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Zhang Z, Chen Y, Gu X, Ho CY. (NHC)Ni(II)-Directed Insertions and Higher Substituted Olefin Synthesis from Simple Olefins. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:1070-1086. [PMID: 37036948 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusWell-controlled olefin insertion is critical for achieving catalytic and productive bulk and fine-chemical synthesis. Developing efficient and selective methods for meeting diverse insertion demands is extremely noteworthy, as it supports numerous transformations. The challenges are related to improving catalyst performance and selectivity control and uniting previously unreactive substrate pairs to achieve higher molecular structural complexity and utility. Nickel catalysts have received persistent attention in higher substituted olefin synthesis and polymerization, and numerous new strategies have been established to fulfill the ever-changing demands. This Account focuses on the recent progress based on N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands and nickel catalysts in our laboratory in using simple terminal olefins as olefin donors or acceptors.It begins with a brief history of olefin codimerization and the major advances in hydrovinylation achieved by other research groups using ethylene as an olefin donor. It then describes problems related to the reductive elimination that can occur when both the hydrometalated alkene and NHC are on the catalyst. It emphasizes the impact of NHC catalyst generation methods on the competing reactivity. Next, it explains the principal challenges and great opportunities in using our method (with α-olefins as olefin donors and alkenyl sources) to replace intermolecular reductive hydroalkenylation reactions (which require rare and more expensive alkenyl halides and boronic acids as reactants, alongside a stoichiometric amount of metallic reagents). The Account then illustrates the potential uses of our method for solving challenging organic synthesis problems using tailor-made (NHC)Ni(II) catalysts to allow redox-neutral catalytic cycles based on high chemo- and regioselective cross-insertion controls. It shows that upon optimal steric and electronic cooperation between the NHC, olefin donor, and olefin acceptor, regiodivergent insertion and convergent synthesis can be achieved easily.In the course of our work, we uncovered several unique insights into regulating (anti-)Markovnikov hydronickelation, carbonickelation, hydrocarbonation, ring closure, 1,3-allyl shift, isomerization, and catalyst regeneration under green, neutral, and mild-temperature conditions. These insights are also outlined here, along with theoretical calculations that offer additional understandings of the insertion reactivity and selectivity differences observed between the NHC and the highly related phosphorus-based Ni(II) hydride-catalyzed cross-hydroalkenylation and cycloisomerization systems.Compared to traditional olefin and cyclic structure synthesis technology, such as olefin cross-metathesis, enyne cyclization, and cross-coupling reactions, the new catalyst systems often offer previously inaccessible product structural characteristics, substrate scope, and outcomes. In particular, the method is effective for the catalytic synthesis of unsymmetrical and functionalized 1,1-disubstituted olefins (a.k.a. gem-olefins), 1,4-dienes (a.k.a. skipped dienes), conjugated dienes, endo- and exocyclic olefins, fused and spiro rings, and aromatic products. These syntheses are variously achieved by cross-hydroalkenylation, insertion-induced rearrangement, cycloadditions, and other approaches inspired by our investigations and detailed in this Account. Cross-hydroalkenylation can be achieved with high enantioselectivity by application of carefully designed and structurally flexible C1 and C2 chiral NHC ligands, yielding a pool of chiral branched alkenes and 1,4-dienes directly from simple chemical feedstocks used in industry. This Account will draw further attention to green alkenylation and the related development of redox-neutral catalytic cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifeng Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, China
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, China
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiao Gu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, China
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chun-Yu Ho
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, China
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, China
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2
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Chen Y, Chen W, Ho CY, Gu X. Our Voyage from Catalytic Cross-Hydroalkenylation to Transfer-Dehydroaromatization of Cyclic π-Systems: Reactivity and Selectivity Changes Enabled by NHC-Ni and NHC-Pd Hydride Equivalents. Synlett 2023. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1751425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
AbstractN-Heterocyclic carbene ligated transition-metal catalysts often show interesting properties and reactivity as compared to conventional ligand systems. In (NHC)Ni and (NHC)Pd hydrides, a dramatic reactivity changed from cross-hydroalkenylation to transfer-dehydroaromatization was observed under optimized conditions. This account summarizes our recent efforts and stories behind this serendipitous discovery. The mechanistic studies revealed that the keys to divert the desired reactivity are the differences in the olefin insertion selectivity and the hydrometallated species reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech)
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech)
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech)
| | - Weihao Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech)
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech)
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech)
| | - Chun-Yu Ho
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech)
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech)
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech)
| | - Xiao Gu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech)
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech)
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech)
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3
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Liu Y, Wang K, Ling B, Chen G, Li Y, Liu L, Bi S. Theoretical elucidation of the multi-functional synthetic methodology for switchable Ni(0)-catalyzed C–H allylations, alkenylations and dienylations with allenes. Catal Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cy00965b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms and origins of switchable Ni(0)-catalyzed C–H allylations, alkenylations and dienylations with allenes are theoretically elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxia Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Qufu Normal University
