invasive candidiasis is an important cause of morbidity and mortality, and its occurrence is increasing due to the growing complexity of patients. In particular, Candida albicans exhibits several virulence factors that facilitate yeast colonization in humans. In this sense, the photodynamic inactivation of yeasts is a promising new alternative to eliminate fungal infections. Herein, the photodynamic activity sensitized by a free-base chlorin (TPCF16) and its complexes with Zn(II) (ZnTPCF16) and Pd(II) (PdTPCF16) was investigated in order to eliminate C. albicans under different forms of cell cultures. A decrease in cell survival of more than 5 log was found in planktonic cells incubated with 5 μM TPCF16 or ZnTPCF16 upon 15 min of white-light irradiation. The mechanism of action mainly involved a type II pathway in the inactivation of C. albicans cells. In addition, the photodynamic action induced by these chlorins was able to suppress the growth of C. albicans in a culture medium. These photosensitizers were also effective to photoinactivate C. albicans pseudohyphae suspended in PBS. Furthermore, the biofilms of C. albicans that incorporated the chlorins during the proliferation stage were completely eradicated using 5 μM TPCF16 or ZnTPCF16 after 60 min of light irradiation. The studies indicated that these chlorins are effective photosensitizing agents to eliminate C. albicans as planktonic cells, pseudohyphae, and biofilms.
Collapse
|
3
|
Recent update on the role of N-methyl glycine as a building block for the construction of N-heterocyclic frameworks. Tetrahedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2022.133096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
4
|
Moreira MIF, Almeida J, Leite A, Lobo Ferreira AIMC, Santos LMNBF, Silva AMG, Rangel M. Ohmic heating-assisted synthesis and characterization of Zn(II), Cu(II) and Pd(II) complexes of heterocyclic-fused chlorins. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:3520-3530. [PMID: 35142773 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt04032d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Chlorins are highly interesting compounds due to their spectroscopic properties in both UV-Vis and NIR regions. Upon coordination to a metal ion, the corresponding metallochlorins exhibit more valuable physicochemical properties that enable a broader range of applications, such as in photodynamic therapy (PDT), water splitting catalysis, optical sensor devices and dye-sensitized solar cells. Synthetic chemistry has been in a continuous quest to fulfil most green chemistry requirements through the development of efficient reactions. Being a heating process that does not depend on heat transfer to the reaction medium, ohmic heating accomplishes the mentioned requirements and allows a fast and uniform heating regime thanks to the ionic conductivity of the reaction medium. Herein, we report the metallation of pyrrolidine- and isoxazolidine-fused chlorins with Zn(II), Cu(II) and Pd(II) salts by ohmic heating, using non-toxic aqueous solutions, and their corresponding physico-chemical characterization. All pyrrolidine-fused chlorins showed higher yields, when compared with isoxazolidine ones. From the thermogravimetric analysis performed it is possible to infer that the metal enhances the steadiness of the macrocycle, making it easier to cause the thermal decomposition of the pyrrolidine- and isoxazolidine-fused chlorins. The Zn(II) complexes showed high absorption in the NIR spectral region, a low fluorescence quantum yield and a short excited singlet state, which indicate the high efficiency of intersystem crossing to the triplet state, making them very promising candidates as photosensitizers for PDT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria I F Moreira
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
| | - José Almeida
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Andreia Leite
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Ana I M C Lobo Ferreira
- CIQUP, Institute of Molecular Sciences (IMS) - Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, P-4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís M N B F Santos
- CIQUP, Institute of Molecular Sciences (IMS) - Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, P-4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana M G Silva
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Maria Rangel
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, 4099-003 Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Heredia DA, Durantini JE, Ferreyra DD, Reynoso E, Gonzalez Lopez EJ, Durantini AM, Milanesio ME, Durantini EN. Charge density distribution effect in pyrrolidine-fused chlorins on microbial uptake and antimicrobial photoinactivation of microbial pathogens. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2021; 225:112321. [PMID: 34695700 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2021.112321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Two novels structurally related pyrrolidine-fused chlorins were synthesized from 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)chlorin by nucleophilic aromatic substitution of the para-fluoro groups. The reaction with 2-dimethylaminoethanol produced TPCF16-NMe2 in 77% yield, while TPCF16-NBu was obtained using butylamine in 87% yield. The latter was extensively methylated to form TPCF16-N+Bu in 92% yield. The synthetic strategy was designed to compare the effect of charge density distribution on chlorin in the efficacy to induce photodynamic inactivation of pathogens. TPCF16-NMe2 has five tertiary amines that can acquire positive charges in aqueous medium by protonation. Furthermore, four of the cationic groups are located in amino groups linked to the chlorine macrocycle by an aliphatic structure of two carbon atoms, which gives it greater movement capacity. In contrast, TPCF16-N+Bu presents intrinsic positive charges on aromatic rings. Absorption and fluorescence emission properties were not affected by the peripheral substitution on the chlorin macrocycle. Both photosensitizers (PSs) were able to form singlet molecular oxygen and superoxide anion radical in solution. Uptake and photodynamic inactivation mediated by these chlorins were examined on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Both phototherapeutic agents produced efficient photoinactivation of S. aureus. However, only TPCF16-NMe2 was rapidly bound to E. coli cells and this chlorin was effective to photoinactivate both strains of bacteria using lower concentrations and shorter irradiation periods. Our outcomes reveal that the charge density distribution is a key factor to consider in the development of new PSs. Accordingly, this work stands out as a promising starting point for the design of new tetrapyrrolic macrocycles with application in PDI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Heredia
- IDAS-CONICET, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, X5804BYA Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Javier E Durantini
- IITEMA-CONICET Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, X5804BYA Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Darío D Ferreyra
- IDAS-CONICET, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, X5804BYA Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Eugenia Reynoso
- IDAS-CONICET, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, X5804BYA Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Edwin J Gonzalez Lopez
- IDAS-CONICET, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, X5804BYA Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Andrés M Durantini
- IDAS-CONICET, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, X5804BYA Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María E Milanesio
- IDAS-CONICET, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, X5804BYA Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Edgardo N Durantini
- IDAS-CONICET, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, X5804BYA Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Almeida J, Zhang G, Wang M, Queirós C, Cerqueira AFR, Tomé AC, Barone G, Vicente MGH, Hey-Hawkins E, Silva AMG, Rangel M. Synthesis, characterization, and cellular investigations of porphyrin- and chlorin-indomethacin conjugates for photodynamic therapy of cancer. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:6501-6512. [PMID: 34254099 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01015h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Indomethacin is a potent non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with a strong selective inhibitor activity towards cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), an enzyme that is highly overexpressed in various tumour cells, being involved in tumourigenesis. Concomitantly, porphyrins have gained much attention as promising photosensitizers (PSs) for the non-invasive photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer. Herein, we report the design, and determine the singlet oxygen generation capacity and in vitro cellular toxicity of porphyrin- and chlorin-indomethacin conjugates (P2-Ind and C2-Ind). Both the conjugates were obtained in high yields and were characterized by 1H, 19F and 13C NMR as well as by high resolution mass spectrometry. The singlet oxygen generation properties were assessed by the 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran singlet oxygen trap method, which showed that C2 and C2-Ind are the best singlet oxygen photosensitizers. In addition, it was found that the presence of indomethacin did not influence the singlet oxygen generation of porphyrin or chlorin. Cytotoxicity studies of the conjugate in human HEp2 cells revealed that the porphyrin- and chlorin-indomethacin conjugates have similar dark cytotoxicities, while chlorin C2 was shown to be the most phototoxic. Despite having lower cellular uptake than C2-Ind after 24 hours, chlorin C2 had a broad localization in HEp2 cells while the chlorin-indomethacin conjugate C2-Ind could be detected in the form of small aggregates. DFT calculations were performed to shed light on the reaction energy involved in the formation of the indomethacin conjugates and to compare the relative stability of selected isomers in solution. Moreover, the calculated energy of their first excited triplet state structures confirmed their use as suitable photosensitizers to generate singlet oxygen for PDT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Almeida
