1
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Malode SJ, Prabhu K, Kalanur SS, Meghani N, Shetti NP. WO 3/rGO nanocomposite-based sensor for the detection and degradation of 4-Chlorophenol. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 312:137302. [PMID: 36410498 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated organic compounds are useful chemicals or intermediates that are used extensively in both industry and agriculture. The 4-chlorophenol (4CP) in low concentration poses a serious environmental problem and causes many health issues, including cancer and liver disease. In this work, we demonstrated the detection of 4CP at carbon paste electrodes modified using tungsten oxide (WO3) nanorods and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanoparticles. The significance of pH on the voltammetric response of 4CP was investigated, and it was discovered that an alkaline pH is an optimal condition for detecting substituted phenols. Moreover, parameters like heterogeneous rate constant, accumulation time, temperature effect, Gibb's free energy, scan rate, enthalpy, activation energy, and entropy were studied. The excellent catalytic and bulk properties of tungsten oxide nanostructures make it an effective modifier in electrochemical sensors. The employment of nanostructured WO3 for the assay of 4CP offers excellent sensitivity, selectivity, and applicability. The WO3 nanostructures are obtained hydrothermally and characterized in detail to understand the crystalline, quantitative and chemical properties. The electrochemical behavior of 4CP was studied utilizing voltammetry techniques. The CV technique was used to optimize and affect many factors in the electrochemical behavior of 4CP. The scan rate investigation helps to examine the physicochemical characteristics of the electrode process, and the electrooxidation of 4CP included 2 electrons and 2 protons. With 4CP, the modified electrode displayed a broad range of linearity. The limit of detection was determined to be 0.102 nM, while the limit of quantification was 0.3433 nM. The concentration of 4CP ranged between 0.1 × 10-7 M and 3.5 × 10-7 M. The fabricated electrode was also used to detect 4CP in soil and water samples. Good recoveries were obtained from the soil and water samples. The proposed electrode was used for analytical applications, including 4CP detection with high selectivity, low detection limit, sensitivity, and rapid response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta J Malode
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, KLE Technological University, Vidyanagar, Hubballi-580031, Karnataka, India.
| | - Keerthi Prabhu
- Department of Chemistry, K.L.E. Institute of Technology, Hubballi-580027, Karnataka, India
| | - Shankara S Kalanur
- Institute for Hydrogen Research, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Pavillon Tapan-K.-Bose, 3351, Boul. des Forges C.P.500 Trois-Rivières, Québec, G9A 5H7, Canada
| | | | - Nagaraj P Shetti
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, KLE Technological University, Vidyanagar, Hubballi-580031, Karnataka, India; University Center for Research & Development (UCRD), Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali- 140413, Panjab, India.
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2
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Nanoparticle-Mediated Signaling for Aptamer-Based Multiplexed Detection of Cortisol and Neuropeptide Y in Serum. CHEMOSENSORS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors10050153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Multiplexed profiling of the expression of neurochemical biomarkers of stress, for periodic assessment to enable augmentation of human performance, requires wash-free detection platforms that exhibit reproducible signals from samples in biological matrices. However, alterations in aptamer conformation after binding to targets, such as cortisol, are minimal based on NMR spectra, and the methylene blue signaling is blocked by serum proteins. Hence, in this study, we explore aptamer derivatization with magnetic nanoparticles that are conjugated with multiple methylene blue moieties, to amplify signals and alter the net charge configuration for repulsing serum proteins, so that the aptamer conformation upon target recognition can lead to a signal ON assay in serum media. Based on this, a microchip platform with addressable electrodes that are immobilized with selective aptamer receptors is developed for multiplexed detection of cortisol (1–700 ng/mL) and neuropeptide Y (5–1000 pg/mL) in patient-derived serum samples, which is validated by immunoassays. We envision the application of this sensor for profiling a wider array of human performance biomarkers under stress-related events to develop stress augmentation methodologies.
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3
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Vu KHP, Lee MC, Blankenburg GH, Chang YJ, Chu ML, Erbe A, Lesser-Rojas L, Chen YR, Chou CF. Time-Evolved SERS Signatures of DEP-Trapped Aβ and Zn 2+Aβ Peptides Revealed by a Sub-10 nm Electrode Nanogap. Anal Chem 2021; 93:16320-16329. [PMID: 34817990 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) has become highly relevant in aging societies, yet the fundamental molecular basis for AD is still poorly understood. New tools to study the undergoing structural conformation changes of amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides, the pathogenic hallmark of AD, could play a crucial role in the understanding of the underlying mechanisms of misfolding and cytotoxicity of this peptide. It has been recently reported that Zn2+ interacts with Aβ and changes its aggregation pathway away from less harmful fibrillar forms to more toxic species. Here, we present a versatile platform based on a set of sub-10 nm nanogap electrodes for the manipulation and sensing of biomolecules in the physiological condition at a low copy number, where molecules are trapped via dielectrophoresis (DEP) across the nanogap, which also serves as a surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy hotspot. In this study, we demonstrate that our electrode nanogap platform can be used to study the structural difference between Aβ40 and ZnAβ40 peptides at different aggregation stages in the physiologically relevant concentration and in solution phase. The Raman spectroscopic signatures of the DEP-captured neuropeptides prove the device to be attractive as a label-free bioanalytical tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin H P Vu
- Nanoscience and Technology Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ming-Che Lee
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Gerhard H Blankenburg
- Nanoscience and Technology Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yu-Jen Chang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Taiwan International Graduate Program in Interdisciplinary Neuroscience, National Taiwan University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ming-Lee Chu
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Andreas Erbe
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Leonardo Lesser-Rojas
- Research Center for Atomic, Nuclear and Molecular Sciences, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, San Jose 11501, Costa Rica.,School of Physics, University of Costa Rica, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, San Jose 11501, Costa Rica
| | - Yun-Ru Chen
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chia-Fu Chou
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan, R.O.C
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4
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Shi L, Esfandiari L. Emerging on-chip electrokinetic based technologies for purification of circulating cancer biomarkers towards liquid biopsy: A review. Electrophoresis 2021; 43:288-308. [PMID: 34791687 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Early detection of cancer can significantly reduce mortality and save lives. However, the current cancer diagnosis is highly dependent on costly, complex, and invasive procedures. Thus, a great deal of effort has been devoted to exploring new technologies based on liquid biopsy. Since liquid biopsy relies on detection of circulating biomarkers from biofluids, it is critical to isolate highly purified cancer-related biomarkers, including circulating tumor cells (CTCs), cell-free nucleic acids (cell-free DNA and cell-free RNA), small extracellular vesicles (exosomes), and proteins. The current clinical purification techniques are facing a number of drawbacks including low purity, long processing time, high cost, and difficulties in standardization. Here, we review a promising solution, on-chip electrokinetic-based methods, that have the advantage of small sample volume requirement, minimal damage to the biomarkers, rapid, and label-free criteria. We have also discussed the existing challenges of current on-chip electrokinetic technologies and suggested potential solutions that may be worthy of future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Shi
