1
|
Effect of dilution on the performance of ionic liquids in milliflow solvent extraction applications: Towards integration of extraction, scrubbing and stripping operations with in-line membrane-based phase separation. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
2
|
Lüdicke MG, Hildebrandt J, Schindler C, Sperling RA, Maskos M. Automated Quantum Dots Purification via Solid Phase Extraction. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:1983. [PMID: 35745321 PMCID: PMC9230973 DOI: 10.3390/nano12121983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The separation of colloidal nanocrystals from their original synthesis medium is an essential process step towards their application, however, the costs on a preparative scale are still a constraint. A new combination of approaches for the purification of hydrophobic Quantum Dots is presented, resulting in an efficient scalable process in regard to time and solvent consumption, using common laboratory equipment and low-cost materials. The procedure is based on a combination of solvent-induced adhesion and solid phase extraction. The platform allows the transition from manual handling towards automation, yielding an overall purification performance similar to one conventional batch precipitation/centrifugation step, which was investigated by thermogravimetry and gas chromatography. The distinct miscibility gaps between surfactants used as nanoparticle capping agents, original and extraction medium are clarified by their phase diagrams, which confirmed the outcome of the flow chemistry process. Furthermore, the solubility behavior of the Quantum Dots is put into context with the Hansen solubility parameters framework to reasonably decide upon appropriate solvent types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malín G. Lüdicke
- Fraunhofer Institute for Microengineering and Microsystems IMM, 55129 Mainz, Germany; (J.H.); (C.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Jana Hildebrandt
- Fraunhofer Institute for Microengineering and Microsystems IMM, 55129 Mainz, Germany; (J.H.); (C.S.); (M.M.)
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, 12205 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Schindler
- Fraunhofer Institute for Microengineering and Microsystems IMM, 55129 Mainz, Germany; (J.H.); (C.S.); (M.M.)
- Interbran Advanced Materials GmbH, 76684 Oestringen, Germany
| | - Ralph A. Sperling
- Fraunhofer Institute for Microengineering and Microsystems IMM, 55129 Mainz, Germany; (J.H.); (C.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Michael Maskos
- Fraunhofer Institute for Microengineering and Microsystems IMM, 55129 Mainz, Germany; (J.H.); (C.S.); (M.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sebastian V. Toward continuous production of high-quality nanomaterials using microfluidics: nanoengineering the shape, structure and chemical composition. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:4411-4447. [PMID: 35274121 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr06342a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, a multitude of synthesis strategies has been reported for the production of high-quality nanoparticles. Wet-chemical methods are generally the most efficient synthesis procedures since high control of crystallinity and physicochemical properties can be achieved. However, a number of challenges remain from inadequate reaction control during the nanocrystallization process; specifically variability, selectivity, scalability and safety. These shortcomings complicate the synthesis, make it difficult to obtain a uniform product with desired properties, and present serious limitations for scaling the production of colloidal nanocrystals from academic studies to industrial applications. Continuous flow reactors based on microfluidic principles offer potential solutions and advantages. The reproducibility of reaction conditions in microfluidics and therefore product quality have proved to exceed those obtained by batch processing. Considering that in nanoparticles' production not only is it crucial to control the particle size distribution, but also the shape and chemical composition, this review presents an overview of the current state-of-the-art in synthesis of anisotropic and faceted nanostructures by using microfluidics techniques. The review surveys the available tools that enable shape and chemical control, including secondary growth methods, active segmented flow, and photoinduced shape conversion. In addition, emphasis is placed on the available approaches developed to tune the structure and chemical composition of nanomaterials in order to produce complex heterostructures in a continuous and reproducible fashion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor Sebastian
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009, Spain.
