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Zhao J, Tian X, Wang J. Conical diffractions of multilayered gratings modeled by Cartesian rigorous coupled-wave analysis. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2023; 40:1940-1946. [PMID: 37855550 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.499890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Rigorous coupled-wave analysis (RCWA) has become one of the most efficient electromagnetic solvers to cope with the diffractions of large-scale periodic nanostructures. Conventional RCWAs focus on planar diffractions and their iterative stabilities. Conical diffractions, as more general incidence cases, are paid little attention in developing their universal and stable implementations for multilayered gratings. Here, we reformulate RCWA algorithms step by step for conical diffractions in a global Cartesian coordinate system. By applying some mathematics tricks, it is found that boundary conditions in conical diffractions can be reduced to the same forms as that of planar diffractions. Conventional stable algorithms including enhanced transmittance matrices and scattering matrices can be directly implemented to attain robust diffraction efficiencies as well as electromagnetic fields for multilayered gratings. An exemplary application in diffractive-waveguide-based augmented reality verified our algorithms.
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2
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Lee SA, Ostovar B, Landes CF, Link S. Spectroscopic signatures of plasmon-induced charge transfer in gold nanorods. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:064702. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0078621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A. Lee
- Department of Chemistry, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Behnaz Ostovar
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Christy F. Landes
- Department of Chemistry, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
- Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Stephan Link
- Department of Chemistry, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
- Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
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3
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Ma H, Tian Y, Jiao A, Wang C, Zhang M, Zheng L, Li G, Li S, Chen M. Extraordinary approach to further boost plasmonic NIR-SERS by cryogenic temperature-suppressed non-radiative recombination. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:670-673. [PMID: 35103704 DOI: 10.1364/ol.447995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We report an effective strategy to promote the near-infrared surface-enhanced Raman scattering spectroscopy (NIR-SERS) activity by boosting the photon-induced charge transfer (PICT) efficiency at cryogenic temperature. Based on as-prepared Au/Ag nano-urchins (NUs) with abundant surface defects, the extremely low temperature (77 K) can significantly weaken the metallic lattice vibration and reduce the recombination of thermal phonons and photoexcited electrons, then accelerate the migration of energetic electrons. It enables the NIR-SERS detection limit of dye molecules to be achieved at 10-17 M, which is nearly three orders of magnitude better than that at room temperature. The present work provides a new, to the best of our knowledge, approach for ultra-trace NIR-SERS bioanalysis.
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Miao P, Chen YT, Pan L, Horneber A, Greulich K, Chassé T, Peisert H, Adam PM, Xu P, Meixner A, Zhang D. Inhomogeneous defect distribution of triangular WS2 monolayer revealed by surface-enhanced and tip-enhanced Raman and photoluminescence spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:034702. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0078113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Miao
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
- Center for Light-Matter-Interaction, Sensors and Analytics (LISA+), Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Yu-Ting Chen
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Center for Light-Matter-Interaction, Sensors and Analytics (LISA+), Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lin Pan
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Center for Light-Matter-Interaction, Sensors and Analytics (LISA+), Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Laboratoire Lumière, nanomatériaux et nanotechnologies – L2n, Université de Technologie de Troyes & CNRS EMR 7004, 12 Rue Marie Curie, CS42060, 10004 Troyes Cedex, France
| | - Anke Horneber
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Center for Light-Matter-Interaction, Sensors and Analytics (LISA+), Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katharina Greulich
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Center for Light-Matter-Interaction, Sensors and Analytics (LISA+), Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Chassé
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Center for Light-Matter-Interaction, Sensors and Analytics (LISA+), Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Heiko Peisert
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Center for Light-Matter-Interaction, Sensors and Analytics (LISA+), Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Pierre-Michel Adam
- Laboratoire Lumière, nanomatériaux et nanotechnologies – L2n, Université de Technologie de Troyes & CNRS EMR 7004, 12 Rue Marie Curie, CS42060, 10004 Troyes Cedex, France
| | - Ping Xu
- Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Alfred Meixner
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Center for Light-Matter-Interaction, Sensors and Analytics (LISA+), Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dai Zhang
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Center for Light-Matter-Interaction, Sensors and Analytics (LISA+), Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Wang J, Baudrion AL, Béal J, Horneber A, Tang F, Butet J, Martin OJF, Meixner AJ, Adam PM, Zhang D. Hot carrier-mediated avalanche multiphoton photoluminescence from coupled Au-Al nanoantennas. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:074701. [PMID: 33607882 DOI: 10.1063/5.0032611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Avalanche multiphoton photoluminescence (AMPL) is observed from coupled Au-Al nanoantennas under intense laser pumping, which shows more than one order of magnitude emission intensity enhancement and distinct spectral features compared with ordinary metallic photoluminescence. The experiments are conducted by altering the incident laser intensity and polarization using a home-built scanning confocal optical microscope. The results show that AMPL originates from the recombination of avalanche hot carriers that are seeded by multiphoton ionization. Notably, at the excitation stage, multiphoton ionization is shown to be assisted by the local electromagnetic field enhancement produced by coupled plasmonic modes. At the emission step, the giant AMPL intensity can be evaluated as a function of the local field environment and the thermal factor for hot carriers, in accordance with a linear relationship between the power law exponent coefficient and the emitted photon energy. The dramatic change in the spectral profile is explained by spectral linewidth broadening mechanisms. This study offers nanospectroscopic evidence of both the potential optical damages for plasmonic nanostructures and the underlying physical nature of light-matter interactions under a strong laser field; it illustrates the significance of the emerging topics of plasmonic-enhanced spectroscopy and laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyong Wang