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Leyla Esfandiari
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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5
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Waskasi MM, Lazaric A, Heyden M. Solvent-mediated forces in protein dielectrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2021; 42:2060-2069. [PMID: 34302698 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
DEP is an established method to manipulate micrometer-sized particles, but standard continuum theories predict only negligible effects for nanometer-sized proteins despite contrary experimental evidence. A theoretical description of protein DEP needs to consider details on the molecular scale. Previous work toward this goal addressed the role of orientational polarization of static protein dipole moments for dielectrophoretic effects, which successfully predicts the general magnitude of dielectrophoretic forces on proteins but does not readily explain negative DEP forces observed for proteins in some experiments. However, contributions to the protein chemical potential due to protein-water interactions have not yet been considered in this context. Here, we utilize atomistic molecular dynamics simulations to evaluate polarization-induced changes in the protein solvation free energy, which result in a solvent-mediated contribution to dielectrophoretic forces. We quantify solvent-mediated dielectrophoretic forces for two proteins and a small peptide in water, which follow expectations for protein-water dipole-dipole interactions. The magnitude of solvent-mediated dielectrophoretic forces exceeds predictions of nonmolecular continuum theories, but plays a minor role for the total dielectrophoretic force for the simulated proteins due to dominant contributions from the orientational polarization of their static protein dipoles. However, we extrapolate that solvent-mediated contributions to negative protein DEP forces will become increasingly relevant for multidomain proteins, complexes and aggregates with large protein-water interfaces, as well as for high electric field frequencies, which provides a potential mechanism for corresponding experimental observations of negative protein DEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza M Waskasi
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | | | - Matthias Heyden
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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6
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Hyler AR, Hong D, Davalos RV, Swami NS, Schmelz EM. A novel ultralow conductivity electromanipulation buffer improves cell viability and enhances dielectrophoretic consistency. Electrophoresis 2021; 42:1366-1377. [PMID: 33687759 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cell separation has become a critical diagnostic, research, and treatment tool for personalized medicine. Despite significant advances in cell separation, most widely used applications require the use of multiple, expensive antibodies to known markers in order to identify subpopulations of cells for separation. Dielectrophoresis (DEP) provides a biophysical separation technique that can target cell subpopulations based on phenotype without labels and return native cells for downstream analysis. One challenge in employing any DEP device is the sample being separated must be transferred into an ultralow conductivity medium, which can be detrimental in retaining cells' native phenotypes for separation. Here, we measured properties of traditional DEP reagents and determined that after just 1-2 h of exposure and subsequent culture, cells' viability was significantly reduced below 50%. We developed and tested a novel buffer (Cyto Buffer) that achieved 6 weeks of stable shelf-life and demonstrated significantly improved viability and physiological properties. We then determined the impact of Cyto Buffer on cells' dielectric properties and morphology and found that cells retained properties more similar to that of their native media. Finally, we vetted Cyto Buffer's usability on a cell separation platform (Cyto R1) to determine combined efficacy for cell separations. Here, more than 80% of cells from different cell lines were recovered and were determined to be >70% viable following exposure to Cyto Buffer, flow stimulation, electromanipulation, and downstream collection and growth. The developed buffer demonstrated improved opportunities for electrical cell manipulation, enrichment, and recovery for next generation cell separations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daly Hong
- CytoRecovery, Inc., Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Rafael V Davalos
- Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Nathan S Swami
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Eva M Schmelz
- Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.,Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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7
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Li Y, Wang Y, Wan K, Wu M, Guo L, Liu X, Wei G. On the design, functions, and biomedical applications of high-throughput dielectrophoretic micro-/nanoplatforms: a review. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:4330-4358. [PMID: 33620368 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr08892g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
As an efficient, rapid and label-free micro-/nanoparticle separation technique, dielectrophoresis (DEP) has attracted widespread attention in recent years, especially in the field of biomedicine, which exhibits huge potential in biomedically relevant applications such as disease diagnosis, cancer cell screening, biosensing, and others. DEP technology has been greatly developed recently from the low-flux laboratory level to high-throughput practical applications. In this review, we summarize the recent progress of DEP technology in biomedical applications, including firstly the design of various types and materials of DEP electrode and flow channel, design of input signals, and other improved designs. Then, functional tailoring of DEP systems with endowed specific functions including separation, purification, capture, enrichment and connection of biosamples, as well as the integration of multifunctions, are demonstrated. After that, representative DEP biomedical application examples in aspects of disease detection, drug synthesis and screening, biosensing and cell positioning are presented. Finally, limitations of existing DEP platforms on biomedical application are discussed, in which emphasis is given to the impact of other electrodynamic effects such as electrophoresis (EP), electroosmosis (EO) and electrothermal (ET) effects on DEP efficiency. This article aims to provide new ideas for the design of novel DEP micro-/nanoplatforms with desirable high throughput toward application in the biomedical community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalin Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, 266071 Qingdao, PR China.
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, 266071 Qingdao, PR China.
| | - Keming Wan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, 266071 Qingdao, PR China.
| | - Mingxue Wu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, 266071 Qingdao, PR China.
| | - Lei Guo
- Research Center for High-Value Utilization of Waste Biomass, College of Life Science, College of Life Science, Qingdao University, 266071 Qingdao, PR China
| | - Xiaomin Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, 266071 Qingdao, PR China.
| | - Gang Wei
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, 266071 Qingdao, PR China.