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technologies, University de Zaragoza, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
- Networking Research Centre of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), C/Monforte de Lemos, 3-5 Pabellón 11, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sthalam VK, Mahajan B, Karra PR, Singh AK, Pabbaraja S. Sulphonated graphene oxide catalyzed continuous flow synthesis of pyrazolo pyrimidinones, sildenafil and other PDE-5 inhibitors. RSC Adv 2021; 12:326-330. [PMID: 35424481 PMCID: PMC8978682 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra08220e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulphonated graphene oxide was used for cascade condensation and cyclization reactions towards accessing substituted pyrazolo pyrimidinones. Further, sulphonation and amination reactions were integrated through continuous flow chemistry to access PDE-5 inhibitors. Herein, we report a simple continuous synthetic platform that reduce tedious manual operations and accelerate the synthesis of several potent inhibitors of phosphodiesterase type-5. The developed platform enabled us to perform one-flow multi-step, multi-operational process to synthesize the PDE-5 inhibitors such as sildenafil and its analogues in 32.3 min of the reaction time, with minimal human intervention and single solvent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Kumar Sthalam
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical TechnologyHyderabad500007India,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Human Resource Development Centre (CSIR-HRDC) CampusGhaziabad 201002Uttar PradeshIndia
| | - Bhushan Mahajan
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical TechnologyHyderabad500007India,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Human Resource Development Centre (CSIR-HRDC) CampusGhaziabad 201002Uttar PradeshIndia
| | - Purushotham Reddy Karra
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical TechnologyHyderabad500007India
| | - Ajay K. Singh
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical TechnologyHyderabad500007India,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Human Resource Development Centre (CSIR-HRDC) CampusGhaziabad 201002Uttar PradeshIndia
| | - Srihari Pabbaraja
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical TechnologyHyderabad500007India,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Human Resource Development Centre (CSIR-HRDC) CampusGhaziabad 201002Uttar PradeshIndia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lu JM, Wang HF, Pan JZ, Fang Q. Research Progress of Microfluidic Technique in Synthesis of Micro/Nano Materials. ACTA CHIMICA SINICA 2021. [DOI: 10.6023/a21030086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
6
|
Harding MJ, Feng B, Lopez-Rodriguez R, O'Connor H, Dowling D, Gibson G, Girard KP, Ferguson S. Concentric annular liquid–liquid phase separation for flow chemistry and continuous processing. REACT CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00119a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A low-cost, modular, robust, and easily customisable continuous liquid–liquid phase separator has been developed that uses a tubular membrane and annular channels to allow high fluidic throughputs while maintaining rapid, surface wetting dominated, phase separation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Harding
- School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- I-form, the SFI Research Centre for Advanced Manufacturing, School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Bin Feng
- School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Rafael Lopez-Rodriguez
- School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- SSPC, the SFI Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Heather O'Connor
- I-form, the SFI Research Centre for Advanced Manufacturing, School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Denis Dowling
- I-form, the SFI Research Centre for Advanced Manufacturing, School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | | | | | - Steven Ferguson
- School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- I-form, the SFI Research Centre for Advanced Manufacturing, School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- SSPC, the SFI Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- National Institute for Bioprocess Research and Training, 24 Foster's Ave, Belfield, Blackrock, Co., Dublin, A94 X099, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kagan CR, Bassett LC, Murray CB, Thompson SM. Colloidal Quantum Dots as Platforms for Quantum Information Science. Chem Rev 2020; 121:3186-3233. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
8
|
Asano S, Takahashi Y, Maki T, Muranaka Y, Cherkasov N, Mae K. Contactless mass transfer for intra-droplet extraction. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7685. [PMID: 32376922 PMCID: PMC7203142 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64520-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study demonstrates the possibility of “contactless” mass transfer between two aqueous slugs (droplets) separated by an oil slug in Taylor flow inside milli-channels. Separation of the alternating aqueous slugs at the outlet was performed by switching a couple of solenoid valves at branched outlets according to signals obtained by an optical sensor at the branch. Transfer of bromothymol blue (BTB) from acidic to basic aqueous slugs was performed for demonstration. In some cases, aqueous slugs separated by oil, merged catching on each other due to the velocity difference. Interfacial tension which was affected by the solute concentration was responsible for the velocity difference. Position-specific mass transfer activity at the rear end of the aqueous slugs was found on the course of the experiment. A meandering channel decreased the velocity difference and enhanced mass transfer. Almost complete (93%) transfer of BTB was achieved within a short residence time of several minutes under optimized conditions. The presented system opens a way for advanced separation using minimum amounts of the oil phase and allows concentrating the solute by altering relative lengths of the sender and receiver slugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shusaku Asano
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 6-1, Kasuga Koen, Kasuga, 816-8580, Japan. .,Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-1, Kasuga Koen, Kasuga, 816-8580, Japan.
