1
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Borodin O, Shchukin Y, Robertson CC, Richter S, von Delius M. Self-Assembly of Stimuli-Responsive [2]Rotaxanes by Amidinium Exchange. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:16448-16457. [PMID: 34559523 PMCID: PMC8517971 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c05230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Advances in supramolecular
chemistry are often underpinned by the
development of fundamental building blocks and methods enabling their
interconversion. In this work, we report the use of an underexplored
dynamic covalent reaction for the synthesis of stimuli-responsive
[2]rotaxanes. The formamidinium moiety lies at the heart of these
mechanically interlocked architectures, because it enables both dynamic
covalent exchange and the binding of simple crown ethers. We demonstrated
that the rotaxane self-assembly follows a unique reaction pathway
and that the complex interplay between crown ether and thread can
be controlled in a transient fashion by addition of base and fuel
acid. Dynamic combinatorial libraries, when exposed to diverse nucleophiles,
revealed a profound stabilizing effect of the mechanical bond as well
as intriguing reactivity differences between seemingly similar [2]rotaxanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Borodin
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Yevhenii Shchukin
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Craig C Robertson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, U.K
| | - Stefan Richter
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Max von Delius
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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2
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Bazzoni M, Andreoni L, Silvi S, Credi A, Cera G, Secchi A, Arduini A. Selective access to constitutionally identical, orientationally isomeric calix[6]arene-based [3]rotaxanes by an active template approach. Chem Sci 2021; 12:6419-6428. [PMID: 34084442 PMCID: PMC8115267 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc00279a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Tris(phenylureido)calix[6]arene is endowed with unique properties that make it a valuable macrocyclic component for the synthesis of mechanically interlocked molecules. Its three-dimensional and intrinsically nonsymmetric structure is kinetically selective toward two processes: (i) in apolar media, the threading of bipyridinium based axle-like components takes place exclusively from the upper rim; (ii) SN2 alkylation reactions of a pyridylpyridinium precursor engulfed in the cavity occur selectively at pyridylpyridinium nitrogen atom located at the macrocycle upper rim (active template synthesis). Here we exploit such properties to prepare two series of [3]rotaxanes, each consisting of three sequence isomers that arise from the threading of two identical but nonsymmetric wheels on a symmetric thread differing only for the reciprocal orientation of the macrocycles. The features of the calix[6]arene and the active template synthetic approach, together with a careful selection of the precursors, enabled us to selectively synthesise the [3]rotaxane sequence isomers of each series with fast kinetics and high yields. Expedient access to a series of spatially controlled oriented [3]rotaxane isomers via a metal-free active template approach.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Bazzoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Università di Parma Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A I-43124 Parma Italy
| | - Leonardo Andreoni
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", Università di Bologna Via Selmi 2 I-40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Serena Silvi
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", Università di Bologna Via Selmi 2 I-40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Alberto Credi
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Via Gobetti 101 I-40129 Bologna Italy.,Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna Viale del Risorgimento 4 I-40136 Bologna Italy
| | - Gianpiero Cera
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Università di Parma Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A I-43124 Parma Italy
| | - Andrea Secchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Università di Parma Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A I-43124 Parma Italy
| | - Arturo Arduini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Università di Parma Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A I-43124 Parma Italy
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3
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Cera G, Arduini A, Secchi A, Credi A, Silvi S. Heteroditopic Calix[6]arene Based Intervowen and Interlocked Molecular Devices. CHEM REC 2021; 21:1161-1181. [PMID: 33656250 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Since the dawn of supramolecular chemistry, calixarenes have been employed as platforms onto which functional groups and binding sites can be loaded in a regio- and stereocontrolled manner for the recognition of charged and neutral species. Despite their wider annulus, potentially suitable to bind larger guests, the larger members of the calixarene series have been relatively less employed, mainly because of the synthetic difficulties to control their conformational flexibility and their regioselective functionalization. In this account, we will present the achievements gained during the last two decades on the use of the calix[6]arene as a platform to build-up structures in which the macrocycle acts as a wheel for the synthesis of oriented (pseudo)rotaxanes. We also account on how these calix[6]arene hosts affect the reactivity or spectroscopic properties of their bound guests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianpiero Cera
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, I-43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Arturo Arduini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, I-43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Andrea Secchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, I-43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Alberto Credi
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Viale del Risorgimento 4, I-40136, Bologna, Italy.,Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Foto reattività, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Serena Silvi
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, I-40126, Bologna, Italy
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4
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Cera G, Cester Bonati F, Bazzoni M, Secchi A, Arduini A. Calix[6]arene-based Brønsted acids for molecular recognition and catalysis. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:1546-1554. [PMID: 33503105 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob02393k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of a versatile trifluoromethylsulfonamide calix[6]arene derivative with Brønsted acid features which can influence both molecular recognition and catalytic application. Indeed, in low polarity media, the trifluoromethyl-containing supramolecular wheel is able to respond to the complexation with charged species as a function of its selective ion-pair recognition. In parallel, the enhanced acidity is the key to promote Michael additions of indoles to nitroalkenes under pseudo-physiological reaction conditions (H2O, 37 °C).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianpiero Cera