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anne-Laure Baudrion
- Light, Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, University of Technology of Troyes, 12 Rue Marie Curie, CS42060, 10004 Troyes Cedex, France
| | - Jérémie Béal
- Light, Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, University of Technology of Troyes, 12 Rue Marie Curie, CS42060, 10004 Troyes Cedex, France
| | - Anke Horneber
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Feng Tang
- Light, Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, University of Technology of Troyes, 12 Rue Marie Curie, CS42060, 10004 Troyes Cedex, France
| | - Jérémy Butet
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory (NAM), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier J F Martin
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory (NAM), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alfred J Meixner
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Pierre-Michel Adam
- Light, Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, University of Technology of Troyes, 12 Rue Marie Curie, CS42060, 10004 Troyes Cedex, France
| | - Dai Zhang
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Gürdal E, Horneber A, Meixner AJ, Kern DP, Zhang D, Fleischer M. Enhancement of the second harmonic signal of nonlinear crystals by a single metal nanoantenna. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:23105-23115. [PMID: 33180087 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr05696k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This work fundamentally investigates how the second harmonic generation (SHG) from commercial nonlinear crystals can be boosted by the addition of individual optical nanoantennas. Frequency conversion plays an important role in modern non-linear optics, and nonlinear crystals have become a widely used building block for non-linear processes. Still, SHG remains hampered by limited conversion efficiency. To strengthen SHG from the crystal surface, we investigate the interaction of LiNbO3 crystals with individual gold nanodiscs. The scattered intensities and resonance frequencies of the nanodiscs are analyzed by dark-field spectroscopy and simulations. Subsequently, the discs on LiNbO3 are excited by a pulsed femtosecond laser in a parabolic mirror setup. Comparing the SHG at the position of a single nanodisc at resonance on the crystal with that of the unstructured crystal and of gold nanodiscs on a reference substrate, local SHG enhancement of up to a factor of three was achieved in the focal volume through the presence of the antenna.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emre Gürdal
- Institute for Applied Physics, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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Wang J, Coillet A, Demichel O, Wang Z, Rego D, Bouhelier A, Grelu P, Cluzel B. Saturable plasmonic metasurfaces for laser mode locking. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2020; 9:50. [PMID: 32257181 PMCID: PMC7109045 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-020-0291-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Metamaterials are artificial materials made of subwavelength elementary cells that give rise to unexpected wave properties that do not exist naturally. However, these properties are generally achieved due to 3D patterning, which is hardly feasible at short wavelengths in the visible and near-infrared regions targeted by most photonic applications. To overcome this limitation, metasurfaces, which are the 2D counterparts of metamaterials, have emerged as promising platforms that are compatible with planar nanotechnologies and thus mass production, which platforms the properties of a metamaterial into a 2D sheet. In the linear regime, wavefront manipulation for lensing, holography, and polarization control has been achieved recently. Interest in metasurfaces operating in the nonlinear regime has also increased due to the ability of metasurfaces to efficiently convert incident light into harmonic frequencies with unusual polarization properties. However, to date, the nonlinear absorption of metasurfaces has been mostly ignored. Here, we demonstrate that plasmonic metasurfaces behave as saturable absorbers with modulation performances superior to the modulation performance of other 2D materials and exhibit unusual polarimetric nonlinear transfer functions. We quantify the link between saturable absorption, the plasmonic resonances of the unit cell and their distribution in a 2D metasurface, and finally provide a practical implementation by integrating the metasurfaces into a fiber laser cavity operating in pulsed regimes driven by the metasurface properties. As such, this work provides new perspectives on ultrathin nonlinear saturable absorbers for applications where tunable nonlinear transfer functions are needed, such as in ultrafast lasers or neuromorphic circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyong Wang
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9 avenue Alain Savary, 21078 Dijon, France
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, 310024 Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province China
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, 310024 Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province China
| | - Aurelien Coillet
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9 avenue Alain Savary, 21078 Dijon, France
| | - Olivier Demichel
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9 avenue Alain Savary, 21078 Dijon, France
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9 avenue Alain Savary, 21078 Dijon, France
| | - Davi Rego
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9 avenue Alain Savary, 21078 Dijon, France
- Department of Electrotechnology, Federal Institute of Bahia, R. Emídio dos Santos, 40301015 Salvador, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Bouhelier
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9 avenue Alain Savary, 21078 Dijon, France
| | - Philippe Grelu