| | - Yu Takahashi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto-daigaku Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Taisuke Maki
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto-daigaku Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Yosuke Muranaka
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto-daigaku Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Nikolay Cherkasov
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Kazuhiro Mae
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto-daigaku Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sui J, Yan J, Liu D, Wang K, Luo G. Continuous Synthesis of Nanocrystals via Flow Chemistry Technology. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1902828. [PMID: 31755221 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201902828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Modern nanotechnologies bring humanity to a new age, and advanced methods for preparing functional nanocrystals are cornerstones. A considerable variety of nanomaterials has been created over the past decades, but few were prepared on the macro scale, even fewer making it to the stage of industrial production. The gap between academic research and engineering production is expected to be filled by flow chemistry technology, which relies on microreactors. Microreaction devices and technologies for synthesizing different kinds of nanocrystals are discussed from an engineering point of view. The advantages of microreactors, the important features of flow chemistry systems, and methods to apply them in the syntheses of salt, oxide, metal, alloy, and quantum dot nanomaterials are summarized. To further exhibit the scaling-up of nanocrystal synthesis, recent reports on using microreactors with gram per hour and larger production rates are highlighted. Finally, an industrial example for preparing 10 tons of CaCO3 nanoparticles per day is introduced, which shows the great potential for flow chemistry processes to transfer lab research to industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinsong Sui
- The State Key Lab of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Junyu Yan
- The State Key Lab of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Di Liu
- The State Key Lab of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Kai Wang
- The State Key Lab of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Guangsheng Luo
- The State Key Lab of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Continuous-flow purification of silver nanoparticles and its integration with flow synthesis. J Flow Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-020-00084-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
11
|
Weeranoppanant N, Adamo A. In-Line Purification: A Key Component to Facilitate Drug Synthesis and Process Development in Medicinal Chemistry. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:9-15. [PMID: 31938456 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In-line purification is an important tool for flow chemistry. It enables effective handling of unstable intermediates and integration of multiple synthetic steps. The integrated flow synthesis is useful for drug synthesis and process development in medicinal chemistry. In this article, we overview current states of in-line purification methods. In particular, we focus on four common methods: scavenger column, distillation, nanofiltration, and extraction. Examples of their applications are provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nopphon Weeranoppanant
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Burapha University, 169 Longhard Bangsaen Road, Muang, Chonburi 02131, Thailand
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Wangchan Valley 555 Moo 1 Payupnai, Wangchan, Rayong 21210 Thailand
| | - Andrea Adamo
- Zaiput Flow Technologies, 300 Second Avenue, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chow E, Raguse B, Della Gaspera E, Barrow SJ, Hong J, Hubble LJ, Chai R, Cooper JS, Sosa Pintos A. Flow-controlled synthesis of gold nanoparticles in a biphasic system with inline liquid–liquid separation. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9re00403c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
4-Dimethylaminopyridine-stabilised gold nanoparticles are synthesised in a biphasic flow reactor system using organic/aqueous membrane separators and gas-permeable tubing.
Collapse
|
13
|
Hao J, Liu H, Miao J, Lu R, Zhou Z, Zhao B, Xie B, Cheng J, Wang K, Delville MH. A facile route to synthesize CdSe/ZnS thick-shell quantum dots with precisely controlled green emission properties: towards QDs based LED applications. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12048. [PMID: 31427624 PMCID: PMC6700096 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48469-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent, the quantum yield (QY) and stability of green quantum dots (QDs) have been significantly improved. However, most of the progresses were achieved by using alloyed QDs, and the control of green emission QDs still remains challenging. Herein, we report a novel method for synthesizing thick-shell structure quantum dots (TSQDs) with saturated green-emitting where tri-n-octylphosphine (TOP) was used as both ligand and solvent to extract the redundant ions from the QDs surface and remove the lattice imperfections before any surface inorganic layer-by-layer coating. The as-prepared TSQDs demonstrate enhanced luminescent properties including high QY reaching up to 75%, full width at half maximum (FWHM) remaining close to 26 nm and tunable precise emission properties (532 nm), which can be utilized to perform 91% of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Recommendation BT. 2020 (Rec. 2020) for high definition and color gamut displays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Hao
- CNRS, University Bordeaux, ICMCB, UMR 5026, F-33608, Pessac, France
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Haochen Liu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jun Miao
- Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Rui Lu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Ziming Zhou
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Bingxin Zhao
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Bin Xie
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jiaji Cheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China.