- Qufu 273165
- P. R. China
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology
| | - Kaifeng Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Qufu Normal University
- Qufu 273165
- P. R. China
| | - Baoping Ling
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Qufu Normal University
- Qufu 273165
- P. R. China
| | - Guang Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Qufu Normal University
- Qufu 273165
- P. R. China
| | - Yulin Li
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research & Qinghai Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Biological Resources
- Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology
- Chinese Academy of Science
- Xining 810001
- P. R. China
| | - Lingjun Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Qufu Normal University
- Qufu 273165
- P. R. China
| | - Siwei Bi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Qufu Normal University
- Qufu 273165
- P. R. China
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4
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Huang J, Ho C. [(NHC)Ni
II
H]‐Catalyzed Cross‐Hydroalkenylation of Cyclopropenes with Alkynes: Cyclopentadiene Synthesis by [(NHC)Ni
II
]‐Assisted C−C Rearrangement. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:5702-5706. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201901255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian‐Qiang Huang
- Shenzhen Grubbs InstituteDepartment of ChemistrySouthern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) China
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular SciencesWuhan University China
| | - Chun‐Yu Ho
- Shenzhen Grubbs InstituteDepartment of ChemistrySouthern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) China
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5
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Huang J, Ho C. [(NHC)Ni
II
H]‐Catalyzed Cross‐Hydroalkenylation of Cyclopropenes with Alkynes: Cyclopentadiene Synthesis by [(NHC)Ni
II
]‐Assisted C−C Rearrangement. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201901255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian‐Qiang Huang
- Shenzhen Grubbs InstituteDepartment of ChemistrySouthern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) China
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular SciencesWuhan University China
| | - Chun‐Yu Ho
- Shenzhen Grubbs InstituteDepartment of ChemistrySouthern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) China
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6
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Loup J, Müller V, Ghorai D, Ackermann L. Enantioselective Aluminum‐Free Alkene Hydroarylations through C−H Activation by a Chiral Nickel/JoSPOphos Manifold. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201813191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Loup
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstrasse 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Valentin Müller
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstrasse 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Debasish Ghorai
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstrasse 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Pavia Viale Taramelli, 10 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstrasse 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Pavia Viale Taramelli, 10 27100 Pavia Italy
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7
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Loup J, Müller V, Ghorai D, Ackermann L. Enantioselective Aluminum-Free Alkene Hydroarylations through C-H Activation by a Chiral Nickel/JoSPOphos Manifold. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:1749-1753. [PMID: 30517772 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201813191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Highly enantioselective nickel-catalyzed alkene endo-hydroarylations were accomplished with full selectivity by organometallic C-H activation. The asymmetric assembly of chiral six-membered scaffolds proved viable in the absence of pyrophoric organoaluminum reagents within an unprecedented nickel/JoSPOphos manifold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Loup
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Valentin Müller
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Debasish Ghorai
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli, 10, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli, 10, 27100, Pavia, Italy
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8
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Affiliation(s)
- Haorui Gu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Zhao Han
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Hujun Xie
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Xufeng Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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9
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Chen J, Guo J, Lu Z. Recent Advances in Hydrometallation of Alkenes and Alkynes via the First Row Transition Metal Catalysis. CHINESE J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201800314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianhui Chen
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering; Wenzhou University; Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035 China
- Department of chemistry; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang 310027 China
| | - Jun Guo
- Department of chemistry; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang 310027 China
| | - Zhan Lu
- Department of chemistry; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang 310027 China
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10
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Li K, Li ML, Zhang Q, Zhu SF, Zhou QL. Highly Enantioselective Nickel-Catalyzed Intramolecular Hydroalkenylation of N- and O-Tethered 1,6-Dienes To Form Six-Membered Heterocycles. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:7458-7461. [PMID: 29863857 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b04703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A highly enantioselective nickel-catalyzed intramolecular hydroalkenylation of N- or O-tethered 1,6-dienes was developed by using monodentate chiral spiro phosphoramidite ligands. The reaction provides an efficient and straightforward method for preparing very useful six-membered N- and O-heterocycles with high regioselectivity as well as excellent stereoselectivity from easily accessible starting materials under mild reaction conditions. The chiral spiro nickel catalyst developed in this study represents one of the few catalysts for highly enantioselective cyclization of unconjugated dienes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Li
