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Çiçek Özkul SL, Kaba İ, Ozdemir Olgun FA. Unravelling the potential of magnetic nanoparticles: a comprehensive review of design and applications in analytical chemistry. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:3620-3640. [PMID: 38814019 DOI: 10.1039/d4ay00206g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
The study of nanoparticles has emerged as a prominent research field, offering a wide range of applications across various disciplines. With their unique physical and chemical properties within the size range of 1-100 nm, nanoparticles have garnered significant attention. Among them, magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) exemplify promising super-magnetic characteristics, especially in the 10-20 nm size range, making them ideal for swift responses to applied magnetic fields. In this comprehensive review, we focus on MNPs suitable for analytical purposes. We investigate and classify them based on their analytical applications, synthesis routes, and overall utility, providing a detailed literature summary. By exploring a diverse range of MNPs, this review offers valuable insights into their potential application in various analytical scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serra Lale Çiçek Özkul
- Istanbul Technical University, Faculty of Science and Letters, Department of Chemistry, Maslak Campus, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - İbrahim Kaba
- Marmara University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Maltepe, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fatos Ayca Ozdemir Olgun
- Istanbul Health and Technology University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Department of Chemical Engineering, Sutluce, Beyoglu, Istanbul, Turkey.
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2
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Ochea RAG, Benzaquén TB, Encina ER. A partial oxidation-based approach to the synthesis of gold-magnetite hybrid nanostructures. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7352. [PMID: 38548867 PMCID: PMC10978920 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58145-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Hybrid nanostructures composed of gold and magnetite are of singular interest because they allow the integration of plasmonic and magnetic properties in a single object. Due to this feature, their application has been proposed to perform various functions. The methods usually employed to prepare these particular kinds of nanostructures follow organic phase routes, whereas synthetic methodologies that employ more sustainable solvents have been much less explored. In this work, an environmentally friendly approach for the synthesis of gold-magnetite hybrid nanostructures in aqueous media is proposed. This approach relies on the partial oxidation of the Fe(II) precursor using hydrogen peroxide as the oxidizing agent in the presence of preformed gold nanoparticles dispersed in the reaction medium. The methodology used led to the formation of magnetite nanoparticles with a good stoichiometry and a median size of 30 nm. Furthermore, in the presence of gold nanoparticles in the reaction medium, the formation of gold-magnetite hybrid nanostructures is produced as a consequence of the heterogeneous nucleation of the iron oxide phase on the surface of the gold nanoparticles that act as seeds. The approach reported broadens the possibility of synthesizing hybrid nanostructures in aqueous media with integrated plasmonic and magnetic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío A González Ochea
- INFIQC-UNC-CONICET, Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Tamara B Benzaquén
- CITeQ (UTN-CONICET), Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Química, Maestro Marcelo López Esq. Cruz Roja Argentina, (5016ZAA), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ezequiel R Encina
- INFIQC-UNC-CONICET, Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina.
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3
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Wang T, Ye L, Xiao P, Zhu P, Gui X, Zhuang L. Dynamic modulation of a surface-enhanced Raman scattering signal by a varying magnetic field. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:12249-12260. [PMID: 37157388 DOI: 10.1364/oe.482479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) signals are fundamental for spectroscopy applications. However, existing substrates cannot perform a dynamically enhanced modulation of SERS signals. Herein, we developed a magnetically photonic chain-loading system (MPCLS) substrate by loading magnetically photonic nanochains of Fe3O4@SiO2 magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) with Au nanoparticles (NPs). We achieved a dynamically enhanced modulation by applying an external stepwise magnetic field to the randomly dispersed magnetic photonic nanochains that gradually align in the analyte solution. The closely aligned nanochains create a higher number of hot spots by new neighboring Au NPs. Each chain represents a single SERS enhancement unit with both a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) effect and photonic property. The magnetic responsivity of MPCLS enables a rapid signal enhancement and tuning of the SERS enhancement factor.