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Luo G, Du L, Wang Y, Wang K. Manipulation and Control of Structure and Size of Inorganic Nanomaterials in Microchemical Systems. Chem Eng Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201900067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guangsheng Luo
- Tsinghua UniversityThe State Key Lab of Chemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical Engineering 1 Tsinghua Yuan Street 100084 Beijing China
| | - Le Du
- Tsinghua UniversityThe State Key Lab of Chemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical Engineering 1 Tsinghua Yuan Street 100084 Beijing China
- Beijing University of Chemical TechnologyThe State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource EngineeringBeijing Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Technology 3 Ring Rd East 100029 Beijing China
| | - Yujun Wang
- Tsinghua UniversityThe State Key Lab of Chemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical Engineering 1 Tsinghua Yuan Street 100084 Beijing China
| | - Kai Wang
- Tsinghua UniversityThe State Key Lab of Chemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical Engineering 1 Tsinghua Yuan Street 100084 Beijing China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Perspectives on the Use of Liquid Extraction for Radioisotope Purification. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24020334. [PMID: 30669256 PMCID: PMC6359044 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24020334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The reliable and efficient production of radioisotopes for diagnosis and therapy is becoming an increasingly important capability, due to their demonstrated utility in Nuclear Medicine applications. Starting from the first processes involving the separation of 99mTc from irradiated materials, several methods and concepts have been developed to selectively extract the radioisotopes of interest. Even though the initial methods were based on liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) approaches, the perceived difficulty in automating such processes has slowly moved the focus towards resin separation methods, whose basic chemical principles are often similar to the LLE ones in terms of chelators and phases. However, the emerging field of flow chemistry allows LLE to be easily automated and operated in a continuous manner, resulting in an even improved efficiency and reliability. In this contribution, we will outline the fundamentals of LLE processes and their translation into flow-based apparatuses; in addition, we will provide examples of radioisotope separations that have been achieved using LLE methods. This article is intended to offer insights about the future potential of LLE to purify medically relevant radioisotopes.
Collapse
|
16
|
Baek J, Shen Y, Lignos I, Bawendi MG, Jensen KF. Multistage Microfluidic Platform for the Continuous Synthesis of III–V Core/Shell Quantum Dots. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201805264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinyoung Baek
- Department of Chemical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Ave Cambridge MA 02139 USA
- The Boston Consulting Group Seoul 04539 Korea
| | - Yi Shen
- Department of Chemical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Ave Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Ioannis Lignos
- Department of Chemical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Ave Cambridge MA 02139 USA
- Department of Chemistry Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Ave Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Moungi G. Bawendi
- Department of Chemistry Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Ave Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Klavs F. Jensen
- Department of Chemical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Ave Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Baek J, Shen Y, Lignos I, Bawendi MG, Jensen KF. Multistage Microfluidic Platform for the Continuous Synthesis of III–V Core/Shell Quantum Dots. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:10915-10918. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201805264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinyoung Baek
- Department of Chemical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Ave Cambridge MA 02139 USA
- The Boston Consulting Group Seoul 04539 Korea
| | - Yi Shen
- Department of Chemical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Ave Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Ioannis Lignos
- Department of Chemical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Ave Cambridge MA 02139 USA
- Department of Chemistry Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Ave Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Moungi G. Bawendi
- Department of Chemistry Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Ave Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Klavs F. Jensen
- Department of Chemical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Ave Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Niu G, Zhang L, Ruditskiy A, Wang L, Xia Y. A Droplet-Reactor System Capable of Automation for the Continuous and Scalable Production of Noble-Metal Nanocrystals. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:3879-3884. [PMID: 29734812 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b01200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Noble-metal nanocrystals with well-controlled shapes or morphologies are of great interest for a variety of applications. To utilize these nanomaterials in consumer products, one has to produce the colloidal nanocrystals in large quantities while maintaining good control over their physical parameters and properties. Droplet reactors have shown great potential for the continuous and scalable production of colloidal nanocrystals with controlled shapes. However, the efficiencies of most previously reported systems are still limited because of the complex post-treatment procedures. For example, the mixture of silicone oil and an aqueous suspension of solid products has to be separated by leveraging their miscibility and difference in density, while the solid products often need to be purified and concentrated by centrifugation. Herein, we report the design and construction of a droplet-reactor system that include new features such as a homemade unit for the automatic separation of silicone oil from the aqueous phase as well as a cross-flow filtration unit for the effective purification and concentration of the nanocrystals. Using various types of Pd nanocrystals as examples, we have demonstrated the feasibility of using this system to automatically produce and collect samples with uniform sizes and well-controlled shapes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guangda Niu