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8
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Mutharani B, Ranganathan P, Chen SM, Chen TW, Eldesoky GE, Ajmal Ali M, Wabaidur SM. Temperature-enabled reversible "On/Off" switch-like hazardous herbicide picloram voltammetric sensor in agricultural and environmental samples based on thermo-responsive PVCL-tethered MWCNT@Au catalyst. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 402:123672. [PMID: 33254749 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Picloram (PCR), a vastly utilized chlorinated herbicide, is very stable in water and soil with severe ecological and health impacts. It is necessary to establish a fast and highly sensitive technique for accurately detecting trace level PCR in agricultural and environmental samples. We employed a temperature-responsive poly(N-vinylcaprolactam)-tethered multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT-PVCL) decorated gold nanoparticles (Au@MWCNT-PVCL) catalyst on the electrochemical sensor for the sensitive "On/Off" switch-like detection of PCR. The effect of temperature-sensitive catalyst surface chemistry on electrocatalytic activity was scrutinized. Results showed that the hydrophilic surface of PVCL at 25 °C (<lower critical solution temperature (LCST)) extended to bury the electroactive sites of Au nanoparticles and MWCNT, and the PCR unable to pass over the PVCL to achieve electron exchange process, signifying the "Off" state. Surface wettability of the prepared Au@MWCNT-PVCL then spontaneously switched its hydrophilic to hydrophobic surface one at 40 °C (>LCST) that immensely upgraded PCR oxidation on the catalyst in the electrochemical reaction, signifying the "On" state. The detection of the Au@MWCNT-PVCL modified electrode ranged from 0.02-183 μM with a low detection limit (LOD) of 1.5 nM at 40 °C toward PCR. The proposed sensor was successfully used to detect PCR in real agricultural and environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhuvanenthiran Mutharani
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, No. 1, Section 3, Chung-Hsiao East Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Palraj Ranganathan
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, National Taipei University of Technology, No. 1, Section 3, Chung-Hsiao East Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shen-Ming Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, No. 1, Section 3, Chung-Hsiao East Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Tse-Wei Chen
- Research and Development Center for Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, No. 1, Section 3, Chung-Hsiao East Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Gaber E Eldesoky
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Ajmal Ali
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saikh M Wabaidur
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
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9
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Honrado C, Bisegna P, Swami NS, Caselli F. Single-cell microfluidic impedance cytometry: from raw signals to cell phenotypes using data analytics. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:22-54. [PMID: 33331376 PMCID: PMC7909465 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00840k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The biophysical analysis of single-cells by microfluidic impedance cytometry is emerging as a label-free and high-throughput means to stratify the heterogeneity of cellular systems based on their electrophysiology. Emerging applications range from fundamental life-science and drug assessment research to point-of-care diagnostics and precision medicine. Recently, novel chip designs and data analytic strategies are laying the foundation for multiparametric cell characterization and subpopulation distinction, which are essential to understand biological function, follow disease progression and monitor cell behaviour in microsystems. In this tutorial review, we present a comparative survey of the approaches to elucidate cellular and subcellular features from impedance cytometry data, covering the related subjects of device design, data analytics (i.e., signal processing, dielectric modelling, population clustering), and phenotyping applications. We give special emphasis to the exciting recent developments of the technique (timeframe 2017-2020) and provide our perspective on future challenges and directions. Its synergistic application with microfluidic separation, sensor science and machine learning can form an essential toolkit for label-free quantification and isolation of subpopulations to stratify heterogeneous biosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Honrado
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA.
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10
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Liu Y, Hayes MA. Orders-of-Magnitude Larger Force Demonstrated for Dielectrophoresis of Proteins Enabling High-Resolution Separations Based on New Mechanisms. Anal Chem 2020; 93:1352-1359. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yameng Liu
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
| | - Mark A. Hayes
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
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11
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Demir E, İnam O, Silah H, Karimi-Maleh H. Studies of mechanism, kinetic model and determination of bupivacaine and its application pharmaceutical forms. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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12
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Hölzel R, Pethig R. Protein dielectrophoresis: Key dielectric parameters and evolving theory. Electrophoresis 2020; 42:513-538. [PMID: 33084076 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Globular proteins exhibit dielectrophoresis (DEP) responses in experiments where the applied field gradient factor ∇E2 appears far too small, according to standard DEP theory, to overcome dispersive forces associated with the thermal energy kT of disorder. To address this a DEP force equation is proposed that replaces a previous empirical relationship between the macroscopic and microscopic forms of the Clausius-Mossotti factor. This equation relates the DEP response of a protein directly to the dielectric increment δε+ and decrement δε- that characterize its β-dispersion at radio frequencies, and also indirectly to its intrinsic dipole moment by way of providing a measure of the protein's effective volume. A parameter Γpw , taken as a measure of cross-correlated dipole interactions between the protein and its water molecules of hydration, is included in this equation. For 9 of the 12 proteins, for which an evaluation can presently be made, Γpw has a value of ≈4600 ± 120. These conclusions follow an analysis of the failure of macroscopic dielectric mixture (effective medium) theories to predict the dielectric properties of solvated proteins. The implication of a polarizability greatly exceeding the intrinsic value for a protein might reflect the formation of relaxor ferroelectric nanodomains in its hydration shell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Hölzel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses (IZI-BB), Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Ronald Pethig
- Institute for Integrated Micro and Nanosystems, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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13
