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Bhatt K, Kandar S, Kumar N, Kapoor A, Singh R. Effective concentration ratio driven phase engineering of MBE-grown few-layer MoTe 2. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:15381-15395. [PMID: 39092858 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr00687a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
The polymorphic nature of ultrathin transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) materials makes the phase engineering of these materials an interesting field of investigation. Understanding the phase-controlling behavior of different growth parameters is crucial for obtaining large-area growth of a desirable phase. Here, we report a detailed study on the effect of growth parameters for engineering different phases of few-layer MoTe2 on sapphire using molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). Our study shows that the 2H phase of MoTe2 is stabilized in a certain regime of the flux ratio and growth temperature, while on both the lower, as well as, the higher sides of this regime, the 1T' phase is favored. The combined effect of growth parameters is explained using the effective concentration ratio of Te and Mo at the growth surface, which is found to be the primary factor governing the phase selectivity in few-layer MoTe2. XPS and KPFM investigations show the contribution of excess carrier doping in driving the phase change. The effect of the sapphire substrate on the crystallinity and phase-dependent morphological features has also been studied. This knowledge of versatile and controlled phase engineering of few-layer MoTe2 paves the way for fabricating large-scale hetero-phase-based metal-semiconductor heterostructures for future electronic and optoelectronic device applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamlesh Bhatt
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India.
| | - Santanu Kandar
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India.
| | - Nand Kumar
- School of Interdisciplinary Research (SIRe), Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Ashok Kapoor
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India.
| | - Rajendra Singh
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India.
- School of Interdisciplinary Research (SIRe), Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
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2
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Demirkol Ö, Sevik C, Demiroğlu İ. First principles assessment of the phase stability and transition mechanisms of designated crystal structures of pristine and Janus transition metal dichalcogenides. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:7430-7441. [PMID: 35266937 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp05642e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (TMDs) possessing extraordinary physical properties at reduced dimensionality have attracted interest due to their promise in electronic and optical device applications. However, TMD monolayers can show a broad range of different properties depending on their crystal phase; for example, H phases are usually semiconductors, while the T phases are metallic. Thus, controlling phase transitions has become critical for device applications. In this study, the energetically low-lying crystal structures of pristine and Janus TMDs are investigated by using ab initio Nudged Elastic Band and molecular dynamics simulations to provide a general explanation for their phase stability and transition properties. Across all materials investigated, the T phase is found to be the least stable and the H phase is the most stable except for WTe2, while the T' and T'' phases change places according to the TMD material. The transition energy barriers are found to be large enough to hint that even the higher energy phases are unlikely to undergo a phase transition to a more stable phase if they can be achieved except for the least stable T phase, which has zero barrier towards the T' phase. Indeed, in molecular dynamics simulations the thermodynamically least stable T phase transformed into the T' phase spontaneously while in general no other phase transition was observed up to 2100 K for the other three phases. Thus, the examined T', T'' and H phases were shown to be mostly stable and do not readily transform into another phase. Furthermore, so-called mixed phase calculations considered in our study explain the experimentally observed lateral hybrid structures and point out that the coexistence of different phases is strongly stable against phase transitions. Indeed, stable complex structures such as metal-semiconductor-metal architectures, which have immense potential to be used in future device applications, are also possible based on our investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Öznur Demirkol
- Department of Physics, Eskişehir Technical University, Eskişehir, TR 26470, Turkey
| | - Cem Sevik
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eskişehir Technical University, Eskisehir, TR 26555, Turkey.,Department of Physics, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - İlker Demiroğlu
- Department of Advanced Technologies, Eskişehir Technical University, Eskisehir, TR 26555, Turkey.
