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Firsan S, Sivakumar V, Colacot TJ. Emerging Trends in Cross-Coupling: Twelve-Electron-Based L 1Pd(0) Catalysts, Their Mechanism of Action, and Selected Applications. Chem Rev 2022; 122:16983-17027. [PMID: 36190916 PMCID: PMC9756297 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Monoligated palladium(0) species, L1Pd(0), have emerged as the most active catalytic species in the cross-coupling cycle. Today, there are methods available to generate the highly active but unstable L1Pd(0) catalysts from stable precatalysts. While the size of the ligand plays an important role in the formation of L1Pd(0) during in situ catalysis, the latter can be precisely generated from the precatalyst by various technologies. Computational, kinetic, and experimental studies indicate that all three steps in the catalytic cycle─oxidative addition, transmetalation, and reductive elimination─contain monoligated Pd. The synthesis of precatalysts, their mode of activation, application studies in model systems, as well as in industry are discussed. Ligand parametrization and AI based data science can potentially help predict the facile formation of L1Pd(0) species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharbil
J. Firsan
- Science
and Lab Solutions−Chemistry, MilliporeSigma, 6000 North Teutonia Avenue, Milwaukee, Wisconsin53209, United States
| | - Vilvanathan Sivakumar
- Merck
Life Science Pvt Ltd, No-12, Bommasandra-Jigani Link Road, Industrial Area, Bangalore560100, India
| | - Thomas J. Colacot
- Science
and Lab Solutions−Chemistry, MilliporeSigma, 6000 North Teutonia Avenue, Milwaukee, Wisconsin53209, United States
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2
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Spears RJ, McMahon C, Chudasama V. Cysteine protecting groups: applications in peptide and protein science. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:11098-11155. [PMID: 34605832 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00271f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Protecting group chemistry for the cysteine thiol group has enabled a vast array of peptide and protein chemistry over the last several decades. Increasingly sophisticated strategies for the protection, and subsequent deprotection, of cysteine have been developed, facilitating synthesis of complex disulfide-rich peptides, semisynthesis of proteins, and peptide/protein labelling in vitro and in vivo. In this review, we analyse and discuss the 60+ individual protecting groups reported for cysteine, highlighting their applications in peptide synthesis and protein science.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Clíona McMahon
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Vijay Chudasama
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, UK.
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Kobayashi K, Taguchi A, Cui Y, Shida H, Muguruma K, Takayama K, Taniguchi A, Hayashi Y. “On‐Resin” Disulfide Peptide Synthesis with Methyl 3‐Nitro‐2‐pyridinesulfenate. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202001517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kiyotaka Kobayashi
- Department of Medicinal chemistry School of Pharmacy Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences 1432-1 Horinouchi Hachioji, Tokyo 192–0392 Japan
| | - Akihiro Taguchi
- Department of Medicinal chemistry School of Pharmacy Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences 1432-1 Horinouchi Hachioji, Tokyo 192–0392 Japan
| | - Yan Cui
- Department of Medicinal chemistry School of Pharmacy Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences 1432-1 Horinouchi Hachioji, Tokyo 192–0392 Japan
| | - Hayate Shida
- Department of Medicinal chemistry School of Pharmacy Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences 1432-1 Horinouchi Hachioji, Tokyo 192–0392 Japan
| | - Kyohei Muguruma
- Department of Medicinal chemistry School of Pharmacy Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences 1432-1 Horinouchi Hachioji, Tokyo 192–0392 Japan
| | - Kentaro Takayama
- Department of Medicinal chemistry School of Pharmacy Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences 1432-1 Horinouchi Hachioji, Tokyo 192–0392 Japan
| | - Atsuhiko Taniguchi
- Department of Medicinal chemistry School of Pharmacy Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences 1432-1 Horinouchi Hachioji, Tokyo 192–0392 Japan
| | - Yoshio Hayashi
- Department of Medicinal chemistry School of Pharmacy Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences 1432-1 Horinouchi Hachioji, Tokyo 192–0392 Japan
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Banerjee I, Ghosh KC, Oheix E, Jean M, Naubron JV, Réglier M, Iranzo O, Sinha S. Synthesis of Protected 3,4- and 2,3-Dimercaptophenylalanines as Building Blocks for Fmoc-Peptide Synthesis and Incorporation of the 3,4-Analogue in a Decapeptide Using Solid-Phase Synthesis. J Org Chem 2021; 86:2210-2223. [PMID: 33491451 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