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Quevedo DF, Lentz CJ, Coll de Peña A, Hernandez Y, Habibi N, Miki R, Lahann J, Lapizco-Encinas BH. Electrokinetic characterization of synthetic protein nanoparticles. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 11:1556-1567. [PMID: 33134000 PMCID: PMC7590587 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.11.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The application of nanoparticle in medicine is promising for the treatment of a wide variety of diseases. However, the slow progress in the field has resulted in relatively few therapies being translated into the clinic. Anisotropic synthetic protein nanoparticles (ASPNPs) show potential as a next-generation drug-delivery technology, due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and functionality. Even though ASPNPs have the potential to be used in a variety of applications, such as in the treatment of glioblastoma, there is currently no high-throughput technology for the processing of these particles. Insulator-based electrokinetics employ microfluidics devices that rely on electrokinetic principles to manipulate micro- and nanoparticles. These miniaturized devices can selectively trap and enrich nanoparticles based on their material characteristics, and subsequently release them, which allows for particle sorting and processing. In this study, we use insulator-based electrokinetic (EK) microdevices to characterize ASPNPs. We found that anisotropy strongly influences electrokinetic particle behavior by comparing compositionally identical anisotropic and non-anisotropic SPNPs. Additionally, we were able to estimate the empirical electrokinetic equilibrium parameter (eE EEC) for all SPNPs. This particle-dependent parameter can allow for the design of various separation and purification processes. These results show how promising the insulator-based EK microdevices are for the analysis and purification of clinically relevant SPNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F Quevedo
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan - Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor MI, USA
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan - Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor MI, USA
| | - Cody J Lentz
- Microscale Bioseparations Laboratory and Biomedical Engineering Department, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester NY, USA
| | - Adriana Coll de Peña
- Microscale Bioseparations Laboratory and Biomedical Engineering Department, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester NY, USA
| | - Yazmin Hernandez
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan - Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor MI, USA
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan - Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor MI, USA
| | - Nahal Habibi
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan - Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor MI, USA
- Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan - Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor MI, USA
| | - Rikako Miki
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan - Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor MI, USA
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan - Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor MI, USA
| | - Joerg Lahann
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan - Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor MI, USA
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan - Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor MI, USA
- Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan - Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor MI, USA
| | - Blanca H Lapizco-Encinas
- Microscale Bioseparations Laboratory and Biomedical Engineering Department, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester NY, USA
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14
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15
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Lee S, Roh SM, Lee E, Park Y, Lee BC, Kwon Y, Kim HJ, Kim J. Applications of Converged Various Forces for Detection of Biomolecules and Novelty of Dielectrophoretic Force in the Applications. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E3242. [PMID: 32517305 PMCID: PMC7309140 DOI: 10.3390/s20113242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Since separation of target biomolecules is a crucial step for highly sensitive and selective detection of biomolecules, hence, various technologies have been applied to separate biomolecules, such as deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), protein, exosome, virus, etc. Among the various technologies, dielectrophoresis (DEP) has the significant advantage that the force can provide two different types of forces, attractive and repulsive DEP force, through simple adjustment in frequency or structure of microfluidic chips. Therefore, in this review, we focused on separation technologies based on DEP force and classified various separation technologies. First, the importance of biomolecules, general separation methods and various forces including DEP, electrophoresis (EP), electrothermal flow (ETF), electroosmosis (EO), magnetophoresis, acoustophoresis (ACP), hydrodynamic, etc., was described. Then, separating technologies applying only a single DEP force and dual force, moreover, applying other forces simultaneously with DEP force were categorized. In addition, advanced technologies applying more than two different kinds of forces, namely complex force, were introduced. Overall, we critically reviewed the state-of-the-art of converged various forces for detection of biomolecules with novelty of DEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungjun Lee
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Korea; (S.L.); (S.M.R.); (E.L.); (Y.P.); (Y.K.)
| | - Seong Min Roh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Korea; (S.L.); (S.M.R.); (E.L.); (Y.P.); (Y.K.)
| | - Eunji Lee
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Korea; (S.L.); (S.M.R.); (E.L.); (Y.P.); (Y.K.)
| | - Yejin Park
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Korea; (S.L.); (S.M.R.); (E.L.); (Y.P.); (Y.K.)
| | - Byung Chul Lee
- Center for BioMicrosystems, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea;
| | - Youngeun Kwon
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Korea; (S.L.); (S.M.R.); (E.L.); (Y.P.); (Y.K.)
| | - Hye Jin Kim
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Jinsik Kim
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Korea; (S.L.); (S.M.R.); (E.L.); (Y.P.); (Y.K.)
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16
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Hayes MA. Dielectrophoresis of proteins: experimental data and evolving theory. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:3801-3811. [PMID: 32314000 PMCID: PMC7250158 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02623-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The ability to selectively move and trap proteins is core to their effective use as building blocks and for their characterization. Analytical and preparative strategies for proteins have been pursued and modeled for nearly a hundred years, with great advances and success. Core to all of these studies is the separation, isolation, purification, and concentration of pure homogeneous fractions of a specific protein in solution. Processes to accomplish this useful solution include biphasic equilibrium (chromatographies, extractions), mechanical, bulk property, chemical equilibria, and molecular recognition. Ultimately, the goal of all of these is to physically remove all non-like protein molecules-to the finest detail: all atoms in the full three-dimensional structure being identical down the chemical bond and bulk structure chirality. One strategy which has not been effectively pursued is exploiting the higher order subtle electrical properties of the protein-solvent system. The advent of microfluidic systems has enabled the use of very high electric fields and well-defined gradients such that extremely high resolution separations of protein mixtures are possible. These advances and recognition of these capabilities have caused a re-evaluation of the underlying theoretical models and they were found to be inadequate. New theoretical descriptions are being considered which align more closely to the total forces present and the subtlety of differences between similar proteins. These are focused on the interfacial area between the protein and hydrating solvent molecules, as opposed to the macroscale assumptions of homogeneous solutions and particles. This critical review examines all data which has been published that place proteins in electric field gradients which induce collection of those proteins, demonstrating a force greater than dispersive effects or countering forces. Evolving theoretical constructs are presented and discussed, and a general estimate of future capabilities using the higher order effects and the high fields and precise gradients of microfluidic systems is discussed. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Hayes
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Mail Stop 1604, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA.