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3
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Guan MX, Liu XB, Chen DQ, Li XY, Qi YP, Yang Q, You PW, Meng S. Optical Control of Multistage Phase Transition via Phonon Coupling in MoTe_{2}. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:015702. [PMID: 35061482 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.015702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The temporal characters of laser-driven phase transition from 2H to 1T^{'} has been investigated in the prototype MoTe_{2} monolayer. This process is found to be induced by fundamental electron-phonon interactions, with an unexpected phonon excitation and coupling pathway closely related to the nonequilibrium relaxation of photoexcited electrons. The order-to-order phase transformation is dissected into three substages, involving energy and momentum scattering processes from optical (A_{1}^{'} and E^{'}) to acoustic phonon modes [LA(M)] in subpicosecond timescale. An intermediate metallic state along the nonadiabatic transition pathway is also identified. These results have profound implications on nonequilibrium phase engineering strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Xue Guan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xin-Bao Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Da-Qiang Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xuan-Yi Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Ying-Peng Qi
- Center for Ultrafast Science and Technology, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Qing Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Pei-Wei You
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Sheng Meng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
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4
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Costantini R, Cilento F, Salvador F, Morgante A, Giorgi G, Palummo M, Dell’Angela M. Photo-induced lattice distortion in 2H-MoTe2 probed by time-resolved core level photoemission. Faraday Discuss 2022; 236:429-441. [DOI: 10.1039/d1fd00105a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The technological interest in MoTe2 as a phase engineered material is related to the possibility of triggering the 2H-1T’ phase transition by optical excitation, potentially allowing for an accurate patterning...
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5
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Marini G, Calandra M. Light-Tunable Charge Density Wave Orders in MoTe_{2} and WTe_{2} Single Layers. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:257401. [PMID: 35029411 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.257401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
By using constrained density functional theory modeling, we demonstrate that ultrafast optical pumping unveils hidden charge orders in group VI monolayer transition metal ditellurides. We show that irradiation of the insulating 2H phases stabilizes multiple transient charge density wave orders with light-tunable distortion, periodicity, electronic structure, and band gap. Moreover, optical pumping of the semimetallic 1T^{'} phases generates a transient charge ordered metallic phase composed of 2D diamond clusters. For each transient phase we identify the critical fluence at which it is observed and the specific optical and Raman fingerprints to directly compare with future ultrafast pump-probe experiments. Our work demonstrates that it is possible to stabilize charge density waves even in insulating 2D transition metal dichalcogenides by ultrafast irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Marini
- Graphene Labs, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego, I-16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Matteo Calandra
- Graphene Labs, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego, I-16163 Genova, Italy
- Department of Physics, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 14, 38123 Povo, Italy
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut des Nanosciences de Paris, UMR7588, F-75252, Paris, France
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6
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Li Y, Wang M, Yi Y, Lu C, Dou S, Sun J. Metallic Transition Metal Dichalcogenides of Group VIB: Preparation, Stabilization, and Energy Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2005573. [PMID: 33734605 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202005573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Layered transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) of group VIB have been widely used in the realms of energy storage and conversions. Along with the existence of semiconducting states, their metallic phases have recently attracted numerous attentions owing to their fascinating physical and chemical properties. Many efforts have been devoted to obtain metallic TMDs with high purity and yield. Nevertheless, such metallic phase is thermodynamically metastable and tends to convert into semiconducting phase, which necessitates the exploration over effective strategies to ensure the stability. In this review, typical fabrication routes are introduced and those critical factors during preparation are elaborately discussed. Moreover, the stabilized strategies are summarized with concrete examples highlighting the key mechanisms toward efficient stabilization. Finally, emerging energy applications are overviewed. This review presents comprehensive research status of metallic group VIB TMDs, aiming to facilitate further scientific investigations and promote future practical applications in the fields of energy storage and conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihui Li
- College of Energy, Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationS (SIEMIS), Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, 688 Moye Road, Suzhou, 215006, P. R. China
| | - Menglei Wang
- College of Energy, Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationS (SIEMIS), Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, 688 Moye Road, Suzhou, 215006, P. R. China
| | - Yuyang Yi