- Università di Parma, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| | - Federica Cester Bonati
- Università di Parma, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| | - Margherita Bazzoni
- Università di Parma, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| | - Andrea Secchi
- Università di Parma, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| | - Arturo Arduini
- Università di Parma, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
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5
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Iwamoto T, Miyagawa S, Naito M, Tokunaga Y. Orientation of the α-CD component of [2]rotaxanes affects their specific molecular recognition behaviour. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo01337d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An α-CD component enhanced the anion recognition ability of the urea moiety and the deprotonation of the phenol moiety in the axle component in orientationally isomeric [2]rotaxanes with the OH groups on the wide rim of the α-CD, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Iwamoto
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering
- University of Fukui
- Bunkyo
- Japan
| | - Shinobu Miyagawa
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering
- University of Fukui
- Bunkyo
- Japan
| | - Masaya Naito
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering
- University of Fukui
- Bunkyo
- Japan
| | - Yuji Tokunaga
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering
- University of Fukui
- Bunkyo
- Japan
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6
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Bazzoni M, Terenziani F, Secchi A, Cera G, Jabin I, De Leener G, Luhmer M, Arduini A. Tuning the Fluorescence Through Reorientation of the Axle in Calix[6]arene-Based Pseudorotaxanes. Chemistry 2020; 26:3022-3025. [PMID: 31944456 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This work describes a calix[6]arene-based wheel that binds, in non-polar media, a stilbazolium salt to yield a mixture of pseudorotaxane orientational isomers. The isomer's abundance ratio evolves with time and can be reversibly tuned by adjusting the temperature. The spectroscopic properties, and notably the emission spectrum, of the bound guest depend on its orientation inside the non-palindromic wheel, suggesting such a system as a switch with spectroscopic readout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Bazzoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e, della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Francesca Terenziani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e, della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Andrea Secchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e, della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Gianpiero Cera
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e, della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Ivan Jabin
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F.D. Roosevelt 50, CP160/06, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gaël De Leener
- Centre d'Instrumentation en REsonance Magnétique (CIREM), Laboratoire de Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire Haute Résolution, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F.D. Roosevelt 50, CP160/08, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Michel Luhmer
- Centre d'Instrumentation en REsonance Magnétique (CIREM), Laboratoire de Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire Haute Résolution, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F.D. Roosevelt 50, CP160/08, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Arturo Arduini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e, della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
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7
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Tian C, Fielden SDP, Whitehead GFS, Vitorica-Yrezabal IJ, Leigh DA. Weak functional group interactions revealed through metal-free active template rotaxane synthesis. Nat Commun 2020; 11:744. [PMID: 32029725 PMCID: PMC7005292 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14576-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Modest functional group interactions can play important roles in molecular recognition, catalysis and self-assembly. However, weakly associated binding motifs are often difficult to characterize. Here, we report on the metal-free active template synthesis of [2]rotaxanes in one step, up to 95% yield and >100:1 rotaxane:axle selectivity, from primary amines, crown ethers and a range of C=O, C=S, S(=O)2 and P=O electrophiles. In addition to being a simple and effective route to a broad range of rotaxanes, the strategy enables 1:1 interactions of crown ethers with various functional groups to be characterized in solution and the solid state, several of which are too weak - or are disfavored compared to other binding modes - to be observed in typical host-guest complexes. The approach may be broadly applicable to the kinetic stabilization and characterization of other weak functional group interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Tian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | | | | | | | - David A Leigh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
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8
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Recognition Selectivities of Lasso-Type Pseudo[1]rotaxane Based on a Mono-Ester-Functionalized Pillar[5]arene. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24152693. [PMID: 31344932 PMCID: PMC6695583 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24152693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Two types of mono-ester-functionalized pillar[5]arenes, P1 and P2, bearing different side-chain groups, were synthesized. Their host–guest complexation and self-inclusion properties were studied by 1H NMR and 2D nuclear overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY) NMR measurements. The results showed that the substituents on their phenolic units have a great influence on the self-assembly of both pillar[5]arenes, although they both could form stable pseudo[1]rotaxanes at room temperature. When eight bulky 4-brombutyloxy groups were capped on the cavity, instead of methoxy groups, pseudo[1]rotaxane P1 became less stable and its locked ester group in the inner space of cavity was not as deep as P2, leading to distinctly different host–guest properties between P1 and P2 with 1,6-dibromohexane. Moreover, pillar[5]arene P1 displayed effective molecular recognition toward 1,6-dichlorohexane and 1,2-bromoethane among the guest dihalides. In addition, the self-complex models and stabilities between P1 and P2 were also studied by computational modeling and experimental calculations.
