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Lee EJ, Kim JY, Kim YB, Kim SK. Microwave-transparent metallic metamaterials for autonomous driving safety. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4516. [PMID: 38802433 PMCID: PMC11130274 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49001-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Maintaining the surface transparency of protective covers using transparent heaters in extreme weather is imperative for enhancing safety in autonomous driving. However, achieving both high transmittance and low sheet resistance, two key performance indicators for transparent heaters, is inherently challenging. Here, inspired by metamaterial design, we report microwave-transparent, low-sheet-resistance heaters for automotive radars. Ultrathin (approximately one ten-thousandth of the wavelength), electrically connected metamaterials on a millimetre-thick dielectric cover provide near-unity transmission at specific frequencies within the W band (75-110 GHz), despite their metal filling ratio exceeding 70 %. These metamaterials yield the desired phase delay to adjust Fabry-Perot resonance at each target frequency. Fabricated microwave-transparent heaters exhibit exceptionally low sheet resistance (0.41 ohm/sq), thereby heating the dielectric cover above 180 °C at a nominal bias of 3 V. Defrosting tests demonstrate their thermal capability to swiftly remove thin ice layers in sub-zero temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Joo Lee
- Department of Applied Physics, Kyung Hee University, Gyeonggi-do, 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Young Kim
- Department of Applied Physics, Kyung Hee University, Gyeonggi-do, 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Bin Kim
- Department of Applied Physics, Kyung Hee University, Gyeonggi-do, 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Kyung Kim
- Department of Applied Physics, Kyung Hee University, Gyeonggi-do, 17104, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Wang J, Wu J, Jiang Z, Zhou Z, Zhang L, Zhao J, Jia K, Hu J. Stretchable and Transparent Heaters Based on Hydrophobic Ionogels with Superior Moisture Insensitivity. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:19529-19536. [PMID: 38564290 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c00507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Flexible and stretchable transparent heaters (THs) have been widely used in various applications, including deicing and defogging of flexible screens as well as thermotherapy pads. Ionic THs based on ionogels have emerged as a promising alternative to conventional electronic THs due to their unique advantages in terms of transparency-conductance conflict, uniform heating, and interfacial adhesion. However, the commonly used hydrophilic ionogels inevitably introduce a moisture-sensitive issue. In this work, we present a stretchable and transparent hydrophobic ionogel-based heater that utilizes ionic current-induced Joule heating under high-frequency alternating current. This ionogel-based TH exhibits exceptional multifunctional properties with low hysteresis, a fracture strain of 840%, transmittance of 93%, conductivity of 0.062 S m-1, temperature resistance up to 165 °C, voltage resistance up to 120 V, heating rate of 0.1 °C s-1, steady-state temperature at 115 °C, and uniform heating even when bent or stretched (up to 200%). Furthermore, it maintains its heating performance when it is directly exposed to water. This hydrophobic ionogel-based TH expands the range of materials available for ionic THs and paves the way for their practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Jingping Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Zhouhu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Zilei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Limei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Jiayou Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Kun Jia
- State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Jian Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
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3
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Tabrizian SK, Sahraeeazartamar F, Brancart J, Roels E, Ferrentino P, Legrand J, Van Assche G, Vanderborght B, Terryn S. A Healable Resistive Heater as a Stimuli-Providing System in Self-Healing Soft Robots. IEEE Robot Autom Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1109/lra.2022.3150033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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4
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Roels E, Terryn S, Iida F, Bosman AW, Norvez S, Clemens F, Van Assche G, Vanderborght B, Brancart J. Processing of Self-Healing Polymers for Soft Robotics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2104798. [PMID: 34610181 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202104798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Soft robots are, due to their softness, inherently safe and adapt well to unstructured environments. However, they are prone to various damage types. Self-healing polymers address this vulnerability. Self-healing soft robots can recover completely from macroscopic damage, extending their lifetime. For developing healable soft robots, various formative and additive manufacturing methods have been exploited to shape self-healing polymers into complex structures. Additionally, several novel manufacturing techniques, noted as (re)assembly binding techniques that are specific to self-healing polymers, have been created. Herein, the wide variety of processing techniques of self-healing polymers for robotics available in the literature is reviewed, and limitations and opportunities discussed thoroughly. Based on defined requirements for soft robots, these techniques are critically compared and validated. A strong focus is drawn to the reversible covalent and (physico)chemical cross-links present in the self-healing polymers that do not only endow healability to the resulting soft robotic components, but are also beneficial in many manufacturing techniques. They solve current obstacles in soft robots, including the formation of robust multi-material parts, recyclability, and stress relaxation. This review bridges two promising research fields, and guides the reader toward selecting a suitable processing method based on a self-healing polymer and the intended soft robotics application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Roels