- College of Energy, Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationS (SIEMIS), Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, 688 Moye Road, Suzhou, 215006, P. R. China
| | - Chen Lu
- College of Energy, Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationS (SIEMIS), Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, 688 Moye Road, Suzhou, 215006, P. R. China
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Shixue Dou
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Jingyu Sun
- College of Energy, Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationS (SIEMIS), Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, 688 Moye Road, Suzhou, 215006, P. R. China
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7
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Wu J, Ma H, Yin P, Ge Y, Zhang Y, Li L, Zhang H, Lin H. Two‐Dimensional Materials for Integrated Photonics: Recent Advances and Future Challenges. SMALL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/smsc.202000053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jianghong Wu
- Key Lab. of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang College of Information Science & Electronic Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province School of Engineering Westlake University Hangzhou 310024 China
- Institute of Advanced Technology Westlake Institute for Advanced Study 18 Shilongshan Road Hangzhou 310024 China
| | - Hui Ma
- Key Lab. of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang College of Information Science & Electronic Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Peng Yin
- Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics Collaborative Innovation Centre for Optoelectronic Science & Technology International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Photonic Information Technology Guangdong Laboratory of Artificial
| | - Yanqi Ge
- Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics Collaborative Innovation Centre for Optoelectronic Science & Technology International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Photonic Information Technology Guangdong Laboratory of Artificial
| | - Yupeng Zhang
- Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics Collaborative Innovation Centre for Optoelectronic Science & Technology International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Photonic Information Technology Guangdong Laboratory of Artificial
| | - Lan Li
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province School of Engineering Westlake University Hangzhou 310024 China
- Institute of Advanced Technology Westlake Institute for Advanced Study 18 Shilongshan Road Hangzhou 310024 China
| | - Han Zhang
- Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics Collaborative Innovation Centre for Optoelectronic Science & Technology International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Photonic Information Technology Guangdong Laboratory of Artificial
| | - Hongtao Lin
- Key Lab. of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang College of Information Science & Electronic Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
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8
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Attar AR, Chang HT, Britz A, Zhang X, Lin MF, Krishnamoorthy A, Linker T, Fritz D, Neumark DM, Kalia RK, Nakano A, Ajayan P, Vashishta P, Bergmann U, Leone SR. Simultaneous Observation of Carrier-Specific Redistribution and Coherent Lattice Dynamics in 2H-MoTe 2 with Femtosecond Core-Level Spectroscopy. ACS NANO 2020; 14:15829-15840. [PMID: 33085888 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c06988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We employ few-femtosecond extreme ultraviolet (XUV) transient absorption spectroscopy to reveal simultaneously the intra- and interband carrier relaxation and the light-induced structural dynamics in nanoscale thin films of layered 2H-MoTe2 semiconductor. By interrogating the valence electronic structure via localized Te 4d (39-46 eV) and Mo 4p (35-38 eV) core levels, the relaxation of the photoexcited hole distribution is directly observed in real time. We obtain hole thermalization and cooling times of 15 ± 5 fs and 380 ± 90 fs, respectively, and an electron-hole recombination time of 1.5 ± 0.1 ps. Furthermore, excitations of coherent out-of-plane A1g (5.1 THz) and in-plane E1g (3.7 THz) lattice vibrations are visualized through oscillations in the XUV absorption spectra. By comparison to Bethe-Salpeter equation simulations, the spectral changes are mapped to real-space excited-state displacements of the lattice along the dominant A1g coordinate. By directly and simultaneously probing the excited carrier distribution dynamics and accompanying femtosecond lattice displacement in 2H-MoTe2 within a single experiment, our work provides a benchmark for understanding the interplay between electronic and structural dynamics in photoexcited nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Attar
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Hung-Tzu Chang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Alexander Britz
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Ming-Fu Lin
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Aravind Krishnamoorthy
- Collaboratory for Advanced Computing and Simulations, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Thomas Linker
- Collaboratory for Advanced Computing and Simulations, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - David Fritz
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Daniel M Neumark
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Rajiv K Kalia
- Collaboratory for Advanced Computing and Simulations, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Aiichiro Nakano
- Collaboratory for Advanced Computing and Simulations, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Pulickel Ajayan
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Priya Vashishta
- Collaboratory for Advanced Computing and Simulations, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Uwe Bergmann
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Stephen R Leone