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4
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Chen Y, Bai Y, Wang X, Zhang H, Zheng H, Gu N. Plasmonic/magnetic nanoarchitectures: From controllable design to biosensing and bioelectronic interfaces. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 219:114744. [PMID: 36327555 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Controllable design of the nanocrystal-assembled plasmonic/magnetic nanoarchitectures (P/MNAs) inspires abundant methodologies to enhance light-matter interactions and control magnetic-induced effects by means of fine-tuning the morphology and ordered packing of noble metallic or magnetic building blocks. The burgeoning development of multifunctional nanoarchitectures has opened up broad range of interdisciplinary applications including biosensing, in vitro diagnostic devices, point-of-care (POC) platforms, and soft bioelectronics. By taking advantage of their customizability and efficient conjugation with capping biomolecules, various nanoarchitectures have been integrated into high-performance biosensors with remarkable sensitivity and versatility, enabling key features that combined multiplexed detection, ease-of-use and miniaturization. In this review, we provide an overview of the representative developments of nanoarchitectures that being built by plasmonic and magnetic nanoparticles over recent decades. The design principles and key mechanisms for signal amplification and quantitative sensitivity have been explored. We highlight the structure-function programmability and prospects of addressing the main limitations for conventional biosensing strategies in terms of accurate selectivity, sensitivity, throughput, and optoelectronic integration. State-of-the-art strategies to achieve affordable and field-deployable POC devices for early multiplexed detection of infectious diseases such as COVID-19 has been covered in this review. Finally, we discuss the urgent yet challenging issues in nanoarchitectures design and related biosensing application, such as large-scale fabrication and integration with portable devices, and provide perspectives and suggestions on developing smart biosensors that connecting the materials science and biomedical engineering for personal health monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China; Southeast University-Monash University Joint Research Institute, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Yu Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China; Southeast University-Monash University Joint Research Institute, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Xi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China; Southeast University-Monash University Joint Research Institute, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China; Southeast University-Monash University Joint Research Institute, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Haoran Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China; Southeast University-Monash University Joint Research Institute, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Ning Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China; Southeast University-Monash University Joint Research Institute, Suzhou, 215123, China.
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5
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Berganza L, Litti L, Meneghetti M, Lanceros-Méndez S, Reguera J. Enhancement of Magnetic Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Detection by Tailoring Fe 3O 4@Au Nanorod Shell Thickness and Its Application in the On-site Detection of Antibiotics in Water. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:45493-45503. [PMID: 36530269 PMCID: PMC9753213 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) has become a promising method for the detection of contaminants or biomolecules in aqueous media. The low interference of water, the unique spectral fingerprint, and the development of portable and handheld equipment for in situ measurements underpin its predominance among other spectroscopic techniques. Among the SERS nanoparticle substrates, those composed of plasmonic and magnetic components are prominent examples of versatility and efficiency. These substrates harness the ability to capture the target analyte, concentrate it, and generate unique hotspots for superior enhancement. Here, we have evaluated the use of gold-coated magnetite nanorods as a novel multifunctional magnetic-plasmonic SERS substrate. The nanostructures were synthesized starting from core-satellite structures. A series of variants with different degrees of Au coatings were then prepared by seed-mediated growth of gold, from core-satellite structures to core-shell with partial and complete shells. All of them were tested, using a portable Raman instrument, with the model molecule 4-mercaptobenzoic acid in colloidal suspension and after magnetic separation. Experimental results were compared with the boundary element method to establish the mechanism of Raman enhancement. The results show a quick magnetic separation of the nanoparticles and excellent Raman enhancement for all the nanoparticles both in dispersion and magnetically concentrated with limits of detection up to the nM range (∼50 nM) and a quantitative calibration curve. The nanostructures were then tested for the sensing of the antibiotic ciprofloxacin, highly relevant in preventing antibiotic contaminants in water reservoirs and drug monitoring, showing that ciprofloxacin can be detected using a portable Raman instrument at a concentration as low as 100 nM in a few minutes, which makes it highly relevant in practical point-of-care devices and in situ use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leixuri
B. Berganza