- Brubotics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) and Imec, Pleinlaan 2, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
- Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science (FYSC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
| | - Seppe Terryn
- Brubotics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) and Imec, Pleinlaan 2, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
- Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science (FYSC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
| | - Fumiya Iida
- Machine Intelligence Lab, University of Cambridge, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, CB2 1PZ, UK
| | - Anton W Bosman
- SupraPolix B. V., Horsten 1.29, Eindhoven, 5612 AX, The Netherlands
| | - Sophie Norvez
- Chimie Moléculaire, Macromoléculaire, Matériaux, École Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie (ESPCI), 10 Rue Vauquelin, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Frank Clemens
- Laboratory for High Performance Ceramics, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (EMPA), Überlandstrasse 129, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
| | - Guy Van Assche
- Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science (FYSC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
| | - Bram Vanderborght
- Brubotics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) and Imec, Pleinlaan 2, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
| | - Joost Brancart
- Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science (FYSC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
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Liu Q, Tian B, Liang J, Wu W. Recent advances in printed flexible heaters for portable and wearable thermal management. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2021; 8:1634-1656. [PMID: 34846496 DOI: 10.1039/d0mh01950j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Flexible resistive heaters (FRHs) with high heating performance, large-area thermal homogeneity, and excellent thermal stability are very desirable in modern life, owing to their tremendous potential for portable and wearable thermal management applications, such as body thermotherapy, on-demand drug delivery, and artificial intelligence. Printed electronic (PE) technologies, as emerging methods combining conventional printing techniques with solution-processable functional ink have been proposed to be promising strategies for the cost-effective, large-scale, and high-throughput fabrication of printed FRHs. This review summarizes recent progress in the main components of FRHs, including conductive materials and flexible or stretchable substrates, focusing on the formulation of conductive ink systems for making printed FRHs by a variety of PE technologies including screen printing, inkjet printing, roll-to-roll (R2R) printing and three-dimensional (3D) printing. Various challenges facing the commercialization of printed FRHs and improved methods for portable and wearable thermal management applications have been discussed in detail to overcome these problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Liu
- Laboratory of Printable Functional Materials and Printed Electronics, School of Printing and Packaging, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China.
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Orellana J, Moreno-Villoslada I, Bose RK, Picchioni F, Flores ME, Araya-Hermosilla R. Self-Healing Polymer Nanocomposite Materials by Joule Effect. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:649. [PMID: 33671610 PMCID: PMC7926402 DOI: 10.3390/polym13040649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, the self-healing approach in materials science mainly relies on functionalized polymers used as matrices in nanocomposites. Through different physicochemical pathways and stimuli, these materials can undergo self-repairing mechanisms that represent a great advantage to prolonging materials service-life, thus avoiding early disposal. Particularly, the use of the Joule effect as an external stimulus for self-healing in conductive nanocomposites is under-reported in the literature. However, it is of particular importance because it incorporates nanofillers with tunable features thus producing multifunctional materials. The aim of this review is the comprehensive analysis of conductive polymer nanocomposites presenting reversible dynamic bonds and their energetical activation to perform self-healing through the Joule effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Orellana
- Magíster en Química con Mención en Tecnología de los Materiales, Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Santiago 7800003, Chile;
- Programa Institucional de Fomento a la Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación (PIDi), Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Ignacio Valdivieso 2409, P.O. Box 8940577, San Joaquín, Santiago 8940000, Chile
| | - Ignacio Moreno-Villoslada
- Laboratorio de Polímeros, Instituto de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile;
| | - Ranjita K. Bose
- Department of Chemical Product Engineering, ENTEG, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands; (R.K.B.); (F.P.)
| | - Francesco Picchioni
- Department of Chemical Product Engineering, ENTEG, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands; (R.K.B.); (F.P.)