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Guanyu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Maodie Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Carla Queirós
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Ana F R Cerqueira
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Augusto C Tomé
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Giampaolo Barone
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 17, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - M Graça H Vicente
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Evamarie Hey-Hawkins
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ana M G Silva
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Maria Rangel
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4099-003 Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Biomimetic Oxidation of Benzofurans with Hydrogen Peroxide Catalyzed by Mn(III) Porphyrins. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10010062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The modelling of metabolic activation of the benzofuran nucleus is important to obtain eco-sustainable degradation methods and to understand the related mechanisms. The present work reports the catalytic oxidation of benzofuran, 2-methylbenzofuran, and 3-methylbenzofuran by hydrogen peroxide, at room temperature, in the presence of different Mn(III) porphyrins as models of cytochrome P450 enzymes. Conversions above 95% were attained for all the substrates. The key step is the formation of epoxides, which undergo different reaction pathways depending on factors, such as the position of the methyl group and the reaction and work-up conditions used.
Collapse
|
8
|
Almeida J, Fortună ME, Pricop L, Lobiuc A, Leite A, Silva AMN, Monteiro RP, Rangel M, Harabagiu V, Silva AMG. (Aminophenyl)porphyrins as precursors for the synthesis of porphyrin-modified siloxanes. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2019. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424619500573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The present research reports the efficient synthesis of mono- and di-(aminophenyl)porphyrins and their metalation with Zn(II) using microwave irradiation. The subsequent reaction of amino-functionalized porphyrins with siloxane moieties bearing epoxy or carboxyl functional groups provided four new porphyrin-modified siloxanes. The structure of the resulting derivatives was established by 1H-NMR and MALDI-TOF-MS. The optical properties of the porphyrin chromophores were preserved, as proven by comparing the absorption and emission spectra of the initial porphyrins to those of the porphyrin-modified siloxanes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Almeida
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria E. Fortună
- Department of Inorganic Polymers “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Lucia Pricop
- Department of Inorganic Polymers “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Andrei Lobiuc
- CERNESIM, “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University, Carol I Bd., 700505, Iasi, Romania
- “Stefan cel Mare” University, Universitatii St. 13, Suceava, Romania
| | - Andreia Leite
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - André M. N. Silva
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo P. Monteiro
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Rangel
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Valeria Harabagiu
- Department of Inorganic Polymers “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Ana M. G. Silva
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Pinto SMA, Vinagreiro CS, Tomé VA, Piccirillo G, Damas L, Pereira MM. Nitrobenzene method: A keystone in meso-substituted halogenated porphyrin synthesis and applications. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2019. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424619300039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This review article briefly describes the available synthetic approaches for meso-arylporphyrins giving particular emphasis for one-pot nitrobenzene and nitrobenzene/NaY methods regarding the synthesis of meso-halogenated arylporphyrins. The review also describes the relevant applications of these halogenated porphyrins and their metalloporphyrin counterparts, prepared via nitrobenzene method, as photosensitizers for therapy (PDT and PDI), diagnostic (molecular contrast agents) and also for catalytic oxidation and CO2 cycloaddition reactions to epoxides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara M. A. Pinto
- Coimbra Chemistry Centre, CQC, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carolina S. Vinagreiro
- Coimbra Chemistry Centre, CQC, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Vanessa A. Tomé
- Coimbra Chemistry Centre, CQC, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Giusi Piccirillo
- Coimbra Chemistry Centre, CQC, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Liliana Damas
- Coimbra Chemistry Centre, CQC, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mariette M. Pereira
- Coimbra Chemistry Centre, CQC, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|