3,4-Dimercaptophenylalanines and 2,3-dimercaptophenylalanines have been synthesized for the first time by nucleophilic substitution of a protected aminomalonate on 3,4- and 2,3-dimercaptobenzyl bromide derivatives. The dithiol functions were protected as thioketals, and the key precursors, diphenylthioketal-protected dimercaptobenzyl bromides, were synthesized via two distinct routes from either dihydroxy benzoates or toluene-3,4-dithiol. Racemic mixtures of the fully protected amino acids were separated by chiral HPLC into the corresponding enantiomers. The absolute configuration of both 3,4- and 2,3-analogues could be assigned based on X-ray crystallography and VCD/DFT measurements. Thioketal groups were deprotected upon reaction with mercury oxide and aqueous tetrafluoroboric acid followed by treatment with H2S gas under an argon atmosphere to obtain the corresponding dimercapto amino acids. The optically pure l-Fmoc-protected 3,4-analogue (S- enantiomer) was successfully incorporated into a decapeptide using standard solid-phase peptide synthesis. Therefore, dithiolene-functionalized peptides are now accessible from a simple synthetic procedure, and this should afford new molecular tools for research into the catalysis, diagnostic, and nanotechnology fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isita Banerjee
- School of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Keshab Ch Ghosh
- School of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Emmanuel Oheix
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Marion Jean
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Valère Naubron
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, FSCM-Spectropole,, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Marius Réglier
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Olga Iranzo
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Surajit Sinha
- School of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700 032, India
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5
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Katayama H, Nagata K. Application of 2,2'-dipyridyl disulfide-mediated thiazolidine ring-opening reaction to glycoprotein synthesis: Total chemical synthesis of evasin-3. J Pept Sci 2020; 27:e3290. [PMID: 33118239 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Thiazolidine ring-opening reaction is one of the key steps in protein chemical synthesis via sequential native chemical ligation strategy. We recently developed a novel thiazolidine ring-opening reaction with 2,2'-dipyridyl disulfide (DPDS). In order to investigate the applicability of this reaction to glycoprotein synthesis, we synthesized evasin-3, a cysteine-rich glycoprotein with chemokine-binding ability originally found in tick saliva. The sequence of evasin-3 was divided into three segments, and these segments were separately synthesized with the ordinary solid-phase peptide synthesis method. After the first ligation of middle and C-terminal segments, thiazolidine used as a protecting group of Cys residue at the N-terminus of the middle segment was converted to Cys with DPDS. In this thiazolidine ring-opening reaction, DPDS treatment did not affect the N-linked glycan moiety. After the second ligation with the N-terminal segment and the refolding reaction, evasin-3 could be obtained in good yield. The synthetic evasin-3 showed the binding ability specifically to CXCL chemokines. These results clearly indicate that this DPDS method is useful for glycoprotein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidekazu Katayama
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, School of Engineering, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Japan
| | - Koji Nagata
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Japan
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Abstract
Abstract
Site-specific protein conjugation is a critical step in the generation of unique protein analogs for a range of basic research and therapeutic developments. Protein transformations must target a precise residue in the presence of a plethora of functional groups to obtain a well-characterized homogeneous product. Competing reactive residues on natural proteins render rapid and selective conjugation a challenging task. Organometallic reagents have recently emerged as a powerful strategy to achieve site-specific labeling of a diverse set of biopolymers, due to advances in water-soluble ligand design, high reaction rate, and selectivity. The thiophilic nature of various transition metals, especially soft metals, makes cysteine an ideal target for these reagents. The distinctive reactivity and selectivity of organometallic-based reactions, along with the unique reactivity and abundancy of cysteine within the human proteome, provide a powerful platform to modify native proteins in aqueous media. These reactions often provide the modified proteins with a stable linkage made from irreversible cross-coupling steps. Additionally, transition metal reagents have recently been applied for the decaging of cysteine residues in the context of chemical protein synthesis. Orthogonal cysteine protecting groups and functional tags are often necessary for the synthesis of challenging proteins, and organometallic reagents are powerful tools for selective, rapid, and water-compatible removal of those moieties. This review examines transition metal-based reactions of cysteine residues for the synthesis and modification of natural peptides and proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Jbara
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Department of Chemistry , 77 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , MA , 02139, USA
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7