| | - Mario E. Flores
- Laboratorio de Polímeros, Instituto de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile;
| | - Rodrigo Araya-Hermosilla
- Programa Institucional de Fomento a la Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación (PIDi), Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Ignacio Valdivieso 2409, P.O. Box 8940577, San Joaquín, Santiago 8940000, Chile
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7
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Liu H, Tian H, Shao J, Wang Z, Li X, Wang C, Chen X. An Electrically Actuated Soft Artificial Muscle Based on a High-Performance Flexible Electrothermal Film and Liquid-Crystal Elastomer. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:56338-56349. [PMID: 33284585 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c17327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Liquid-crystal elastomer (LCE)-based soft robots and devices via an electrothermal effect under a low driving voltage have attracted a great deal of attention for their ability on generating larger stress, reversible deformation, and versatile actuation modes. However, electrothermal materials integrated with LCE easily induce the uncertainty of a soft actuator due to the non-uniformity on temperature distribution, inconstant resistance in the deformation process, and slow responsivity after voltage on/off. In this paper, a low-voltage-actuated soft artificial muscle based on LCE and a flexible electrothermal film is presented. At 6.5 V, a saturation temperature of 189 °C can be reached with a heating rate of 21 °C/s, which allows the soft artificial muscle quick and significant contraction and is suitable for untethered operation. Meanwhile, uniform temperature distribution and stable resistance of the flexible electrothermal film in the deformation process are obtained, leading to a work density of 9.97 kJ/m3, an actuating stress of 0.46 MPa, and controllable deformation of the soft artificial muscle. Finally, programmable low-voltage-controlled soft artificial muscles are fabricated by tailoring the flexible electrothermal film or designing structured heating pattern, including a prototype of soft finger-like gripper for transporting small objects, which clearly demonstrates the potential of low-voltage-actuated soft artificial muscles in soft robotics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, P.R. China
| | - Hongmiao Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, P.R. China
| | - Jinyou Shao
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, P.R. China
| | - Zhijian Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Xiangming Li
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, P.R. China
| | - Chunhui Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoliang Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, P.R. China
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Self-Healable and Remoldable Transparent Polyurethane Film with High Dielectric Constant from the Synergistic Effect between Lithium Salt and Ionic Liquid. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b06977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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9
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Veeramuthu L, Chen BY, Tsai CY, Liang FC, Venkatesan M, Jiang DH, Chen CW, Cai X, Kuo CC. Novel stretchable thermochromic transparent heaters designed for smart window defroster applications by spray coating silver nanowire. RSC Adv 2019; 9:35786-35796. [PMID: 35528092 PMCID: PMC9074719 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra06508c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A productive and novel method for fabricating stretchable transparent heaters with recognised thermochromic properties using commercially available thermochromic ink (TM-55-blue) and silver nanowire (AgNW)-coated polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is proposed. Lower resistance, elevated heat generation, and higher transparencies were the expected essential prerequisites for the fabrication of items such as smart windows and window defrosters. AgNW-coated PDMS (hereafter PH devices) satisfied the essential prerequisites but did not produce sufficient color change. In addition to the appreciable electrical and optical characteristics and mechanical robustness, observable color changes represent a critical factor in effortless temperature monitoring by the heating device. Blending TM-55-blue thermochromic ink with PDMS (PBH device) improves the heating rate and color transformation and promotes the ultralow response time appreciably. More notably, it produces a visible transformation from blue to colorless. Color changes visible to the naked eye, ultralow response time, and heating rate represent valuable features for deploying the PBH devices as window defrosters and in smart window applications. The as-designed heaters proved to be excellent candidates for employment in window defrosters, as they satisfy the essential prerequisites such as lower sheet resistance, high transparency, mechanical robustness and good stability to tensile strain.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Loganathan Veeramuthu
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials
- Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology
- National Taipei University of Technology
- 10608 Taipei
- Taiwan
| | - Bo-Yu Chen
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials
- Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology
- National Taipei University of Technology
- 10608 Taipei
- Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yi Tsai
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials
- Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology
- National Taipei University of Technology
- 10608 Taipei
- Taiwan
| | - Fang-Cheng Liang
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials
- Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology
- National Taipei University of Technology
- 10608 Taipei
- Taiwan
| | - Manikandan Venkatesan
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials
- Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology
- National Taipei University of Technology
- 10608 Taipei
- Taiwan
| | - Dai-Hua Jiang
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials
- Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology
- National Taipei University of Technology
- 10608 Taipei
- Taiwan
| | - Chin-Wen Chen
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials
- Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology
- National Taipei University of Technology
- 10608 Taipei
- Taiwan
| | - Xingke Cai
- Institute for Advanced Study
- Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen
- P. R. China
| | - Chi-Ching Kuo
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials
- Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology
- National Taipei University of Technology
