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Sahu S, Banerjee A, Kundu S, Bhattacharyya A, Maji MS. Synthesis of functionalized indoles via cascade benzannulation strategies: a decade's overview. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:3029-3042. [PMID: 35332905 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00187j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Indoles are one of the most prominent aromatic heterocycles in the organic chemistry field. Due to their widespread presence in various natural products, alkaloids, drugs, approved medicines, etc. the synthesis and functionalization of indoles are of great interest. This review emphasizes recent developments and techniques in the domino cascade cyclization process in the last decade starting from the various building blocks. In particular, this review depicts several intriguing benzannulation methods of creating a benzene ring on a pre-existing pyrrole nucleus in an inter/intramolecular fashion under metal-catalyzed/metal-free approaches. Different subsections focus on gradual timely developments in this complementary area and a detailed analysis of the mechanisms and reactivity patterns. As a complementary method, this review gives a significant incentive to various annulation strategies and also gives an overview of the remaining challenges and upcoming possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samrat Sahu
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur-721302, India.
| | - Ankush Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur-721302, India.
| | - Samrat Kundu
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur-721302, India.
| | - Arya Bhattacharyya
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur-721302, India.
| | - Modhu Sudan Maji
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur-721302, India.
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2
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Sara AA, Um-e-Farwa UEF, Saeed A, Kalesse M. Recent Applications of the Diels–Alder Reaction in the Synthesis of Natural Products (2017–2020). SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1532-4763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe Diels–Alder reaction has long been established as an extremely useful procedure in the toolbox of natural product chemists. It tolerates a wide spectrum of building blocks of different complexity and degrees of derivatization, and enables the formation of six-membered rings with well-defined stereochemistry. In recent years, many total syntheses of natural products have been reported that rely, at some point, on the use of a [4+2]-cycloaddition step. Among classic approaches, several modifications of the Diels–Alder reaction, such as hetero-Diels–Alder reactions, dehydro-Diels–Alder reactions and domino-Diels–Alder reactions, have been employed to extend the scope of this process in the synthesis of natural products. Our short review covers applications of the Diels–Alder reaction in natural product syntheses between 2017 and 2020, as well as selected methodologies which are inspired by, or that can be used to access natural products.1 Introduction2 Syntheses from 20173 Syntheses from 20184 Syntheses from 20195 Syntheses from 20206 Conclusion
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aamer Saeed
- Quaid-I-Azam University, Department of Chemistry
| | - Markus Kalesse
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institut für Organische Chemie
- Helmholtz Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (HZI)
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3
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Fu Y, Sun P, Li G, He R, Shi L, Xing N. Recent advances in the synthetic method and mechanism for the important N‐heterocyclic compound of 3‐methylindole. J Heterocycl Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.4451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Fu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Liaoning Normal University Dalian China
| | - Pinghui Sun
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Liaoning Normal University Dalian China
| | - Gong Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Liaoning Normal University Dalian China
| | - Riyang He
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Liaoning Normal University Dalian China
| | - Lei Shi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Liaoning Normal University Dalian China
| | - Na Xing
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Liaoning Normal University Dalian China
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Knowles JP, Steeds HG, Schwarz M, Latter F, Booker-Milburn KI. Pd-Catalyzed Cascade Reactions of Aziridines: One-Step Access to Complex Tetracyclic Amines. Org Lett 2021; 23:4986-4990. [PMID: 34132553 PMCID: PMC8289308 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The combination of palladium catalysis and thermal cycloaddition is shown to transform tricyclic aziridines into complex, stereodefined tetracyclic products in a single step. This highly unusual cascade process involves a diverted Tsuji-Trost sequence leading to a surprisingly facile intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction. The starting materials are accessible on multigram scales from the photochemical rearrangement of simple pyrroles. The tetracyclic amine products can be further elaborated through routine transformations, highlighting their potential as scaffolds for medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P. Knowles
- Department
of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1
8ST, U.K.
| | - Hannah G. Steeds
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K.
| | - Maria Schwarz
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K.
| | - Francesca Latter
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K.