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17
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Hölzel R, Pethig R. Protein Dielectrophoresis: I. Status of Experiments and an Empirical Theory. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E533. [PMID: 32456059 PMCID: PMC7281080 DOI: 10.3390/mi11050533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The dielectrophoresis (DEP) data reported in the literature since 1994 for 22 different globular proteins is examined in detail. Apart from three cases, all of the reported protein DEP experiments employed a gradient field factor ∇Em2 that is much smaller (in some instances by many orders of magnitude) than the ~4 1021 V2/m3 required, according to current DEP theory, to overcome the dispersive forces associated with Brownian motion. This failing results from the macroscopic Clausius-Mossotti (CM) factor being restricted to the range 1.0 > CM > -0.5. Current DEP theory precludes the protein's permanent dipole moment (rather than the induced moment) from contributing to the DEP force. Based on the magnitude of the β-dispersion exhibited by globular proteins in the frequency range 1 kHz-50 MHz, an empirically derived molecular version of CM is obtained. This factor varies greatly in magnitude from protein to protein (e.g., ~37,000 for carboxypeptidase; ~190 for phospholipase) and when incorporated into the basic expression for the DEP force brings most of the reported protein DEP above the minimum required to overcome dispersive Brownian thermal effects. We believe this empirically-derived finding validates the theories currently being advanced by Matyushov and co-workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Hölzel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses (IZI-BB), Am Mühlenberg 13, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany;
| | - Ronald Pethig
- School of Engineering, Institute for Integrated Micro and Nanosystems, University of Edinburgh, The King’s Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JF, UK
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18
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Salahi A, Varhue WB, Farmehini V, Hyler AR, Schmelz EM, Davalos RV, Swami NS. Self-aligned microfluidic contactless dielectrophoresis device fabricated by single-layer imprinting on cyclic olefin copolymer. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:3881-3889. [PMID: 32372273 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02667-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The trapping and deflection of biological cells by dielectrophoresis (DEP) at field non-uniformities in a microfluidic device is often conducted in a contactless dielectrophoresis (cDEP) mode, wherein the electrode channel is in a different layer than the sample channel, so that field penetration through the interceding barrier causes DEP above critical cut-off frequencies. In this manner, through physical separation of the electrode and sample channels, it is possible to spatially modulate electric fields with no electrode-induced damage to biological cells in the sample channel. However, since this device requires interlayer alignment of the electrode to sample channel and needs to maintain a thin interceding barrier (~ 15 μm) over the entire length over which DEP is needed (~ 1 cm), variations in alignment and microstructure fidelity cause wide variations in cDEP trapping level and frequency response across devices. We present a strategy to eliminate interlayer alignment by fabricating self-aligned electrode and sample channels, simultaneously with the interceding barrier layer (14-μm width and 50-μm depth), using a single-layer imprint and bond process on cyclic olefin copolymer. Specifically, by designing support structures, we preserve fidelity of the high aspect ratio insulating posts in the sample channel and the interceding barrier between the sample and electrode channels over the entire device footprint (~ 1 cm). The device operation is validated based on impedance measurements to quantify field penetration through the interceding barrier and by DEP trapping measurements. The presented fabrication strategy can eventually improve cDEP device manufacturing protocols to enable more reproducible DEP performance. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armita Salahi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Walter B Varhue
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Vahid Farmehini
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | | | - Eva M Schmelz
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Rafael V Davalos
- Department of Biomedical Engineering & Mechanics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Nathan S Swami
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA. .,Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA.
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19
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Honrado C, McGrath JS, Reale R, Bisegna P, Swami NS, Caselli F. A neural network approach for real-time particle/cell characterization in microfluidic impedance cytometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:3835-3845. [PMID: 32189012 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02497-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidic applications such as active particle sorting or selective enrichment require particle classification techniques that are capable of working in real time. In this paper, we explore the use of neural networks for fast label-free particle characterization during microfluidic impedance cytometry. A recurrent neural network is designed to process data from a novel impedance chip layout for enabling real-time multiparametric analysis of the measured impedance data streams. As demonstrated with both synthetic and experimental datasets, the trained network is able to characterize with good accuracy size, velocity, and cross-sectional position of beads, red blood cells, and yeasts, with a unitary prediction time of 0.4 ms. The proposed approach can be extended to other device designs and cell types for electrical parameter extraction. This combination of microfluidic impedance cytometry and machine learning can serve as a stepping stone to real-time single-cell analysis and sorting. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Honrado
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - John S McGrath
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Riccardo Reale
- Department of Civil Engineering and Computer Science, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Bisegna
- Department of Civil Engineering and Computer Science, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Nathan S Swami
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA.
| | - Frederica Caselli
- Department of Civil Engineering and Computer Science, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133, Rome, Italy.
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20
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Lee B, Lee JS, Yoon HJ, Hong SH, Song JK. Generation and manipulation of isotropic droplets in nematic medium using switchable dielectrophoresis. Phys Rev E 2020; 101:012704. [PMID: 32069560 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.101.012704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Dielectrophoresis (DEP) in a medium with anisotropic dielectric susceptibility is very different from typical DEP in an isotropic medium: The direction of particle actuation can be switched depending on the direction of the susceptibility tensor of the medium. However, the understanding of switchable DEP (SDEP) in an anisotropic medium is still in its infant stage. Here, we investigate SDEP using heat-generated isotropic droplets in a nematic liquid crystal (LC) medium. We demonstrate that the location of the generation of isotropic droplets can be partially controlled by controlling the temperature gradient within the LC cell using dielectric loss. The SDEP actuation of isotropic droplets is also highly dependent on the location of the isotropic droplets. Using this method, we fabricated different array patterns of isotropic and nematic phase separations under different applied signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bomi Lee
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Seo Lee
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jin Yoon
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea.,Merck Performance Materials Ltd., Pyeongtaek 17956, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Ho Hong
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang-Kun Song
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
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21
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Midelet C, Le Pioufle B, Werts MHV. Brownian Motion and Large Electric Polarizabilities Facilitate Dielectrophoretic Capture of Sub‐200 nm Gold Nanoparticles in Water. Chemphyschem 2019; 20:3354-3365. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201900662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Clyde Midelet
- Univ RennesCNRS, SATIE-UMR 8029 35000 Rennes France
- École normale supérieure de RennesSATIE (CNRS UMR 8029) Av. R. Schuman, Campus de Ker Lann 35170 Bruz France
| | - Bruno Le Pioufle
- Ecole normale supérieure Paris-SaclaySATIE (CNRS UMR 8029), Institut d'Alembert 94235 Cachan France
| | - Martinus H. V. Werts
- Univ RennesCNRS, SATIE-UMR 8029 35000 Rennes France
- École normale supérieure de RennesSATIE (CNRS UMR 8029) Av. R. Schuman, Campus de Ker Lann 35170 Bruz France
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22
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Karimi-Maleh H, Fakude CT, Mabuba N, Peleyeju GM, Arotiba OA. The determination of 2-phenylphenol in the presence of 4-chlorophenol using nano-Fe3O4/ionic liquid paste electrode as an electrochemical sensor. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 554:603-610. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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23
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Farmehini V, Varhue W, Salahi A, Hyler AR, Cemazar J, V Davalos R, Swami NS. On-Chip Impedance for Quantifying Parasitic Voltages During AC Electrokinetic Trapping. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2019; 67:1664-1671. [PMID: 31545705 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2019.2942572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Assessing the effectiveness of microfluidic device structures for enabling electrokinetic or acoustic trapping requires imaging of model particles within each device under the requisite force fields. To avoid the need for extensive microscopy, the use of valuable biological samples, and reliance on a trained operator to assess efficacy of trapping, we explore electrical means to identify device geometry variations that are responsible for the poor trapping. RESULTS Using the example of AC electrokinetic trapping over an insulated channel in a contact-less dielectrophoresis mode, we present an on-chip method to acquire impedance spectra on the microfluidic device for quantifying the parasitic voltage drops. CONCLUSION Based on the parasitic voltage drops, device geometries can be designed to maximize fraction of the applied voltage that is available for dielectrophoretic manipulation and the measured on-chip impedance can rapidly inform downstream decisions on particle manipulation.