- 10608 Taipei
- Taiwan
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Kang MS, Joh H, Kim H, Yun HW, Kim D, Woo HK, Lee WS, Hong SH, Oh SJ. Synergetic effects of ligand exchange and reduction process enhancing both electrical and optical properties of Ag nanocrystals for multifunctional transparent electrodes. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:18415-18422. [PMID: 30256372 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr05212c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we introduce a low cost, room-temperature and atmospheric pressure based chemical method to produce highly transparent, conductive, and flexible nano-mesh structured electrodes using Ag nanocrystals (NCs). Sequential treatments of ligand exchange and reduction processes were developed to engineer the optoelectronic properties of Ag NC thin films. Combinatorial analysis indicates that the origin of the relatively low conductivity comes from the non-metallic compounds that are introduced during ligand exchange. The reduction process successfully removed these non-metallic compounds, yielding structurally uniform, optically more transparent, dispersive, and electrically more conductive thin films. We optimized the design of Ag NC thin film mesh structures, and achieved low sheet resistance (9.12 Ω □-1), high optical transmittance (94.7%), and the highest figure of merit (FOM) of 6.37 × 10-2. Solution processed flexible transparent heaters, touch pads, and wearable sensors are demonstrated, emphasizing the potential applications of Ag NC transparent electrodes in multifunctional sensors and devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Su Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Seo HJ, Nah YC, Kim HK. Roll-to-roll sputtered and patterned Cu 2-x O/Cu/Cu 2-x O multilayer grid electrode for flexible smart windows. RSC Adv 2018; 8:26968-26977. [PMID: 35541081 PMCID: PMC9083334 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra03252a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We fabricated cost-effective Cu2-x O/Cu/Cu2-x O multilayer grid electrodes using roll-to-roll (RTR) sputtering and patterning processes for use as transparent and flexible electrodes in flexible smart windows. To optimize the patterned Cu2-x O/Cu/Cu2-x O multilayer grid, the electrical and optical properties of the Cu2-x O/Cu/Cu2-x O multilayer grid electrodes were investigated as a function of grid width and pitch, which directly influence the filling factor of the grid. At the optimized grid width of 16 and pitch of 600 μm, the Cu2-x O/Cu/Cu2-x O multilayer grid had a sheet resistance of 7.17 Ohm per square and an optical transmittance of 87.6%. In addition, the mechanical properties of the optimized Cu2-x O/Cu/Cu2-x O multilayer grid electrode was compared to those of brittle ITO electrodes to demonstrate its outstanding flexibility. To show the potential of the Cu2-x O/Cu/Cu2-x O multilayer grid for smart windows, we fabricated a flexible and transparent thin film heater (TFH) and a flexible electrochromic (EC) device, which are key components of smart windows. The low saturation voltage of the Cu2-x O/Cu/Cu2-x O grid-based TFH and the fast on-off performance of the Cu2-x O/Cu/Cu2-x O grid-based EC device indicates that the RTR-processed Cu2-x O/Cu/Cu2-x O multilayer grid is promising as a low-cost and large-area flexible transparent electrode for high-performance smart windows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeong-Jin Seo
- School of Advanced Materials Science & Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University 2066 Seobu-ro Jangan-gu, Suwon Gyeonggi-do 440-746 Republic of Korea +82-31-290-7410 +82-31-290-7390
| | - Yoon-Chae Nah
- IPCE, Dept. of Energy, Materials, and Chemical Engineering, Korea University of Technology and Education Cheonan 31253 Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Ki Kim
- School of Advanced Materials Science & Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University 2066 Seobu-ro Jangan-gu, Suwon Gyeonggi-do 440-746 Republic of Korea +82-31-290-7410 +82-31-290-7390
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12
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Zhang C, Khan A, Cai J, Liang C, Liu Y, Deng J, Huang S, Li G, Li WD. Stretchable Transparent Electrodes with Solution-Processed Regular Metal Mesh for an Electroluminescent Light-Emitting Film. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:21009-21017. [PMID: 29799181 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b06691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We report stretchable metal-mesh transparent electrodes (TEs) with excellent electrical conductivity (<2 Ω/sq) and optical transparency (>80%) under up to 55% strain. The figures of merit on these electrodes, as defined as the ratio between electrical conductivity and optical conductivity, are among the highest reported for stretchable TEs under moderate stretching. Moreover, we demonstrate their application in a stretchable electroluminescent (EL) light-emitting film as top and bottom electrodes. EL lighting devices require low-resistance electrodes to unleash their potential for large-area low-power-consumption applications, in which our highly conductive and transparent stretchable TEs provide an edge on other competitor approaches. Importantly, our stretchable metal-mesh electrodes are fabricated through a vacuum-free solution-processed approach that is scalable for cost-effective mass production. We also investigate the fracture and fatigue mechanisms of stretchable metal-mesh electrodes with various mesh patterns and observe different behaviors under one-time and cyclic stretching conditions. Our solution-processed fabrication method, failure mechanism investigation, and device demonstration for metal-mesh stretchable TEs will facilitate the adoption of this promising high-performance approach in stretchable and wearable electronics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiping Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam , Hong Kong , China
- HKU-Zhejiang Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-ZIRI) , Hangzhou 311300 Zhejiang , China
| | - Arshad Khan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam , Hong Kong , China
| | - Jingxuan Cai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam , Hong Kong , China
- HKU-Zhejiang Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-ZIRI) , Hangzhou 311300 Zhejiang , China
| | - Chuwei Liang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam , Hong Kong , China
- HKU-Zhejiang Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-ZIRI) , Hangzhou 311300 Zhejiang , China
| | | | | | | | | | - Wen-Di Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam , Hong Kong , China
- HKU-Zhejiang Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-ZIRI) , Hangzhou 311300 Zhejiang , China
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