- BCMaterials,
Basque Center for Materials, Applications, and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU
Science Park, 48940Leioa, Spain
| | - Lucio Litti
- Nanostructures
and Optics Laboratory, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo, 1, 35131Padova, Italy
| | - Moreno Meneghetti
- Nanostructures
and Optics Laboratory, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo, 1, 35131Padova, Italy
| | - Senentxu Lanceros-Méndez
- BCMaterials,
Basque Center for Materials, Applications, and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU
Science Park, 48940Leioa, Spain
- Ikerbasque,
Basque Foundation for Science Bilbao, Plaza Euskadi 5, 48009Bilbao, Spain
| | - Javier Reguera
- BCMaterials,
Basque Center for Materials, Applications, and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU
Science Park, 48940Leioa, Spain
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6
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de la Encarnación C, Jimenez de Aberasturi D, Liz-Marzán LM. Multifunctional plasmonic-magnetic nanoparticles for bioimaging and hyperthermia. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 189:114484. [PMID: 35944586 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Multicompartment nanoparticles have raised great interest for different biomedical applications, thanks to the combined properties of different materials within a single entity. These hybrid systems have opened new avenues toward diagnosis and combination therapies, thus becoming preferred theranostic agents. When hybrid nanoparticles comprise magnetic and plasmonic components, both magnetic and optical properties can be achieved, which are potentially useful for multimodal bioimaging, hyperthermal therapies and magnetically driven selective delivery. Nanostructures comprising iron oxide and gold are usually selected for biomedical applications, as they display size-dependent properties, biocompatibility, and unique physical and chemical characteristics that can be tuned through highly precise synthetic protocols. We provide herein an overview of the most recent synthetic protocols to prepare magnetic-plasmonic nanostructures made of iron oxide and gold, to then highlight the progress made on multifunctional magnetic-plasmonic bioimaging and heating-based therapies. We discuss the advantages and limitations of the various systems in these directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina de la Encarnación
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 194, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain; Department of Applied Chemistry, University of the Basque Country, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Dorleta Jimenez de Aberasturi
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 194, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain; CIBER-BBN, ISCIII, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain; Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Luis M Liz-Marzán
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 194, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain; CIBER-BBN, ISCIII, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain; Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain.
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7
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Muzzi B, Albino M, Gabbani A, Omelyanchik A, Kozenkova E, Petrecca M, Innocenti C, Balica E, Lavacchi A, Scavone F, Anceschi C, Petrucci G, Ibarra A, Laurenzana A, Pineider F, Rodionova V, Sangregorio C. Star-Shaped Magnetic-Plasmonic Au@Fe 3O 4 Nano-Heterostructures for Photothermal Therapy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:29087-29098. [PMID: 35708301 PMCID: PMC9247976 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c04865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Here, we synthesize a Au@Fe3O4 core@shell system with a highly uniform unprecedented star-like shell morphology with combined plasmonic and magnetic properties. An advanced electron microscopy characterization allows assessing the multifaceted nature of the Au core and its role in the growth of the peculiar epitaxial star-like shell with excellent crystallinity and homogeneity. Magnetometry and magneto-optical spectroscopy revealed a pure magnetite shell, with a superior saturation magnetization compared to similar Au@Fe3O4 heterostructures reported in the literature, which is ascribed to the star-like morphology, as well as to the large thickness of the shell. Of note, Au@Fe3O4 nanostar-loaded cancer cells displayed magneto-mechanical stress under a low frequency external alternating magnetic field (few tens of Hz). On the other hand, such a uniform, homogeneous, and thick magnetite shell enables the shift of the plasmonic resonance of the Au core to 640 nm, which is the largest red shift achievable in Au@Fe3O4 homogeneous core@shell systems, prompting application in photothermal therapy and optical imaging in the first biologically transparent window. Preliminary experiments performing irradiation of a stable water suspension of the nanostar and Au@Fe3O4-loaded cancer cell culture suspension at 658 nm confirmed their optical response and their suitability for photothermal therapy. The outstanding features of the prepared system can be thus potentially exploited as a multifunctional platform for magnetic-plasmonic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Muzzi
- Institute
of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds − C.N.R., 50019 Sesto Fiorentino
(FI), Italy
- Department
of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena 1240, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Martin Albino
- Institute
of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds − C.N.R., 50019 Sesto Fiorentino