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9
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Bazzoni M, Zanichelli V, Casimiro L, Massera C, Credi A, Secchi A, Silvi S, Arduini A. New Geometries for Calix[6]arene-Based Rotaxanes. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Bazzoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale; Università di Parma; Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A 43124 Parma Italy
| | - Valeria Zanichelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale; Università di Parma; Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A 43124 Parma Italy
| | - Lorenzo Casimiro
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”; Università di Bologna; Via Selmi 2 40126 Italy
| | - Chiara Massera
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale; Università di Parma; Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A 43124 Parma Italy
| | - Alberto Credi
- Center for Light Activated Nanostructures (CLAN) and Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-alimentari; Università di Bologna; 40127 Bologna Italy
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività (ISOF) - CNR Area della Ricerca di Bologna; Via P. Gobetti 101 40129 Bologna Italy
| | - Andrea Secchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale; Università di Parma; Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A 43124 Parma Italy
| | - Serena Silvi
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”; Università di Bologna; Via Selmi 2 40126 Italy
| | - Arturo Arduini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale; Università di Parma; Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A 43124 Parma Italy
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10
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Sun T, Shuai X, Chen Y, Zhao X, Song Q, Ren K, Jiang X, Hu S, Cai Z. Separation performance of p-tert-butyl(tetradecyloxy)calix[6]arene as a stationary phase for capillary gas chromatography. RSC Adv 2019; 9:38486-38495. [PMID: 35540242 PMCID: PMC9075850 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra07798g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This work presents the first example of the utilization of p-tert-butyl(tetradecyloxy)calix[6]arene (C6A-C10) as a stationary phase for capillary gas chromatographic (GC) separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Sun
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Henan Key Laboratory of Function-Oriented Porous Materials
- Luoyang Normal University
- Luoyang 471934
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaomin Shuai
- Liaoning Province Engineering Research Center for Fine Chemical Engineering of Aromatics Downstream
- School of Petrochemical Engineering
- Shenyang University of Technology
- Liaoyang, 111003
- P. R. China
| | - Yujie Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Henan Key Laboratory of Function-Oriented Porous Materials
- Luoyang Normal University
- Luoyang 471934
- P. R. China
| | - Xinyu Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Henan Key Laboratory of Function-Oriented Porous Materials
- Luoyang Normal University
- Luoyang 471934
- P. R. China
| | - Qianqian Song
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Henan Key Laboratory of Function-Oriented Porous Materials
- Luoyang Normal University
- Luoyang 471934
- P. R. China
| | - Kaixin Ren
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Henan Key Laboratory of Function-Oriented Porous Materials
- Luoyang Normal University
- Luoyang 471934
- P. R. China
| | - Xingxing Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Henan Key Laboratory of Function-Oriented Porous Materials
- Luoyang Normal University
- Luoyang 471934
- P. R. China
| | - Shaoqiang Hu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Henan Key Laboratory of Function-Oriented Porous Materials
- Luoyang Normal University
- Luoyang 471934
- P. R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Cai
- Liaoning Province Engineering Research Center for Fine Chemical Engineering of Aromatics Downstream
- School of Petrochemical Engineering
- Shenyang University of Technology
- Liaoyang, 111003
- P. R. China
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11
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Valls A, Altava B, Burguete MI, Escorihuela J, Martí-Centelles V, Luis SV. Supramolecularly assisted synthesis of chiral tripodal imidazolium compounds. Org Chem Front 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9qo00163h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Supramolecular interactions based on amide groups direct the preferential formation of tritopic instead of monotopic or ditopic imidazolium compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Valls
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Orgánica
- Universitat Jaume I
- Castellón
- Spain
| | - Belén Altava
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Orgánica
- Universitat Jaume I
- Castellón
- Spain
| | - M. Isabel Burguete
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Orgánica
- Universitat Jaume I
- Castellón
- Spain
| | - Jorge Escorihuela
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Orgánica
- Universitat Jaume I
- Castellón
- Spain
| | | | - Santiago V. Luis
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Orgánica
- Universitat Jaume I
- Castellón
- Spain
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12
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Zanichelli V, Bazzoni M, Arduini A, Franchi P, Lucarini M, Ragazzon G, Secchi A, Silvi S. Redox-Switchable Calix[6]arene-Based Isomeric Rotaxanes. Chemistry 2018; 24:12370-12382. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201800496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Zanichelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della; Sostenibilità Ambientale; Università di Parma; Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A 43124 Parma Italy
| | - Margherita Bazzoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della; Sostenibilità Ambientale; Università di Parma; Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A 43124 Parma Italy
| | - Arturo Arduini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della; Sostenibilità Ambientale; Università di Parma; Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A 43124 Parma Italy
| | - Paola Franchi
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”; Università di Bologna; Via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Marco Lucarini
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”; Università di Bologna; Via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Giulio Ragazzon
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”; Università di Bologna; Via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche; Università di Padova; via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Andrea Secchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della; Sostenibilità Ambientale; Università di Parma; Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A 43124 Parma Italy
| | - Serena Silvi
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”; Università di Bologna; Via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
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