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24
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Liu Y, McGrath JS, Moore JH, Kolling GL, Papin JA, Swami NS. Electrofabricated biomaterial-based capacitor on nanoporous gold for enhanced redox amplification. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.06.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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25
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Guthrie S, Huelsenbeck L, Salahi A, Varhue W, Smith N, Yu X, Yoon LU, Choi JJ, Swami N, Giri G. Crystallization of high aspect ratio HKUST-1 thin films in nanoconfined channels for selective small molecule uptake. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2019; 1:2946-2952. [PMID: 36133596 PMCID: PMC9418888 DOI: 10.1039/c9na00254e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
We present the ability to create unique morphologies of a prototypical metal organic framework (MOF), HKUST-1, by carrying out its crystallization within a set of nano-confined fluidic channels. These channels are fabricated on cyclic olefin copolymer by the high-fidelity hot embossing imprinting method. The picoliter volume synthesis in the nanochannels is hypothesized to bias the balance between nucleation and growth rates to obtain high aspect ratio large-crystalline domains of HKUST-1, which are grown in defined morphologies due to the patterned nanochannels. Confined crystal growth is achieved in nanofluidic channels as shallow as 50 nm. HKUST-1 crystalline domains with aspect ratios greater than 2500, and lengths up to 144 μm are obtained using the nanochannels, exceeding values obtained using chemical modulation and other confinement methods. HKUST-1 crystals are characterized using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy. Porosity of the MOF and selective molecular uptake is demonstrated through inclusion of anthracene and methylene blue within the HKUST-1 framework, and with exclusion of rhodamine B and riboflavin, characterized using a confocal fluorescence microscope. We attribute this selectivity to the analyte size and electrostatic characteristics. Nanoconfined crystallization of MOFs can thus yield control over crystalline morphology to create ideal MOF crystals for enabling selective molecular enrinchment and sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Guthrie
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia Charlottesville Virginia 22904 USA
| | - Luke Huelsenbeck
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia Charlottesville Virginia 22904 USA
| | - Armita Salahi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia Charlottesville Virginia 22904 USA
| | - Walter Varhue
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia Charlottesville Virginia 22904 USA
| | - Natalie Smith
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia Charlottesville Virginia 22904 USA
| | - Xiaohan Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Lucy U Yoon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia Charlottesville Virginia 22904 USA
| | - Joshua J Choi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia Charlottesville Virginia 22904 USA
| | - Nathan Swami
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia Charlottesville Virginia 22904 USA
| | - Gaurav Giri
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia Charlottesville Virginia 22904 USA
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26
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Moore JH, Varhue WB, Su YH, Linton SS, Farmehini V, Fox TE, Matters GL, Kester M, Swami NS. Conductance-Based Biophysical Distinction and Microfluidic Enrichment of Nanovesicles Derived from Pancreatic Tumor Cells of Varying Invasiveness. Anal Chem 2019; 91:10424-10431. [PMID: 31333013 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b05745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Diagnostics based on exosomes and other extracellular vesicles (EVs) are emerging as strategies for informing cancer progression and therapies, since the lipid content and macromolecular cargo of EVs can provide key phenotypic and genotypic information on the parent tumor cell and its microenvironment. We show that EVs derived from more invasive pancreatic tumor cells that express high levels of tumor-specific surface proteins and are composed of highly unsaturated lipids that increase membrane fluidity, exhibit significantly higher conductance versus those derived from less invasive tumor cells, based on dielectrophoresis measurements. Furthermore, through specific binding of the EVs to gold nanoparticle-conjugated antibodies, we show that these conductance differences can be modulated in proportion to the type as well as level of expressed tumor-specific antigens, thereby presenting methods for selective microfluidic enrichment and cytometry-based quantification of EVs based on invasiveness of their parent cell.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Samuel S Linton
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey , Pennsylvania 17033 , United States
| | | | | | - Gail L Matters
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey , Pennsylvania 17033 , United States
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27
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Karimi-Maleh H, Karimi F, Rezapour M, Bijad M, Farsi M, Beheshti A, Shahidi SA. Carbon Paste Modified Electrode as Powerful Sensor Approach Determination of Food Contaminants, Drug Ingredients, and Environmental Pollutants: A Review. CURR ANAL CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1573411014666181026100037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Application of electrochemical sensors for analysis of food, biological and
water polluting compounds helps to speed up their analysis in the real samples. Electrochemical sensors
with low cost, fast response and portable ability are a better choice compared to traditional
methods for analysis of electro-active compounds such as HPLC. Therefore, in recent years, many
analytical scientists have suggested this type of analytical method for analysis of food, biological
compounds and water pollutants.
Objective:
Due to low cost, easy modification and low non-faradic current, the carbon paste electrode
is a suitable choice as a working electrode in the electrochemical and especially voltammetric analysis.