(FI), Italy
- Department
of Chemistry ‘Ugo Schiff’ & INSTM, University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Alessio Gabbani
- Institute
of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds − C.N.R., 50019 Sesto Fiorentino
(FI), Italy
- Department
of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry & INSTM, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Alexander Omelyanchik
- Institute
of Physics, Mathematics and Information Technology, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, 236008 Kaliningrad, Russia
| | - Elena Kozenkova
- Institute
of Physics, Mathematics and Information Technology, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, 236008 Kaliningrad, Russia
| | - Michele Petrecca
- Department
of Chemistry ‘Ugo Schiff’ & INSTM, University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Claudia Innocenti
- Institute
of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds − C.N.R., 50019 Sesto Fiorentino
(FI), Italy
| | - Elena Balica
- Department
of Chemistry ‘Ugo Schiff’ & INSTM, University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Alessandro Lavacchi
- Institute
of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds − C.N.R., 50019 Sesto Fiorentino
(FI), Italy
| | - Francesca Scavone
- Department
of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Firenze, Italy
| | - Cecilia Anceschi
- Department
of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Firenze, Italy
| | - Gaia Petrucci
- Department
of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry & INSTM, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Alfonso Ibarra
- Laboratorio
de Microscopias Avanzadas (LMA), Universidad
de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Anna Laurenzana
- Department
of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Firenze, Italy
| | - Francesco Pineider
- Department
of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry & INSTM, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Valeria Rodionova
- Institute
of Physics, Mathematics and Information Technology, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, 236008 Kaliningrad, Russia
| | - Claudio Sangregorio
- Institute
of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds − C.N.R., 50019 Sesto Fiorentino
(FI), Italy
- Department
of Chemistry ‘Ugo Schiff’ & INSTM, University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
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Zheng J, Cheng X, Zhang H, Bai X, Ai R, Shao L, Wang J. Gold Nanorods: The Most Versatile Plasmonic Nanoparticles. Chem Rev 2021; 121:13342-13453. [PMID: 34569789 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gold nanorods (NRs), pseudo-one-dimensional rod-shaped nanoparticles (NPs), have become one of the burgeoning materials in the recent years due to their anisotropic shape and adjustable plasmonic properties. With the continuous improvement in synthetic methods, a variety of materials have been attached around Au NRs to achieve unexpected or improved plasmonic properties and explore state-of-the-art technologies. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the latest progress on Au NRs, the most versatile anisotropic plasmonic NPs. We present a representative overview of the advances in the synthetic strategies and outline an extensive catalogue of Au-NR-based heterostructures with tailored architectures and special functionalities. The bottom-up assembly of Au NRs into preprogrammed metastructures is then discussed, as well as the design principles. We also provide a systematic elucidation of the different plasmonic properties associated with the Au-NR-based structures, followed by a discussion of the promising applications of Au NRs in various fields. We finally discuss the future research directions and challenges of Au NRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiapeng Zheng
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Xizhe Cheng
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Xiaopeng Bai
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Ruoqi Ai
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Lei Shao
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jianfang Wang
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
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9
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Pal M, Ramu V, Musib D, Kunwar A, Biswas A, Roy M. Iron(III) Complex-Functionalized Gold Nanocomposite as a Strategic Tool for Targeted Photochemotherapy in Red Light. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:6283-6297. [PMID: 33887143 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Iron(III)-phenolate/carboxylate complexes exhibiting photoredox chemistry and photoactivated reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation at their ligand-to-metal charge-transfer (LMCT) bands have emerged as potential strategic tools for photoactivated chemotherapy. Herein, the synthesis, in-depth characterization, photochemical assays, and remarkable red light-induced photocytotoxicities in adenocarcinomic human immortalized human keratinocytes (HaCaT) and alveolar basal epithelial (A549) cells of iron(III)-phenolate/carboxylate complex of molecular formula, [Fe(L1)(L2)] (1), where L1 is bis(3,5 di-tert-butyl-2-hydroxybenzyl)glycine and L2 is 5-(1,2-dithiolan-3-yl)-N-(1,10-phenanthroline-5-yl)pentanamide, and the gold nanocomposite functionalized with complex 1 (1-AuNPs) are reported. There was a significant red shift in the UV-visible absorption band on functionalization of complex 1 to the gold nanoparticles (λmax: 573 nm, 1; λmax: 660 nm, 1-AuNPs), rendering the nanocomposite an ideal candidate for photochemotherapeutic applications. The notable findings in our present studies are (i) the remarkable cytotoxicity of the nanocomposite (1-AuNPs) to A549 (IC50: 0.006 μM) and HaCaT (IC50: 0.0075 μM) cells in red light (600-720 nm, 30 J/cm2) while almost nontoxic (IC50 > 500 μg/mL, 0.053 μM) in the dark, (ii) the nontoxicity of 1-AuNPs to normal human diploid fibroblasts (WI-38) or human peripheral lung epithelial (HPL1D) cells (IC50 > 500 μg/mL, 0.053 μM) both in the dark and red light signifying the target-specific anticancer activity of the nanocomposite, (iii) localization of 1-AuNPs in mitochondria and partly nucleus, (iv) remarkable red light-induced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS: 1O2, •OH) in vitro, (v) disruption of the mitochondrial membrane due to enhanced oxidative stress, and (vi) caspase 3/7-dependent apoptosis. A similar cytotoxic profile of complex 1 was another key finding of our studies. Overall, our current investigations show a new red light-absorbing iron(III)-phenolate/carboxylate complex-functionalized gold nanocomposite (1-AuNPs) as the emerging next-generation iron-based photochemotherapeutic agent for targeted cancer treatment modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maynak Pal
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Manipur, Langol, Imphal West 795004, India
| | - Vanitha Ramu
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, CV Raman Avenue, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Dulal Musib
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Manipur, Langol, Imphal West 795004, India
| | - Amit Kunwar
- Radiation and Photochemistry Division, Bhaba Atomic Research Center, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Arunima Biswas
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Manipur, Langol, Imphal West 795004, India
| | - Mithun Roy
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Manipur, Langol, Imphal West 795004, India
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10
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Pang C, Li R, Dong N, Li Z, Wang J, Ren F, Chen F. Plasmonic core-shell nano-heterostructures with temperature-dependent optical nonlinearity. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:22995-23002. [PMID: 33241823 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr05176d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonics in bimetallic heterostructures have emerged as powerful tools for tunable ultrafast dynamics in nonlinear optical responses. Despite numerous studies on the mechanism of nonlinearity tailoring with various influence factors, so far, a fundamental investigation of temperature-controlled nonlinearity modulation remains blank in heterostructure systems. Here, we report on the fabrication of embedded Y@Ag/AgY core-shell nanostructures (CSNs) in fused silica for tunable nonlinearity with a laser-intensity-dependent temperature switch. Localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) in CSNs is substantially modified, resulting in the reconstruction of near field intensity for spatial temperature manipulation. In addition, the size effect and incident intensity dependence on the temperature of CSNs reveal improved laser tolerance with laser intensity threshold increased by 5.7 times. These results provide additional strategies for photothermal-effect-controlled nonlinearity modification in bimetallic heterostructures and unlock the potential for temperature-sensitive photonic devices under extreme conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Pang
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
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11
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Kuciakowski J, Kmita A, Lachowicz D, Wytrwal-Sarna M, Pitala K, Lafuerza S, Koziej D, Juhin A, Sikora M. Selective magnetometry of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in liquids. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:16420-16426. [PMID: 32744559 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr02866e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We show that the properties of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles suspended in liquids can be effectively studied using Magnetic Circular Dichroism in Resonant Inelastic X-ray Scattering. Analysis of the spectral shape and magnetic contrast produced by this experiment enables an assessment of the site distribution and magnetic state of metal ions in the spinel phase. The selective magnetization profile of particles as derived from the field dependence of dichroism empowers an estimation of particle size distribution. Furthermore, the new proposed methodology discriminates sizes that are below the detection limits of X-ray and light scattering probes and that are difficult to spot in TEM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliusz Kuciakowski
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland. and AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Angelika Kmita
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Dorota Lachowicz
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Wytrwal-Sarna
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Pitala
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland. and AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Sara Lafuerza
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, CS40220, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Dorota Koziej
- Institute of Nanostructure- and Solid State Physics, Center for Hybrid Nanostructures, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Amélie Juhin
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC), Sorbonne Université, UMR CNRS 7590, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Marcin Sikora
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland.