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9 avenue Alain Savary, 21078 Dijon, France
| | - Benoit Cluzel
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9 avenue Alain Savary, 21078 Dijon, France
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Gürdal E, Horneber A, Shaqqura N, Meixner AJ, Kern DP, Zhang D, Fleischer M. Enhancement of the second harmonic signal of nonlinear crystals by self-assembled gold nanoparticles. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:104711. [PMID: 32171201 DOI: 10.1063/1.5139893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In second harmonic generation (SHG), the energy of two incoming photons, e.g., from a femtosecond laser, can be combined in one outgoing photon of twice the energy, e.g., by means of a nonlinear crystal. The SHG efficiency, however, is limited. In this work, the harvested signal is maximized by composing a hybrid system consisting of a nonlinear crystal with a dense coverage of plasmonic nanostructures separated by narrow gaps. The method of self-assembled diblock-copolymer-based micellar lithography with subsequent electroless deposition is employed to cover the whole surface of a lithium niobate (LiNbO3) crystal. The interaction of plasmonic nanostructures with light leads to a strong electric near-field in the adjacent crystal. This near-field is harnessed to enhance the near-surface SHG signal from the nonlinear crystal. At the plasmon resonance of the gold nanoparticles, a pronounced enhancement of about 60-fold SHG is observed compared to the bare crystal within the confocal volume of a laser spot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emre Gürdal
- Institute for Applied Physics and Center LISA, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anke Horneber
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry and Center LISA, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nadim Shaqqura
- Institute for Applied Physics and Center LISA, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alfred J Meixner
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry and Center LISA, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dieter P Kern
- Institute for Applied Physics and Center LISA, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dai Zhang
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry and Center LISA, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Monika Fleischer
- Institute for Applied Physics and Center LISA, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Wang J, Butet J, Bernasconi GD, Baudrion AL, Lévêque G, Horrer A, Horneber A, Martin OJF, Meixner AJ, Fleischer M, Adam PM, Zhang D. Strong second-harmonic generation from Au-Al heterodimers. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:23475-23481. [PMID: 31799534 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr07644a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Second-harmonic generation (SHG) is investigated from three kinds of lithographically fabricated plasmonic systems: Al monomers, Au monomers and Au-Al heterodimers with nanogaps of 20 nm. Spectrally integrated SHG intensities and the linear optical responses are recorded and compared. The results show that for the monomer nanoantennas, the SHG signal depends sensitively on the linear excitation of the plasmon resonance by the fundamental wavelength. For Au-Al heterodimer nanoantennas, apart from fundamental resonant excitation, nonlinear optical factors such as SH driving fields and phase interferences need to be taken into account, which play significant roles at the excitation and scattering stages of SHG radiation. It is interesting to note that a possible energy transfer process could take place between the two constituting nanoparticles (NPs) in the Au-Al heterodimers. Excited at the linear plasmon resonance, the Au NP transfers the absorbed energy from the fundamental field to the nearby Al NP, which efficiently scatters SHG to the far-field, giving rise to an enhanced SHG intensity. The mechanisms reported here provide new approaches to boost the far-field SHG radiation by taking full advantage of strongly coupled plasmonic oscillations and the synergism from materials of different compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyong Wang
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany. and Light, Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, University of Technology of Troyes, 12 Rue Marie Curie, CS42060, 10004 Troyes Cedex, France. and Center for Light-Matter-Interaction, Sensors and Analytics (LISA+), Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany and Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, 310024 Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China and Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, 310024 Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jérémy Butet
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory (NAM), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gabriel David Bernasconi
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory (NAM), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anne-Laure Baudrion
- Light, Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, University of Technology of Troyes, 12 Rue Marie Curie, CS42060, 10004 Troyes Cedex, France.
| | - Gaëtan Lévêque
- Institut d'Electronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie (IEMN, CNRS-8520), Cité Scientifique, Avenue Poincaré, 59652 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Andreas Horrer
- Light, Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, University of Technology of Troyes, 12 Rue Marie Curie, CS42060, 10004 Troyes Cedex, France. and Institute for Applied Physics, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anke Horneber
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany. and Center for Light-Matter-Interaction, Sensors and Analytics (LISA+), Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Olivier J F Martin
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory (NAM), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alfred J Meixner
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany. and Center for Light-Matter-Interaction, Sensors and Analytics (LISA+), Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Monika Fleischer
- Center for Light-Matter-Interaction, Sensors and Analytics (LISA+), Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany and Institute for Applied Physics, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Pierre-Michel Adam
- Light, Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, University of Technology of Troyes, 12 Rue Marie Curie, CS42060, 10004 Troyes Cedex, France.
| | - Dai Zhang
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany. and Center for Light-Matter-Interaction, Sensors and Analytics (LISA+), Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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