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He R, Pan J, Mayer JP, Liu F. Stepwise Construction of Disulfides in Peptides. Chembiochem 2020; 21:1101-1111. [PMID: 31886929 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The disulfide bond plays an important role in biological systems. It defines global conformation, and ultimately the biological activity and stability of the peptide or protein. It is frequently present, singly or multiply, in biologically important peptide hormones and toxins. Numerous disulfide-containing peptides have been approved by the regulatory agencies as marketed drugs. Chemical synthesis is one of the prerequisite tools needed to gain deep insights into the structure-function relationships of these biomolecules. Along with the development of solid-phase peptide synthesis, a number of methods of disulfide construction have been established. This minireview will focus on the regiospecific, stepwise construction of multiple disulfides used in the chemical synthesis of peptides. We intend for this article to serve a reference for peptide chemists conducting complex peptide syntheses and also hope to stimulate the future development of disulfide methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongjun He
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis, 5225 Exploration Drive, Indianapolis, IN, 46241, USA
| | - Jia Pan
- Novo Nordisk Research Center China, 20 Life Science Road, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China
| | - John P Mayer
- Department of Molecular, Developmental & Cell Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Fa Liu
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Seattle, 530 Fairview Avenue North, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
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Uehling MR, King RP, Krska SW, Cernak T, Buchwald SL. Pharmaceutical diversification via palladium oxidative addition complexes. Science 2019; 363:405-408. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aac6153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions have transformed the exploration of chemical space in the search for materials, medicines, chemical probes, and other functional molecules. However, cross-coupling of densely functionalized substrates remains a major challenge. We devised an alternative approach using stoichiometric quantities of palladium oxidative addition complexes (OACs) derived from drugs or drug-like aryl halides as substrates. In most cases, cross-coupling reactions using OACs proceed under milder conditions and with higher success than the analogous catalytic reactions. OACs exhibit remarkable stability, maintaining their reactivity after months of benchtop storage under ambient conditions. We demonstrated the utility of OACs in a variety of experiments including automated nanomole-scale couplings between an OAC derived from rivaroxaban and hundreds of diverse nucleophiles, as well as the late-stage derivatization of the natural product k252a.
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Kondasinghe TD, Saraha HY, Jackowski ST, Stockdill JL. Raising the Bar On-Bead: Efficient On-Resin Synthesis of α-Conotoxin LvIA. Tetrahedron Lett 2019; 60:23-28. [PMID: 31564757 PMCID: PMC6764457 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2018.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
α4/7-Conotoxin LvIA is an isoform-selective inhibitor of the α3β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. An efficient strategy for the synthesis of this toxin is critical to advancing its utility as a probe for receptor function and as a potential pharmaceutical lead target. On-resin methods for peptide synthesis offer potential synthetic advantages; however, strategies for on-resin formation of multiple disulfides have historically been low-yielding. Here, we harness the reactivity of the Allocam protecting group and employ 3-amino acid spacer strategy to synthesize α4/7-conotoxin LvIA via three different on-resin strategies, each of which results in an isolated yield higher than prior fully on-resin approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hasina Y. Saraha
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202
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Fang GM, Chen XX, Yang QQ, Zhu LJ, Li NN, Yu HZ, Meng XM. Discovery, structure, and chemical synthesis of disulfide-rich peptide toxins and their analogs. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Arbour CA, Kondasinghe TD, Saraha HY, Vorlicek TL, Stockdill JL. Epimerization-free access to C-terminal cysteine peptide acids, carboxamides, secondary amides, and esters via complimentary strategies. Chem Sci 2017; 9:350-355. [PMID: 29629104 PMCID: PMC5868297 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc03553e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a convenient method for the diversification of peptides bearing cysteine at the C-terminus that proceeds to form a variety of carboxylic acid, carboxamide, 2° amide, and ester terminated peptides without any detectable epimerization of the α-stereocenter.
C-Terminal cysteine peptide acids are difficult to access without epimerization of the cysteine α-stereocenter. Diversification of the C-terminus after solid-phase peptide synthesis poses an even greater challenge because of the proclivity of the cysteine α-stereocenter to undergo deprotonation upon activation of the C-terminal carboxylic acid. We present herein two general strategies to access C-terminal cysteine peptide derivatives without detectable epimerization, diketopiperazine formation, or piperidinylalanine side products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine A Arbour
- Wayne State University , Department of Chemistry , Detroit , MI , USA 48202 .
| | | | - Hasina Y Saraha
- Wayne State University , Department of Chemistry , Detroit , MI , USA 48202 .
| | - Teanna L Vorlicek
- Wayne State University , Department of Chemistry , Detroit , MI , USA 48202 .
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