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Wu G, Zhuang SY, Xing J, Lin Q, Li ZT, Zhang DW. Modular Strategy for Constructing para-Cage[ n]arenes, meta-Cage[ n]arenes, and meta-Bimacrocyclic-Arenes. Org Lett 2024; 26:2007-2012. [PMID: 38442042 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Here, we present a versatile modular strategy for crafting novel covalent organic cages (para-cage[n]arenes and meta-cage[n]arenes, n = 3,4) and bimacrocycles (meta-bimacrocyclic-arenes) with stable backbones and modifiable rims. These structures can be synthesized from commercially available aromatic multialdehydes in a three-step process: quantitative bromination, Suzuki-Miyaura reaction (yielding over 60%), and a rapid one-pot Friedel-Crafts reaction with paraformaldehyde. Notably, the cage[n]arenes exhibit a well-defined prismatic shape, and the bimacrocyclic-arenes display both dimeric and monomeric configurations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Sheng-Yi Zhuang
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jiabin Xing
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Qihan Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Zhan-Ting Li
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Dan-Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
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2
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Lillich FF, Willems S, Ni X, Kilu W, Borkowsky C, Brodsky M, Kramer JS, Brunst S, Hernandez-Olmos V, Heering J, Schierle S, Kestner RI, Mayser FM, Helmstädter M, Göbel T, Weizel L, Namgaladze D, Kaiser A, Steinhilber D, Pfeilschifter W, Kahnt AS, Proschak A, Chaikuad A, Knapp S, Merk D, Proschak E. Structure-Based Design of Dual Partial Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ Agonists/Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2021; 64:17259-17276. [PMID: 34818007 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Polypharmaceutical regimens often impair treatment of patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS), a complex disease cluster, including obesity, hypertension, heart disease, and type II diabetes. Simultaneous targeting of soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) synergistically counteracted MetS in various in vivo models, and dual sEH inhibitors/PPARγ agonists hold great potential to reduce the problems associated with polypharmacy in the context of MetS. However, full activation of PPARγ leads to fluid retention associated with edema and weight gain, while partial PPARγ agonists do not have these drawbacks. In this study, we designed a dual partial PPARγ agonist/sEH inhibitor using a structure-guided approach. Exhaustive structure-activity relationship studies lead to the successful optimization of the designed lead. Crystal structures of one representative compound with both targets revealed potential points for optimization. The optimized compounds exhibited favorable metabolic stability, toxicity, selectivity, and desirable activity in adipocytes and macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix F Lillich
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sabine Willems
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Xiaomin Ni
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Structural Genomics Consortium, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Whitney Kilu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Carmen Borkowsky
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Mirko Brodsky
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jan S Kramer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Steffen Brunst
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Victor Hernandez-Olmos
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60596 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jan Heering
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60596 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Simone Schierle
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Roxane-I Kestner
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Franziska M Mayser
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Moritz Helmstädter
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Tamara Göbel
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Lilia Weizel
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Dmitry Namgaladze
- Institute of Biochemistry I, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Astrid Kaiser
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Dieter Steinhilber
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Waltraud Pfeilschifter
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Astrid S Kahnt
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Anna Proschak
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Apirat Chaikuad
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Structural Genomics Consortium, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stefan Knapp
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Structural Genomics Consortium, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Daniel Merk
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ewgenij Proschak
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60596 Frankfurt, Germany
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Liu YL, Ouyang YJ, Zheng H, Liu H, Wei WT. Recent advances in acyl radical enabled reactions between aldehydes and alkenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:6111-6120. [PMID: 34113948 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc02112e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Radical-mediated functionalization of alkenes has been emerging as an elegant and straightforward protocol to increase molecule complexity. Moreover, the abstraction of a hydrogen atom from aldehydes to afford acyl radicals has evolved as a rising star due to its high atom-economy and the ready availability of aldehydes. Considering the great influence and synthetic potential of acyl radical enabled reactions between aldehydes and alkenes, we provide a summary of the state of the art in this field with a specific emphasis on the working models and corresponding mechanisms. The discussion is divided according to the kind of alkenes and reaction type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Lin Liu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Preparation Technology of Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) Fiber Material, Huaihua University, Huaihua, Hunan 418008, China.
| | - Yue-Jun Ouyang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Preparation Technology of Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) Fiber Material, Huaihua University, Huaihua, Hunan 418008, China.
| | - Hongxing Zheng
- Institution of Functional Organic Molecules and Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, China and College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Institute of New Materials & Industrial Technology, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Hongxin Liu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Institute of New Materials & Industrial Technology, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Wen-Ting Wei
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Preparation Technology of Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) Fiber Material, Huaihua University, Huaihua, Hunan 418008, China. and School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China
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