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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9
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Li M, Lin CY, Chang YM, Yang SH, Lee MP, Chen CF, Lee KC, Yang FS, Chou Y, Lin YC, Ueno K, Shi Y, Chou YC, Tsukagoshi K, Lin YF. Facile and Reversible Carrier-Type Manipulation of Layered MoTe 2 Toward Long-Term Stable Electronics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:42918-42924. [PMID: 32864950 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c09922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Flexible manipulation of the carrier transport behaviors in two-dimensional materials determines their values of practical application in logic circuits. Here, we demonstrated the carrier-type manipulation in field-effect transistors (FETs) containing α-phase molybdenum ditelluride (MoTe2) by a rapid thermal annealing (RTA) process in dry air for hole-dominated and electron-beam (EB) treatment for electron-dominated FETs. EB treatment induced a distinct shift of the transfer curve by around 135 V compared with that of the FET-processed RTA treatment, indicating that the carrier density of the EB-treated FET was enhanced by about 1 order of magnitude. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis revealed that the atomic ratio of Te decreased from 66.4 to 60.8% in the MoTe2 channel after EB treatment. The Fermi level is pinned near the new energy level resulting from the Te vacancies produced by the EB process, leading to the electron-dominant effect of the MoTe2 FET. The electron-dominated MoTe2 FET showed excellent stability for more than 700 days. Thus, we not only realized the reversible modulation of carrier-type in layered MoTe2 FETs but also demonstrated MoTe2 channels with desirable performance, including long-term stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjiao Li
- Department of Physics, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Che-Yi Lin
- Department of Physics, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Ming Chang
- Department of Physics, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hsien Yang
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Mu-Pai Lee
- Department of Electrophysics, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Ciao-Fen Chen
- Department of Physics, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Ko-Chun Lee
- Institute of Electronics Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Shou Yang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Institute of Electronic Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Yi Chou
- Department of Electrophysics, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chun Lin
- Instrument Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Keiji Ueno
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Yumeng Shi
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Engineering Technology Research Center for 2D Material Information Functional Devices and Systems of Guangdong Province, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yi-Chia Chou
- Department of Electrophysics, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Kazuhito Tsukagoshi
- WPI Center for Materials Nanoarchitechtonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Yen-Fu Lin
- Department of Physics, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
- Institute of Nanoscience and Research Center for Sustainable Energy and Nanotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
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10
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Wang M, Li D, Liu K, Guo Q, Wang S, Li X. Nonlinear Optical Imaging, Precise Layer Thinning, and Phase Engineering in MoTe 2 with Femtosecond Laser. ACS NANO 2020; 14:11169-11177. [PMID: 32816458 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c02649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The control of layer thickness and phase structure in two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (2D TMDCs) like MoTe2 has recently gained much attention due to their broad applications in nanoelectronics and nanophotonics. Continuous-wave laser-based thermal treatment has been demonstrated to realize layer thinning and phase engineering in MoTe2, but requires long heating time and is largely influenced by the thermal dissipation of the substrate. The ultrafast laser produces a different response but is yet to be explored. In this work, we report the nonlinear optical interactions between MoTe2 crystals and femtosecond (fs) laser, where we have realized the nonlinear optical characterization, precise layer thinning, and phase transition in MoTe2 using a single fs laser platform. By using the fs laser with a low fluence as an excitation light source, we observe the strong nonlinear optical signals of second-harmonic generation and four-wave mixing in MoTe2, which can be used to identify the odd-even layers and layer numbers, respectively. With increasing the laser fluence to the ablation threshold (Fth), we achieve layer-by-layer removal of MoTe2, while 2H-to-1T' phase transition occurs with a higher laser fluence (2Fth to 3Fth). Moreover, we obtain highly ordered subwavelength nanoripples on both the thick and few-layer MoTe2 with a controlled fluence, which can be attributed to the fs laser-induced reorganization of the molten plasma. Our study provides a simple and efficient ultrafast laser-based approach capable of characterizing the structures and modifying the physical properties of 2D TMDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Wang
- Laser Micro/Nano Fabrication Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Dawei Li
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0299, United States
| | - Kun Liu
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrument Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Qitong Guo
- Laser Micro/Nano Fabrication Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Sumei Wang
- Laser Micro/Nano Fabrication Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Xin Li
- Laser Micro/Nano Fabrication Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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11