On the other hand, modification of carbon paste electrode can improve the quality of the sensor
for the analysis of electroactive compounds at nanomolar level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Karimi-Maleh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Nanotechnology, Quchan University of Technology, Quchan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Karimi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Nanotechnology, Quchan University of Technology, Quchan, Iran
| | - Morteza Rezapour
- IP Department, Research Institute of Petroleum Industry (RIPI), P.O. Box 14665-137, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majede Bijad
- Department of Food Science, Sari Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sari, Iran
| | - Mohammad Farsi
- Department of Food Science, Sari Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sari, Iran
| | - Aliasghar Beheshti
- Department of Water Resources Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed-Ahmad Shahidi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran
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28
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Jahandari S, Taher MA, Karimi-Maleh H, Mansouri G. Simultaneous voltammetric determination of glutathione, doxorubicin and tyrosine based on the electrocatalytic effect of a nickel(II) complex and of Pt:Co nanoparticles as a conductive mediator. Mikrochim Acta 2019; 186:493. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-019-3598-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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29
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Lentz CJ, Hidalgo-Caballero S, Lapizco-Encinas BH. Low frequency cyclical potentials for fine tuning insulator-based dielectrophoretic separations. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2019; 13:044114. [PMID: 31489061 PMCID: PMC6715440 DOI: 10.1063/1.5115153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we demonstrate the use of cyclical low frequency signals with insulator-based dielectrophoresis (iDEP) devices for the separation of particles of similar characteristics and an experimental method for estimating particle DEP mobilities. A custom signal designer program was created using Matlab® and COMSOL Multiphysics® for the identification of specific low frequency signals aimed at separating particle mixtures by exploiting slight differences in surface charge (particle zeta potential) or particle size. For the separation by surface charge, a mixture of two types of 10 μm particles was analyzed and effectively separated employing both a custom step signal and a sawtooth left signal. Notably, these particles had the same shape, size, and surface functionalization as well as were made from the same substrate material. For the separation by size, a sample containing 2 μm and 5 μm particles was successfully separated using a custom step signal; these particles had the same shape, surface functionalization, were made from the same substrate materials, and had only a small difference in zeta potential (10 mV). Additionally, an experimental technique was developed to estimate the dielectrophoretic mobility of each particle type; this information was then utilized by the signal designer program. The technique developed in this study is readily applicable for designing signals capable of separating micron-sized particles of similar characteristics, such as microorganisms, where slight differences in cell size and the shape of surface charge could be effectively exploited. These findings open the possibility for applications in microbial screening using iDEP devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody J. Lentz
- Microscale Bioseparations Laboratory, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | | | - Blanca H. Lapizco-Encinas
- Microscale Bioseparations Laboratory, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
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30
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Lee B, Lee JS, Song JK. Switchable dielectrophoresis of defect-free droplets in an anisotropic liquid crystal medium. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:5026-5033. [PMID: 31210237 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm00608g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Dielectrophoresis (DEP) is widely used in nanoscience and biology to control small particles but its applicability is significantly limited by its one-way impetus characteristics along the square field gradient (∇E2) direction, that is, DEP force, FDEP ∼ ∇E2. Here, switchable DEP (SDEP) using the anisotropic property of a nematic medium is demonstrated; FDEP does not need to be parallel to ∇E2 but is arbitrarily changeable depending on the permittivity tensor orientation of the medium. To effectively demonstrate the SDEP phenomenon, isotropic droplets with infinitesimal surface anchoring in a nematic medium are introduced, in which topological defects of the nematic medium around dispersed objects are effectively eliminated. The experimental behaviours are well explained by theoretical and simulation results. To emphasize the applicability of SDEP, switchable arrays of isotropic droplets and an isotropic pocket carrier system containing micro-particles are demonstrated. The results reveal a new dimension of DEP and provide a novel approach for manipulating nano- or micro-materials in colloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bomi Lee
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Korea.
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Jahandari S, Taher MA, Karimi-Maleh H, Khodadadi A, Faghih-Mirzaei E. A powerful DNA-based voltammetric biosensor modified with Au nanoparticles, for the determination of Temodal; an electrochemical and docking investigation. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2019.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Daihyun Kim
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Mukul Sonker
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Alexandra Ros
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
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Effects of Ionic Strength in the Medium on Sample Preconcentration Utilizing Nano-interstices between Self-Assembled Monolayers of Gold Nanoparticles. BIOCHIP JOURNAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13206-018-2402-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Lapizco-Encinas BH. On the recent developments of insulator-based dielectrophoresis: A review. Electrophoresis 2018; 40:358-375. [PMID: 30112789 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Insulator-based dielectrophoresis (iDEP), also known as electrodeless DEP, has become a well-known dielectrophoretic technique, no longer viewed as a new methodology. Significant advances on iDEP have been reported during the last 15 years. This review article aims to summarize some of the most important findings on iDEP organized by the type of dielectrophoretic mode: streaming and trapping iDEP. The former is primarily used for particle sorting, while the latter has great capability for particle enrichment. The characteristics of a wide array of devices are discussed for each type of dielectrophoretic mode in order to present an overview of the distinct designs and applications developed with iDEP. A short section on Joule heating effects and electrothermal flow is also included to highlight some of the challenges in the utilization of iDEP systems. The significant progress on iDEP illustrates its potential for a large number of applications, ranging from bioanalysis to clinical and biomedical assessments. The present article discusses the work on iDEP by numerous research groups around the world, with the aim of proving the reader with an overview of the state-of-the-art in iDEP microfluidic systems.
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Kale A, Patel S, Xuan X. Three-Dimensional Reservoir-Based Dielectrophoresis (rDEP) for Enhanced Particle Enrichment. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:E123. [PMID: 30424057 PMCID: PMC6187384 DOI: 10.3390/mi9030123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Selective enrichment of target species is crucial for a wide variety of engineering systems for improved performance of subsequent processes. Dielectrophoresis (DEP) is a powerful electrokinetic method that can be used to focus, trap, concentrate, and separate a variety of species in a label-free manner. The commonly employed methods for DEP suffer from limitations such as electrode fouling and high susceptibility to Joule heating effects. Recently, our group has demonstrated DEP-based manipulations of particles and cells using a novel method of reservoir-based dielectrophoresis (rDEP) which exploits the naturally produced electric field gradients at the reservoir-microchannel junction. Although this method reasonably addresses the limitations mentioned above while maintaining a high simplicity of fabrication, all of our demonstrations so far have used a two-dimensional rDEP, which limits the performance of the devices. This work aims to improve their performance further by making the DEP three-dimensional. Through detailed experimental and numerical analysis, we demonstrate a six-fold increase in the enrichment performance of latex beads and a significant reduction in the power consumption for the new devices, which would allow a more reliable integration of the same into micro-total analysis systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshay Kale
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0921, USA.
