1
|
Moreira T, Manuel DM, Rosa J, Nunes RS, Vojáčková V, Jorda R, Oliveira MC, Xavier NM. Synthesis and Antiproliferative Evaluation of d-Glucuronamide-Based Nucleosides and (Triazolyl)methyl Amide-Linked Pseudodisaccharide Nucleosides. ChemMedChem 2024; 19:e202300608. [PMID: 38095428 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202300608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
The synthesis and antiproliferative evaluation of novel d-glucopyranuronamide-containing nucleosides is described. Based on our previously reported anticancer d-glucuronamide-based nucleosides, new analogues comprising N/O-dodecyl or N-propargyl substituents at the glucuronamide unit and anomerically-N-linked 2-acetamido-6-chloropurine, 6-chloropurine or 4-(6-chloropurinyl)methyl triazole motifs were synthesized in 4-6 steps starting from acetonide-protected glucofuranurono-6,3-lactone. The methodologies were based on the access to N-substituted glycopyranuronamide precursors, namely 1,2-O-acetyl derivatives or glucuronoamidyl azides for further nucleobase N-glycosylation or 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition with N9 - and N7 -propargyl-6-chloropurines, respectively. N-Propargyl glucuronamide-based N9 -purine nucleosides were converted into (triazolyl)methyl amide-6,6-linked pseudodisaccharide nucleosides via cycloaddition with methyl 6-azido-glucopyranoside. A CuI/Amberlyst A-21 catalytic system employed in the cycloaddition reactions also effected conversion into 6-dimethylaminopurine nucleosides. Antiproliferative evaluation in chronic myeloid leukemia (K562) and breast cancer (MCF-7) cells revealed significant effects exhibited by the synthesized monododecylated purine-containing nucleosides. A N-propargyl 3-O-dodecyl glucuronamide derivative comprising a N9 -β-linked 6-chloropurine moiety was the most active compound against MCF-7 cells (GI50 =11.9 μM) while a related α-(purinyl)methyltriazole nucleoside comprising a N7 -linked 6-chloropurine moiety exhibited the highest activity against K562 cells (GI50 =8.0 μM). Flow cytometry and immunoblotting analysis of apoptosis-related proteins in K562 cells treated with the N-propargyl 3-O-dodecyl glucuronamide-based N9 -linked 6-chloropurine nucleoside indicated that it acts via apoptosis induction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tânia Moreira
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Ed. C8, 5° Piso, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Domingos M Manuel
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Ed. C8, 5° Piso, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joana Rosa
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Ed. C8, 5° Piso, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rafael Santana Nunes
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Ed. C8, 5° Piso, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
- BioISI - Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Ed. C8, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Veronika Vojáčková
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Jorda
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - M Conceição Oliveira
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco País, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Nuno M Xavier
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Ed. C8, 5° Piso, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kandasamy S, Whitehead GFS, Vitórica-Yrezábal IJ, Gardiner JM. Synthesis and structure of d-glucuronolactone derived carboxamides. Carbohydr Res 2023; 524:108744. [PMID: 36706564 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2023.108744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
5-O-Protected and 1,2-acetonide-protected D-glucurono-6,3-lactone furanosides were converted into novel furano-glucuronamides through treatment with ammonia. Several O3 protections and O5-deprotection routes afford new primary gluconamide derivatives. However, attempted O3-benzylations of O5-protected intermediates led instead to silyl migration (from O5-TDBMS), competitive N-benzylation or reclosure to the lactone are observed as competing processes. This is not seen the using 5-O-PMB protection which the provides the method of choice for obtaining a fully protection-differentiated glucofuranamide. X-ray crystal structures of a fully-protected glucurono-6,3-lactone lactone and a glucuronamide derivatives are reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saravanan Kandasamy
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - George F S Whitehead
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Iñigo J Vitórica-Yrezábal
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - John M Gardiner
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kanaujiya VK, Tiwari V, Pattanaik K, Sabiah S, Kandasamy J. Synthesis of Glycouronamides by the Transamidation Approach at Room Temperature. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202200315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Varsha Tiwari
- IIT BHU: Indian Institute of Technology BHU Varanasi Chemistry INDIA
| | | | | | - Jeyakumar Kandasamy
- Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Chemistry Varanasi 221005 Varanasi INDIA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lopes JPB, Silva L, Lüdtke DS. An overview on the synthesis of carbohydrate-based molecules with biological activity related to neurodegenerative diseases. RSC Med Chem 2021; 12:2001-2015. [PMID: 35028560 PMCID: PMC8672812 DOI: 10.1039/d1md00217a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In the context of the search for multitarget drugs with improved efficacy against neurodegenerative disorders, carbohydrate derivatives have emerged as promising candidates for Alzheimer's therapy. Herein we describe the synthesis and biological evaluation of several classes of sugar-based compounds, where most of them contain heterocyclic aromatic moieties that bear known biological properties and high affinity for the cholinesterase active site. This general idea led to the synthesis of compounds with high inhibitory potency against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), enzymatic selectivity and combined properties such as antioxidant and neuroprotection, in addition to the absence of toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- João Paulo B Lopes
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Av. Bento, Gonçalves 9500, Campus do Vale 91501-970 Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - Luana Silva
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Av. Bento, Gonçalves 9500, Campus do Vale 91501-970 Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - Diogo S Lüdtke
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Av. Bento, Gonçalves 9500, Campus do Vale 91501-970 Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Fortuna A, Costa PJ, Piedade MFM, Conceição Oliveira M, Xavier NM. Synthesis of Triazole-Containing Furanosyl Nucleoside Analogues and Their Phosphate, Phosphoramidate or Phoshonate Derivatives as Potential Sugar Diphosphate or Nucleotide Mimetics. Chempluschem 2020; 85:1676-1691. [PMID: 32757384 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of stable and potentially bioactive xylofuranosyl nucleoside analogues and potential sugar diphosphate or nucleotide mimetics comprising a 1,2,3-triazole moiety is reported. 3'-O-Methyl-branched N-benzyltriazole isonucleosides were accessed in 5-7 steps and 42-54 % overall yields using a Cu(I)-catalyzed cycloaddition of 3-O-propargyl-1,2-O-isopropylidene-α-D-xylofuranose with benzyl azide as key step. Related isonucleotides were obtained by 5-O-phosphorylation of acetonide-protected 3-O-propargyl xylofuranose and further "click" cycloaddition or by Staudinger-phosphite reaction of a 5-azido N-benzyltriazole isonucleoside. Hydroxy-, amino- or bromomethyl triazole 5'-isonucleosides were synthesized by thermal cycloaddition of 5-azido 3-O-benzyl/dodecyl xylofuranoses with propargyl alcohol, propargylamine or propargyl bromide. Better yields (82-85 %) were obtained when using propargyl alcohol and a high 1,4-regioselectivity was attained with propargyl bromide. Further O/N-phosphorylation or Arbuzov reaction led to (triazolyl)methyl phosphates, phosphoramidates or phosphonates. The latter were converted into uracil nucleoside 5'-(triazolyl)methyl phosphonates as prospective nucleoside diphosphate mimetics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Fortuna
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Ed. C8, 5° Piso, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal.,University of Lisboa, Faculty of Sciences, BioISI - Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Campo Grande, C8 bdg, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Paulo J Costa
- University of Lisboa, Faculty of Sciences, BioISI - Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Campo Grande, C8 bdg, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M Fátima M Piedade
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Ed. C8, 5° Piso, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal.,Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M Conceição Oliveira
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Nuno M Xavier
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Ed. C8, 5° Piso, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Structurally Varied 5'-/6'-Isonucleosides and Theobromine-Containing N-Isonucleosidyl Derivatives. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2019; 12:ph12030103. [PMID: 31269639 PMCID: PMC6790002 DOI: 10.3390/ph12030103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Isonucleosides are rather stable regioisomeric analogs of nucleosides with broad therapeutic potential. We have previously demonstrated the ability of 5′ and 6′-isonucleosides to inhibit the activity of acetylcholinesterase, a major target for Alzheimer’s disease therapy. Continuing with our research on this topic, we report herein on the synthesis and biological evaluation of a variety of novel terminal isonucleosides and theobromine isonucleotide analogs. Xylofuranose-based purine or uracil 5′-isonucleosides and xylofuranos-5′-yl or glucos-6′-yl theobromine derivatives were accessed via Mitsunobu coupling between partially protected xylofuranose or glucofuranose derivatives with a nucleobase using conventional or microwave-assisted heating conditions. Theobromine-containing N-isonucleosidyl sulfonamide and phosphoramidate derivatives were synthesized from isonucleosidyl acetate precursors. The most active compounds in the cholinesterase inhibition assays were a glucopyranose-based theobromine isonucleosidyl acetate, acting as a dual inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE, Ki = 3.1 µM) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE, Ki = 5.4 µM), and a 2-O,4-O-bis-xylofuranos-5′-yl uracil derivative, which displayed moderate inhibition of AChE (Ki = 17.5 µM). Docking studies revealed that the active molecules are positioned at the gorge entrance and at the active site of AChE. None of the compounds revealed cytoxic activity to cancer cells as well as to non-malignant mouse fibroblasts.