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Demirci S, Gürel HH, Jahangirov S, Ciraci S. Temperature, strain and charge mediated multiple and dynamical phase changes of selenium and tellurium. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:3249-3258. [PMID: 31970352 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr06069c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Semiconducting selenium and tellurium in their 3D bulk trigonal structures consist of parallel and weakly interacting helical chains of atoms and display a number of peculiarities. We predict that thermal excitations, 2D compressive strain and excess charge of positive and negative polarity mediate metal-insulator transitions by transforming these semiconductors into different metallic crystal structures. When heated to high temperature, or compressed, or charged positively, they change into a simple cubic structure with metallic bands, which is very rare among elemental crystals. When charged negatively, they transform first into body-centered tetragonal and subsequently into the body-centered orthorhombic structures with increasing negative charging. These two new structures stabilized by excess electrons also have overlapping metallic bands and quasi 2D and 1D substructures of lower dimensionality. Since the external charging of crystals can be achieved through their surfaces, the effects of charging on 2D structures of selenium and tellurium are also investigated. Similar structural transformations have been mediated also in 2D nanosheets and free-standing monolayers of these elements. These phase changes assisted by phonons are dynamical, reversible and tunable; the resulting metal-insulator transitions can occur within very short time intervals and may offer important device applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salih Demirci
- UNAM-Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey.
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12
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Si C, Choe D, Xie W, Wang H, Sun Z, Bang J, Zhang S. Photoinduced Vacancy Ordering and Phase Transition in MoTe 2. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:3612-3617. [PMID: 31096752 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b00613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We show that non-equilibrium dynamics plays a central role in the photoinduced 2H-to-1T' phase transition of MoTe2. The phase transition is initiated by a local ordering of Te vacancies, followed by a 1T' structural change in the original 2H lattice. The local 1T' region serves as a seed to gather more vacancies into ordering and subsequently induces a further growth of the 1T' phase. Remarkably, this process is controlled by photogenerated excited carriers as they enhance vacancy diffusion, increase the speed of vacancy ordering, and are hence vital to the 1T' phase transition. This mechanism can be contrasted to the current model requiring a collective sliding of a whole Te atomic layer, which is thermodynamically highly unlikely. By uncovering the key roles of photoexcitations, our results may have important implications for finely controlling phase transitions in transition metal dichalcogenides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Si
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Beihang University , Beijing 100191 , People's Republic of China
- Department of Physics, Applied Physics, & Astronomy , Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy , New York 12180 , United States
| | - Dukhyun Choe
- Department of Physics, Applied Physics, & Astronomy , Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy , New York 12180 , United States
| | - Weiyu Xie
- Department of Physics, Applied Physics, & Astronomy , Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy , New York 12180 , United States
| | - Han Wang
- Department of Physics, Applied Physics, & Astronomy , Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy , New York 12180 , United States
| | - Zhimei Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Beihang University , Beijing 100191 , People's Republic of China
| | - Junhyeok Bang
- Spin Engineering Physics Team , Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI) , Daejeon 305-806 , Republic of Korea
| | - Shengbai Zhang
- Department of Physics, Applied Physics, & Astronomy , Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy , New York 12180 , United States
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Sun Y, Shuai Z, Wang D. Janus monolayer of WSeTe, a new structural phase transition material driven by electrostatic gating. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:21629-21633. [PMID: 30457143 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr08151d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Phase transition materials are widely exploited in sensors, switches, and information storage devices. However, the dynamic control of structural phase transitions in low-dimensional materials is rarely reported, except for the recent demonstration of semiconductor-semimetal transition in monolayer MoTe2 modulated by electrostatic gating. Here, based on density functional theory calculations we screen in the Janus family of transition metal dichalcogenides, MXY where M = Mo or W, X/Y = S, Se, or Te, for new two-dimensional phase transition materials. We find that the Janus monolayer of WSeTe undergoes reversible phase transitions modulated by electrostatic gating, owing to the small energy difference between H and T' phases, ET' - EH = 48 meV. The gate voltage of 2.0 V (with high dielectric gating the injected charge is ∼1013 cm-2) is required to trigger the semiconductor-semimetal transition in WSeTe. The kinetic barrier for both forward and backward phase transitions is ∼0.66 eV, which is significantly lower than that in MoTe2, leading to three orders of magnitude increase in the transition rate and much more rapid response of devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajing Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Organic Opto Electronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P R China.