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0AS, UK.
| | - Saurin Patel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0921, USA.
| | - Xiangchun Xuan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0921, USA.
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Islam K, Damiati S, Sethi J, Suhail A, Pan G. Development of a Label-Free Immunosensor for Clusterin Detection as an Alzheimer's Biomarker. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 18:E308. [PMID: 29361679 PMCID: PMC5795331 DOI: 10.3390/s18010308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Clusterin (CLU) has been associated with the clinical progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and described as a potential AD biomarker in blood plasma. Due to the enormous attention given to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers for the past couple of decades, recently found blood-based AD biomarkers like CLU have not yet been reported for biosensors. Herein, we report the electrochemical detection of CLU for the first time using a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) modified with 1-pyrenebutyric acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (Pyr-NHS) and decorated with specific anti-CLU antibody fragments. This bifunctional linker molecule contains succinylimide ester to bind protein at one end while its pyrene moiety attaches to the carbon surface by means of π-π stacking. Cyclic voltammetric and square wave voltammetric studies showed the limit of detection down to 1 pg/mL and a linear concentration range of 1-100 pg/mL with good sensitivity. Detection of CLU in spiked human plasma was demonstrated with satisfactory recovery percentages to that of the calibration data. The proposed method facilitates the cost-effective and viable production of label-free point-of-care devices for the clinical diagnosis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamrul Islam
- Wolfson Nanomaterials & Devices Laboratory, School of Computing, Electronics and Mathematics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Plymouth, Devon PL4 8AA, UK.
| | - Samar Damiati
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Jagriti Sethi
- Wolfson Nanomaterials & Devices Laboratory, School of Computing, Electronics and Mathematics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Plymouth, Devon PL4 8AA, UK.
| | - Ahmed Suhail
- Wolfson Nanomaterials & Devices Laboratory, School of Computing, Electronics and Mathematics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Plymouth, Devon PL4 8AA, UK.
| | - Genhua Pan
- Wolfson Nanomaterials & Devices Laboratory, School of Computing, Electronics and Mathematics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Plymouth, Devon PL4 8AA, UK.
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Garyfallou GZ, Ketebu O, Şahin S, Mukaetova-Ladinska EB, Catt M, Yu EH. Electrochemical Detection of Plasma Immunoglobulin as a Biomarker for Alzheimer's Disease. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17112464. [PMID: 29077013 PMCID: PMC5713623 DOI: 10.3390/s17112464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The clinical diagnosis and treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) represent a challenge to clinicians due to the variability of clinical symptomatology as well as the unavailability of reliable diagnostic tests. In this study, the development of a novel electrochemical assay and its potential to detect peripheral blood biomarkers to diagnose AD using plasma immunoglobulins is investigated. The immunosensor employs a gold electrode as the immobilizing substrate, albumin depleted plasma immunoglobulin as the biomarker, and polyclonal rabbit Anti-human immunoglobulin (against IgA, IgG, IgM) as the receptor for plasma conjugation. The assay showed good response, sensitivity and reproducibility in differentiating plasma immunoglobulin from AD and control subjects down to 10−9 dilutions of plasma immunoglobulin representing plasma content concentrations in the pg mL−1 range. The newly developed assay is highly sensitive, less time consuming, easy to handle, can be easily modified to detect other dementia-related biomarkers in blood samples, and can be easily integrated into portable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goulielmos-Zois Garyfallou
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advance Materials, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK.
| | - Orlando Ketebu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advance Materials, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK.
| | - Samet Şahin
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advance Materials, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK.
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, 11230 Bilecik, Turkey.
| | | | - Michael Catt
- Institute of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
| | - Eileen Hao Yu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advance Materials, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK.
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Varhue WB, Langman L, Kelly-Goss M, Lataillade M, Brayman KL, Peirce-Cottler S, Swami NS. Deformability-based microfluidic separation of pancreatic islets from exocrine acinar tissue for transplant applications. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:3682-3691. [PMID: 28975176 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00890b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The long-term management of type-1 diabetes (T1D) is currently achieved through lifelong exogenous insulin injections. Although there is no cure for T1D, transplantation of pancreatic islets of Langerhans has the potential to restore normal endocrine function versus the morbidity of hypoglycemic unawareness that is commonly associated with sudden death among fragile diabetics. However, since endocrine islet tissues form a small proportion of the pancreas, sufficient islet numbers can be reached only by combining islets from multiple organ donors and the transplant plug contains significantly high levels of exocrine acinar tissue, thereby exacerbating immune responses. Hence, lifelong administration of immunosuppressants is required after transplantation, which can stress islet cells. The density gradient method that is currently used to separate islets from acinar tissue causes islets to be sparsely distributed over the centrifuged bins, so that the transplant sample obtained by combining multiple bins also contains significant acinar tissue levels. We show that in comparison to the significant size and density overlaps between the islet and acinar tissue populations post-organ digestion, their deformability overlaps are minimal. This feature is utilized to design a microfluidic separation strategy, wherein tangential flows enable selective deformation of acinar populations towards the bifurcating waste stream and sequential switching of hydrodynamic resistance enables the collection of rigid islets. Using 25 bifurcating daughter channels, a throughput of ∼300 islets per hour per device is obtained for enabling islet enrichment from relatively dilute starting levels to purity levels that meet the transplant criteria, as well as to further enhance islet purity from samples following density gradient enrichment. Based on confirmation of viability and functionality of the microfluidic-isolated islets using insulin secretion analysis and an angiogenesis assay, we envision utilizing this strategy to generate small-volume transplant plugs with high islet purity and significantly reduced acinar levels for minimizing immune responses after transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter B Varhue
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA.
| | - Linda Langman
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Molly Kelly-Goss
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Morgan Lataillade
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Kenneth L Brayman
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Shayn Peirce-Cottler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Nathan S Swami
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA.
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