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074 , China
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Lei Zhang
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | | | - Liduo Wang
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Younan Xia
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Pedersen KS, Imbrogno J, Fonslet J, Lusardi M, Jensen KF, Zhuravlev F. Liquid–liquid extraction in flow of the radioisotope titanium-45 for positron emission tomography applications. REACT CHEM ENG 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8re00175h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The continuous liquid–liquid extraction of the PET radioisotope 45Ti using a membrane-based separator allows for efficient 45Ti recovery and radiolabeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Søborg Pedersen
- Technical University of Denmark
- Center for Nuclear Technologies
- 4000 Roskilde
- Denmark
- Department of Chemical Engineering
| | - Joseph Imbrogno
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- USA
| | - Jesper Fonslet
- Technical University of Denmark
- Center for Nuclear Technologies
- 4000 Roskilde
- Denmark
| | - Marcella Lusardi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- USA
| | - Klavs F. Jensen
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
| | - Fedor Zhuravlev
- Technical University of Denmark
- Center for Nuclear Technologies
- 4000 Roskilde
- Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Imbrogno J, Rogers L, Thomas DA, Jensen KF. Continuous purification of active pharmaceutical ingredients utilizing polymer membrane surface wettability. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:70-73. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc08218e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Liquid–liquid extraction followed by dual membrane based phase separation in flow enables fully continuous purification of active pharmaceutical ingredients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Imbrogno
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- USA
| | - Luke Rogers
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- USA
| | - Dale A. Thomas
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
| | - Klavs F. Jensen
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Pan LJ, Tu JW, Ma HT, Yang YJ, Tian ZQ, Pang DW, Zhang ZL. Controllable synthesis of nanocrystals in droplet reactors. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 18:41-56. [PMID: 29098217 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00800g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, a broad range of nanocrystals have been synthesized in droplet-based microfluidic reactors which provide obvious advantages, such as accurate manipulation, better reproducibility and reliable automation. In this review, we initially introduce general concepts of droplet reactors followed by discussions of their main functional regions including droplet generation, mixing of reactants, reaction controlling, in situ monitoring, and reaction quenching. Subsequently, the enhanced mass and heat transport properties are discussed. Next, we focus on research frontiers including sequential multistep synthesis, intelligent synthesis, reliable scale-up synthesis, and interfacial synthesis. Finally, we end with an outlook on droplet reactors, especially highlighting some aspects such as large-scale production, the integrated process of synthesis and post-synthetic treatments, automated droplet reactors with in situ monitoring and optimizing algorithms, and rapidly developing strategies for interfacial synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Jun Pan
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Shen Y, Abolhasani M, Chen Y, Xie L, Yang L, Coley CW, Bawendi MG, Jensen KF. In-Situ Microfluidic Study of Biphasic Nanocrystal Ligand-Exchange Reactions Using an Oscillatory Flow Reactor. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201710899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Shen
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 77 Massachusetts Ave Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Milad Abolhasani
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 77 Massachusetts Ave Cambridge MA 02139 USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; North Carolina State University; 911 Partners Way Raleigh NC 27695 USA
| | - Yue Chen
- Department of Chemistry; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 77 Massachusetts Ave Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Lisi Xie
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 77 Massachusetts Ave Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Lu Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 77 Massachusetts Ave Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Connor W. Coley
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 77 Massachusetts Ave Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Moungi G. Bawendi
- Department of Chemistry; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 77 Massachusetts Ave Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Klavs F. Jensen
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 77 Massachusetts Ave Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Shen Y, Abolhasani M, Chen Y, Xie L, Yang L, Coley CW, Bawendi MG, Jensen KF. In-Situ Microfluidic Study of Biphasic Nanocrystal Ligand-Exchange Reactions Using an Oscillatory Flow Reactor. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:16333-16337. [PMID: 29073335 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201710899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Oscillatory flow reactors provide a surface energy-driven approach for automatically screening reaction conditions and studying reaction mechanisms of biphasic nanocrystal ligand-exchange reactions. Sulfide and cysteine ligand-exchange reactions with as-synthesized CdSe quantum dots (QDs) are chosen as two model reactions. Different reaction variables including the new-ligand-to-QD ratio, the size of the particles, and the original ligand type are examined systematically. Based on the in situ-obtained UV/Vis absorption spectra during the reaction, we propose two different exchange pathways for the sulfide exchange reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Shen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Milad Abolhasani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, 911 Partners Way, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Yue Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Lisi Xie
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Lu Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Connor W Coley
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Moungi G Bawendi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Klavs F Jensen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| |
Collapse
|