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Zhu H, Xie H, Yang Y, Wang K, Zhao F, Ye W, Ni W. Mapping Hot Electron Response of Individual Gold Nanocrystals on a TiO 2 Photoanode. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:2423-2431. [PMID: 32141755 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b05125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Incorporating metal nanocrystals with semiconductor photoanodes significantly enhances the efficiency of the energy conversion in the visible range during water splitting due to the excitation of hot electrons. While extensively studied on ensemble samples, hot electron response of metal nanocrystals in a photoelectrochemical cell remains unexploited at the single-particle level. Herein, we systematically investigate hot electron response of individual single-crystalline gold nanocrystals (AuNCs) on a TiO2 photoanode during water splitting. We directly correlate the morphology of the AuNC and its plasmonic property to the efficiencies involving hot electrons with the help of single-particle dark-field microscopy and photocurrent mapping. Our results show that the efficiencies of individual AuNCs are dependent on a variety of factors including interface condition, applied bias, excitation power, incident angle, and AuNC size. Our research may shed light on optimizing the light-harvesting capability of metal/semiconductor photoanodes by providing insights into the photocatalytic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifei Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Thin Films, School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China
| | - Hao Xie
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Thin Films, School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Thin Films, School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China
| | - Kaiyu Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Thin Films, School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China
| | - Fei Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Thin Films, School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China
| | - Weixiang Ye
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Thin Films, School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China
| | - Weihai Ni
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Thin Films, School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China
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Jung WS, Kook JK, Lee SW. Cubic hematite directly anchored with nanoscale gold for enhanced photocatalysis under visible light. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2019.107688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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14
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Yu Y, An Q, Jin L, Luo N, Li Z, Jiang J. Unraveling sorption of Cr (VI) from aqueous solution by FeCl 3 and ZnCl 2-modified corn stalks biochar: Implicit mechanism and application. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 297:122466. [PMID: 31791915 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A novel functionalized biochar was prepared using corn stalks for efficiently removal and mobility control of Cr(VI). Compared to single modified biochar, iron/zinc biochar (Fe@Zn@HBC) displayed a better removal property and the maximum adsorption capacity of Fe@Zn@HBC reached 138.89 mg·g-1 at pH = 2 and 260 ± 10 Lux illumination. The positive charge on biochar might be the main reason promoting the rapid adsorption of Cr(VI) by electrostatic interaction. Reduction functional groups and photocatalysis (derived from ZnFe2O4 and B-H functional group) provided electrons for Cr(VI) reduction. And the SiO2 could enhance the reduction process by improving electrons transfer. Finally, FeCr2O4 and ZnFeCrO4 were formed by coprecipitation and ion exchange. Meanwhile, Fe@Zn@HBC showed a high solid-liquid magnetic separation potential due to the Fe3O4 and ZnFe2O4. In soil column experiment, Fe@Zn@HBC displayed a superior mobility control on biochar particles and Cr(VI) solution under the external magnetic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, PR China
| | - Qiang An
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, PR China.