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Kumazoe H, Krishnamoorthy A, Bassman L, Kalia RK, Nakano A, Shimojo F, Vashishta P. Photo-induced lattice contraction in layered materials. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2018; 30:32LT02. [PMID: 29957601 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aad022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Structural and electronic changes induced by optical excitation is a promising technique for functionalization of 2D crystals. Characterizing the effect of excited electronic states on the in-plane covalent bonding network as well as the relatively weaker out-of-plane dispersion interactions is necessary to tune photo-response in these highly anisotropic crystal structures. In-plane atom dynamics was measured using pump-probe experiments and characterized using ab initio simulations, but the effect of electronic excitation on weak out-of-plane van der Waals bonds is less well-studied. We use non-adiabatic quantum molecular dynamics to investigate atomic motion in photoexcited MoS2 bilayers. We observe a strong athermal reduction in the lattice parameter along the out-of-plane direction within 100 fs after electronic excitation, resulting from redistribution of electrons to excited states that have lesser anti-bonding character between layers. This non-trivial behavior of weakly bonded interactions during photoexcitation could have potential applications for modulating properties in materials systems containing non-covalent interactions like layered materials and polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kumazoe
- Department of Physics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
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Bassman L, Krishnamoorthy A, Kumazoe H, Misawa M, Shimojo F, Kalia RK, Nakano A, Vashishta P. Electronic Origin of Optically-Induced Sub-Picosecond Lattice Dynamics in MoSe 2 Monolayer. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:4653-4658. [PMID: 29990437 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b00474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Atomically thin layers of transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) semiconductors exhibit outstanding electronic and optical properties, with numerous applications such as valleytronics. While unusually rapid and efficient transfer of photoexcitation energy to atomic vibrations was found in recent experiments, its electronic origin remains unknown. Here, we study the lattice dynamics induced by electronic excitation in a model TMDC monolayer, MoSe2, using nonadiabatic quantum molecular dynamics simulations. Simulation results show sub-picosecond disordering of the lattice upon photoexcitation, as measured by the Debye-Waller factor, as well as increasing disorder for higher densities of photogenerated electron-hole pairs. Detailed analysis shows that the rapid, photoinduced lattice dynamics are due to phonon-mode softening, which in turn arises from electronic Fermi surface nesting. Such mechanistic understanding can help guide optical control of material properties for functionalizing TMDC layers, enabling emerging applications such as phase change memories and neuromorphic computing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hiroyuki Kumazoe
- Department of Physics , Kumamoto University , Kumamoto 860-8555 , Japan
| | - Masaaki Misawa
- Department of Physics , Kumamoto University , Kumamoto 860-8555 , Japan
| | - Fuyuki Shimojo
- Department of Physics , Kumamoto University , Kumamoto 860-8555 , Japan
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