Collapse
|
7
|
Nielsen MM, Mała P, Baldursson EÞ, Pedersen CM. Self-promoted and stereospecific formation of N-glycosides. Chem Sci 2019; 10:5299-5307. [PMID: 31191886 PMCID: PMC6540880 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc00857h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A stereoselective and self-promoted glycosylation for the synthesis of various N-glycosides and glycosyl sulfonamides from trichloroacetimidates is presented.
A stereoselective and self-promoted glycosylation for the synthesis of various N-glycosides and glycosyl sulfonamides from trichloroacetimidates is presented. No additional catalysts or promoters are needed in what is essentially a two-component reaction. When α-glucosyl trichloroacetimidates are employed, the reaction resulted in the stereospecific formation of the corresponding β-N-glucosides in high yields at ambient conditions. On the other hand, when equatorial glucosyl donors were used, the stereospecificity decreased and resulted in a mixture of anomers. By NMR-studies, it was concluded that this decrease in stereospecificity was due to an, until now, unpresented anomerization of the trichloroacetimidate under the very mildly acidic conditions. The mechanism and kinetics of the glycosylations have been studied by NMR-experiments, which gave an insight into the activation of trichloroacetimidates, suggesting an SNi-like mechanism involving ion pairs. The scope of glycosyl donors and sulfonamides was found to be very broad including popular N-protective groups and common glycosyl donors of various reactivity. Peracetylated GlcNAc trichloroacetimidate could be used without the need for any promotors or additives and a tyrosine side chain was glycosylated as an N-glycosyl carbamate. The N-carbamates and the N-sulfonyl groups functioned as orthogonal protective groups of the N-glycoside and hence allowed further N-functionalization without risking mutarotation of the N-glycoside. The N-glycosylation was also performed on a gram scale, without a drop in stereoselectivity nor yield.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Martin Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry , University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 5 , 2100 Copenhagen O , Denmark .
| | - Patrycja Mała
- Department of Chemistry , University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 5 , 2100 Copenhagen O , Denmark . .,Faculty of Chemistry , Adam Mickiewicz University , Umultowska 89b , 61614 Poznań , Poland
| | - Eirikur Þórir Baldursson
- Department of Chemistry , University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 5 , 2100 Copenhagen O , Denmark .
| | - Christian Marcus Pedersen
- Department of Chemistry , University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 5 , 2100 Copenhagen O , Denmark .