| | - Lin Jin
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, PR China
| | - Ning Luo
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, PR China
| | - Zheng Li
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, PR China
| | - Junnan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, PR China
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15
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Jung WS, Park SH, Kadam AN, Kim H, Lee SW. Direct hydrothermal synthesis of amine-functionalized cubic hematite (C-Fe 2O 3) and sonochemical deposition of nanosized Au for its application as a visible-light photocatalyst. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:2924-2932. [PMID: 32068752 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt04611a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cubic-shaped hematite (C-Fe2O3) functionalized with amine groups was directly prepared via one-pot hydrothermal reaction of Fe3+ with 1,12-diaminododecane (DA-12) in aqueous solution (50% ethanol). Herein, DA-12 (as a Lewis acid) promoted the aggregation of α-FeOOH nanorods with Lewis base sites, leading to the rapid recrystallization and conversion into uniform C-Fe2O3. C-Fe2O3 was subsequently deposited with nanosized Au via sonochemical reduction of 1.0 wt% HAuCl4 (0.1-0.8 mL), hereafter referred to as Au-deposited C-Fe2O3 (C-Fe2O3@Au). X-ray diffraction patterns of C-Fe2O3@Au confirmed the hexagonal crystalline phases of hematite and crystalline Au (111) and showed a weak broad band attributed to the amorphous carbon of DA-12. C-Fe2O3@Au was tested as a visible-light photocatalyst towards the degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye. C-Fe2O3@Au (0.1-0.4 mL of 1.0 wt% HAuCl4) exhibited 6-8 times higher photocatalytic activity than the Au-free counterpart (C-Fe2O3). The enhanced photocatalysis was mainly attributed to the improved separation efficiency of photo-excited charge carriers, i.e., the facilitated transport of electrons from the conduction band to the lower lying Fermi level of Au. However, the photocatalytic activity of C-Fe2O3@Au (0.8 mL of 1.0 wt% HAuCl4) was decreased probably due to the reduction of active sites for MB adsorption by the high coverage of the Au layer. The combined hydrothermal and sonochemical methods provided the direct synthetic route to cubic-shaped hematite decorated with nanosized Au and surface amine functionality as a promising visible-light photocatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Sik Jung
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnamdaero, Seongnam-si 13120, Republic of Korea.
| | - Soo-Hyeon Park
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnamdaero, Seongnam-si 13120, Republic of Korea.
| | - Abhijit Nanaso Kadam
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnamdaero, Seongnam-si 13120, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hansang Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnamdaero 1342, Seongnam-si, Korea.
| | - Sang-Wha Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnamdaero, Seongnam-si 13120, Republic of Korea.
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Falahati M, Attar F, Sharifi M, Saboury AA, Salihi A, Aziz FM, Kostova I, Burda C, Priecel P, Lopez-Sanchez JA, Laurent S, Hooshmand N, El-Sayed MA. Gold nanomaterials as key suppliers in biological and chemical sensing, catalysis, and medicine. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2019; 1864:129435. [PMID: 31526869 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2019.129435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with unique physicochemical properties have received a great deal of interest in the field of biological, chemical and biomedical implementations. Despite the widespread use of AuNPs in chemical and biological sensing, catalysis, imaging and diagnosis, and more recently in therapy, no comprehensive summary has been provided to explain how AuNPs could aid in developing improved sensing and catalysts systems as well as medical settings. SCOPE OF REVIEW The chemistry of Au-based nanosystems was followed by reviewing different applications of Au nanomaterials in biological and chemical sensing, catalysis, imaging and diagnosis by a number of approaches, and finally synergistic combination therapy of different cancers. Afterwards, the clinical impacts of AuNPs, future application of AuNPs, and opportunities and challenges of AuNPs application were also discussed. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS AuNPs show exclusive colloidal stability and are considered as ideal candidates for colorimetric detection, catalysis, imaging, and photothermal transducers, because their physicochemical properties can be tuned by adjusting their structural dimensions achieved by the different manufacturing methods. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This review provides some details about using AuNPs in sensing and catalysis applications as well as promising theranostic nanoplatforms for cancer imaging and diagnosis, and sensitive, non-invasive, and synergistic methods for cancer treatment in an almost comprehensive manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Falahati
- Department of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Farnoosh Attar
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Food Industry & Agriculture, Standard Research Institute (SRI), Karaj, Iran
| | - Majid Sharifi
- Department of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Saboury