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China
| | - Mao-Lin Li
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China
| | - Qi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China
| | - Shou-Fei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China
| | - Qi-Lin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) , Tianjin 300071 , China
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11
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Chen W, Li Y, Chen Y, Ho CY. (NHC)NiH-Catalyzed Regiodivergent Cross-Hydroalkenylation of Vinyl Ethers with α-Olefins: Syntheses of 1,2- and 1,3-Disubstituted Allyl Ethers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201712693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weihao Chen
- Department of Chemistry; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Full Spectral Solar Electricity Generation (FSSEG); Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech); China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Chemistry; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Full Spectral Solar Electricity Generation (FSSEG); Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech); China
| | - Yang Chen
- Department of Chemistry; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Full Spectral Solar Electricity Generation (FSSEG); Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech); China
| | - Chun-Yu Ho
- Department of Chemistry; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Full Spectral Solar Electricity Generation (FSSEG); Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech); China
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12
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Chen W, Li Y, Chen Y, Ho CY. (NHC)NiH-Catalyzed Regiodivergent Cross-Hydroalkenylation of Vinyl Ethers with α-Olefins: Syntheses of 1,2- and 1,3-Disubstituted Allyl Ethers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:2677-2681. [PMID: 29359380 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201712693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Cross-hydroalkenylation of a vinyl ether (1) with an α-olefin (2) was first achieved by a set of [NHC-Ni(allyl)]BArF (NHC=N-heterocyclic carbene) catalysts. Both 1,2- and 1,3-disubstituted allyl ethers were obtained, highly selectively, by using NHCs of different sizes. In contrast, the chemoselectivity (i.e., 1 as acceptor and 2 as donor) was controlled mostly by electronic effects through the catalyst-substrate interaction. Sterically bulkier alkenes (2) were used as preferred donors compared to smaller alkenes. This electronic effect also served as a basis for the first tail-to-head cross-hydroalkenylations of 1 with either a vinyl silane or boronic ester.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihao Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Full Spectral Solar Electricity Generation (FSSEG), Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Chemistry, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Full Spectral Solar Electricity Generation (FSSEG), Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), China
| | - Yang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Full Spectral Solar Electricity Generation (FSSEG), Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), China
| | - Chun-Yu Ho
- Department of Chemistry, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Full Spectral Solar Electricity Generation (FSSEG), Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), China
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13
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Wu H, Li X, Tang X, Huang G. Mechanism and origins of chemo- and regioselectivities of (NHC)NiH-catalyzed cross-hydroalkenylation of vinyl ethers with α-olefins: a computational study. Org Chem Front 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8qo01020j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Density functional theory calculations were performed to investigate the (NHC)NiH-catalyzed cross-hydroalkenylation of vinyl ethers with α-olefins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Wu
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaojie Li
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- P. R. China
| | - Xiangyang Tang
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- P. R. China
| | - Genping Huang
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- P. R. China
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14
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Nakanowatari S, Müller T, Oliveira JCA, Ackermann L. Bifurcated Nickel-Catalyzed Functionalizations: Heteroarene C−H Activation with Allenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201709087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sachiyo Nakanowatari
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie; Georg-August-Universität Göttingen; Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie; Georg-August-Universität Göttingen; Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - João C. A. Oliveira
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie; Georg-August-Universität Göttingen; Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie; Georg-August-Universität Göttingen; Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
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15
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Nakanowatari S, Müller T, Oliveira JCA, Ackermann L. Bifurcated Nickel-Catalyzed Functionalizations: Heteroarene C−H Activation with Allenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:15891-15895. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201709087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sachiyo Nakanowatari
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie; Georg-August-Universität Göttingen; Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie; Georg-August-Universität Göttingen; Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - João C. A. Oliveira
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie; Georg-August-Universität Göttingen; Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie; Georg-August-Universität Göttingen; Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
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