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Xavier NM, Goncalves-Pereira R, Jorda R, Hendrychová D, Oliveira MC. Novel dodecyl-containing azido and glucuronamide-based nucleosides exhibiting anticancer potential. PURE APPL CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2019-0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The synthesis and anticancer evaluation of new series of nucleosides constructed on 5/6-azidoglycosyl or glucuronamide moieties and containing an O- or an N-dodecyl chain, respectively, are disclosed. Based on our previous results, their structures were planned to preclude them to act via a similar metabolic pathway than that of clinically used nucleoside antimetabolites, against which cancer cells frequently acquire resistance. Xylo and gluco-configured 5/6-azido-1,2-di-O-acetyl furanosyl and pyranosyl donors containing a 3-O-dodecyl group were synthesized from diacetone-d-glucose and were subsequently coupled with silylated uracil or 2-acetamido-6-chloropurine. N-Dodecyl glucuronamide-based nucleosides were accessed from acetonide-protected glucofuranurono-6,3-lactone, which was converted in few steps into O-benzylated 1,2-di-O-acetyl furanuronamide or pyranuronamide derivatives to undergo further N-glycosylation. Both types of nucleosides demonstrated notorious antiproliferative effects in chronic myeloid leukemia (K562) and in breast cancer (MCF-7) cells. The most potent molecules were a 6ʹ-azidoglucopyranosyl N7-linked purine nucleoside and glucofuranuronamide derivatives comprising N1-linked uracil and N7-linked purine units with activities in the single-digit micromolar order of concentration against both cell lines. Their GI50 values in MCF-7 cells were similar or ca. 3-fold lower than that of the standard drug 5-fluorouracil. Cell cycle studies and immunoblotting analysis of apoptosis-associated proteins in treated K562 cells indicated that the antiproliferative effect of the most effective nucleosides is based on apoptosis induction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nuno M. Xavier
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa , Ed. C8, 2°/5° Piso, Campo Grande , 1749-016 Lisboa , Portugal
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa , Lisboa , Portugal
| | - Rita Goncalves-Pereira
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa , Ed. C8, 2°/5° Piso, Campo Grande , 1749-016 Lisboa , Portugal
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa , Lisboa , Portugal
| | - Radek Jorda
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Hana for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research , Palacky University and Institute of Experimental Botany, the Czech Academy of Sciences , Šlechtitelů 27 , 78371 Olomouc , Czech Republic
| | - Denisa Hendrychová
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Hana for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research , Palacky University and Institute of Experimental Botany, the Czech Academy of Sciences , Šlechtitelů 27 , 78371 Olomouc , Czech Republic
| | - M. Conceição Oliveira
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa , Av. Rovisco Pais , 1049-001 Lisboa , Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Elgemeie GH, Mohamed RA. Microwave chemistry: Synthesis of purine and pyrimidine nucleosides using microwave radiation. J Carbohydr Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/07328303.2018.1543430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Galal H. Elgemeie
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Helwan, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Reham A. Mohamed
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Gonçalves-Pereira R, Pereira MP, Serra SG, Loesche A, Csuk R, Silvestre S, Costa PJ, Oliveira MC, Xavier NM. Furanosyl Nucleoside Analogues Embodying Triazole or Theobromine Units as Potential Lead Molecules for Alzheimer's Disease. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rita Gonçalves-Pereira
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica; Faculdade de Ciências; Universidade de Lisboa; Ed. C8, 5° Piso, Campo Grande 1749-016 Lisboa Portugal
- Centro de Química Estrutural; Faculdade de Ciências; Universidade de Lisboa; Lisboa Portugal
| | - Margarida P. Pereira
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica; Faculdade de Ciências; Universidade de Lisboa; Ed. C8, 5° Piso, Campo Grande 1749-016 Lisboa Portugal
| | - Sofia G. Serra
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica; Faculdade de Ciências; Universidade de Lisboa; Ed. C8, 5° Piso, Campo Grande 1749-016 Lisboa Portugal
| | - Anne Loesche
- Bereich Organische Chemie; Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg; Kurt-Mothes-Str. 2 06120 Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - René Csuk
- Bereich Organische Chemie; Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg; Kurt-Mothes-Str. 2 06120 Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Samuel Silvestre
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde (CICS-UBI); Universidade da Beira Interior; Av. Infante D. Henrique 6200-506 Covilhã Portugal
- Centro de Neurociências e Biologia Celular; Universidade de Coimbra.; Rua Larga 3004-517 Coimbra Portugal
| | - Paulo J. Costa
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica; Faculdade de Ciências; Universidade de Lisboa; Ed. C8, 5° Piso, Campo Grande 1749-016 Lisboa Portugal
- BioISI - Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute; Universidade de Lisboa; Lisboa Portugal
| | - M. Conceição Oliveira
- Centro de Química Estrutural; Instituto Superior Técnico; Universidade de Lisboa; Av. Rovisco Pais 1049-001 Lisboa Portugal
| | - Nuno M. Xavier
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica; Faculdade de Ciências; Universidade de Lisboa; Ed. C8, 5° Piso, Campo Grande 1749-016 Lisboa Portugal
- Centro de Química Estrutural; Faculdade de Ciências; Universidade de Lisboa; Lisboa Portugal
| |
Collapse
|