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Salihi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq; Department of Medical Analysis, Faculty of Science, Tishk International University, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Falah Mohammad Aziz
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Irena Kostova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University, 2 Dunav St., Sofia 1000, Bulgaria
| | - Clemens Burda
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States
| | - Peter Priecel
- Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy, Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, L69 7ZD Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jose A Lopez-Sanchez
- Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy, Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, L69 7ZD Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Laurent
- General, Organic and Biomedical Chemistry, NMR and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, University of Mons, Avenue Maistriau, 19, B-7000 Mons, Belgium; Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging (CMMI), Rue A. Bolland, 8 B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Nasrin Hooshmand
- Laser Dynamics Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States
| | - Mostafa A El-Sayed
- Laser Dynamics Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States
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The synergy between electronic anchoring effect and internal electric field in CdS quantum dots decorated dandelion-like Fe-CeO2 nanoflowers for improved photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 549:179-188. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.04.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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18
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Courrol LC, de Oliveira Gonçalves K, Vieira DP. Emerging Role of Aminolevulinic Acid and Gold Nanoparticles Combination in Theranostic Applications. Nanotheranostics 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-29768-8_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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19
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Liu B, Zhang H, Ding Y. Au-Fe3O4 heterostructures for catalytic, analytical, and biomedical applications. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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20
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Liu G, Lu M, Huang X, Li T, Xu D. Application of Gold-Nanoparticle Colorimetric Sensing to Rapid Food Safety Screening. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 18:E4166. [PMID: 30486466 PMCID: PMC6308472 DOI: 10.3390/s18124166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Due to their unique optical properties, narrow size distributions, and good biological affinity, gold nanoparticles have been widely applied in sensing analysis, catalytic, environmental monitoring, and disease therapy. The color of a gold nanoparticle solution and its maximum characteristic absorption wavelength will change with the particle size and inter-particle spacing. These properties are often used in the detection of hazardous chemicals, such as pesticide residues, heavy metals, banned additives, and biotoxins, in food. Because the gold nanoparticles-colorimetric sensing strategy is simple, quick, and sensitive, this method has extensive applications in real-time on-site monitoring and rapid testing of food quality and safety. Herein, we review the preparation methods, functional modification, photochemical properties, and applications of gold nanoparticle sensors in rapid testing. In addition, we elaborate on the colorimetric sensing mechanisms. Finally, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of colorimetric sensors based on gold nanoparticles, and directions for future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyang Liu
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Vegetables Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Beijing 100081, China.
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056021, China.
| | - Meng Lu
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Vegetables Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Beijing 100081, China.
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056021, China.
| | - Xiaodong Huang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Vegetables Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Tengfei Li
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056021, China.
| | - Donghui Xu
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Vegetables Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Beijing 100081, China.
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21
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Pougin A, Dodekatos G, Dilla M, Tüysüz H, Strunk J. Au@TiO2
Core-Shell Composites for the Photocatalytic Reduction of CO2. Chemistry 2018; 24:12416-12425. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201801796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pougin
- Laboratory of Industrial Chemistry; Ruhr-University Bochum; 44780 Bochum Germany
- Present address: Evonik Industries; Paul-Baumann-Str. 1 45772 Marl Germany
| | | | - Martin Dilla
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion; 45470 Mülheim/Ruhr Germany
| | - Harun Tüysüz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung; 45470 Mülheim/Ruhr Germany
| | - Jennifer Strunk
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis (LIKAT) at the University of Rostock; 18059 Rostock Germany
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