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Points GL, Stout KT, Beaudry CM. Regioselective Formation of Substituted Indoles: Formal Synthesis of Lysergic Acid. Chemistry 2020; 26:16655-16658. [PMID: 32926593 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A Diels-Alder reaction-based strategy for the synthesis of indoles and related heterocycles is reported. An intramolecular cycloaddition of alkyne-tethered 3-aminopyrones gives 4-substituted indolines in good yield and with complete regioselectivity. Additional substitution is readily tolerated in the transformation, allowing synthesis of complex and non-canonical substitution patterns. Oxidative conditions give the corresponding indoles. The strategy also allows the synthesis of carbazoles. The method was showcased in a formal synthesis of lysergic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary L Points
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97333, USA
| | - Kenneth T Stout
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97333, USA
| | - Christopher M Beaudry
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97333, USA
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Steeds HG, Knowles JP, Yu WL, Richardson J, Cooper KG, Booker‐Milburn KI. Rapid Access to Azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonanes by a Tandem Diverted Tsuji-Trost Process. Chemistry 2020; 26:14330-14334. [PMID: 32812670 PMCID: PMC7702095 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A three-step synthesis of the 2-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane ring system from simple pyrroles, employing a combined photochemical/palladium-catalysed approach is reported. Substrate scope is broad, allowing the incorporation of a wide range of functionality relevant to medicinal chemistry. Mechanistic studies demonstrate that the process occurs by acid-assisted C-N bond cleavage followed by β-hydride elimination to form a reactive diene, demonstrating that efficient control of what might be considered off-cycle reactions can result in productive tandem catalytic processes. This represents a short and versatile route to the biologically important morphan scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah G. Steeds
- School of ChemistryUniversity of BristolCantock' CloseBristolBS8 1TSUK
| | | | - Wai L. Yu
- School of ChemistryUniversity of BristolCantock' CloseBristolBS8 1TSUK
| | | | - Katie G. Cooper
- Pharmaceutical Technology & DevelopmentAstraZenecaMacclesfield CampusCheshireSK10 2NAUK
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Beccalli EM, Christodoulou MS, Foschi F, Giofrè S. Pd-Catalyzed Domino Reactions Involving Alkenes To Access Substituted Indole Derivatives. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2020. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1707123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Palladium-catalyzed domino reactions are advanced tools in achieving various nitrogen-containing heterocycles in an efficient and economical manner due to the reduced number of steps in the process. This review highlights recent advances in domino processes aimed at the synthesis of indole derivatives and polycyclic systems containing the indole nucleus in intra/intra- or intra/intermolecular reactions. In particular, we consider domino processes that involve a double bond in a step of the sequence, which allow the issue of regioselectivity in the cyclization to be faced and overcome. The different sections in this review focus on the synthesis of the indole nucleus and functionalization of the scaffold starting from different substrates that have been identified as activated starting materials, which involve a halogenated moiety or unactivated unsaturated systems. In the former case, the reaction is under Pd(0) catalysis, and in the second case a Pd(II) catalytic species is required and then an oxidant is necessary to reconvert the Pd(0) into the active Pd(II) species. On the other hand, the second method has the advantage that it uses easy available and inexpensive substrates.1 Introduction2 Indole Scaffold Synthesis2.1 Activated Substrates2.2 Unactivated Substrates3 Functionalization of Indole Scaffold3.1 Activated Substrates3.2 Unactivated Substrates4 Conclusions
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Affiliation(s)
- Egle M. Beccalli
- DISFARM, Sezione di Chimica Generale e Organica ‘A. Marchesini’ Università degli Studi di Milano
| | - Michael S. Christodoulou
- DISFARM, Sezione di Chimica Generale e Organica ‘A. Marchesini’ Università degli Studi di Milano
| | - Francesca Foschi
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, Università dell’Insubria
| | - Sabrina Giofrè
- DISFARM, Sezione di Chimica Generale e Organica ‘A. Marchesini’ Università degli Studi di Milano
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Osano M, Jhaveri DP, Wipf P. Formation of 6-Azaindoles by Intramolecular Diels-Alder Reaction of Oxazoles and Total Synthesis of Marinoquinoline A. Org Lett 2020; 22:2215-2219. [PMID: 32105087 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c00417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A new variant of the intramolecular Diels-Alder oxazole (IMDAO) cycloaddition that provides direct access to 6-azaindoles was developed. The IMDAO reaction was applied in a total synthesis of the aminophenylpyrrole-derived alkaloid marinoquinoline A, also featuring the use of a Curtius reaction for preparation of a 5-aminooxazole, a propargylic C,H-bond insertion, an in situ alkyne-allene isomerization, and a ruthenium-catalyzed cycloisomerization for benzene ring annulation to the 6-azaindole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mana Osano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States.,Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki 214-8571, Japan
| | - Dishit P Jhaveri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Peter Wipf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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Zhang HJ, Yang ZP, Gu Q, You SL. Tandem Pd-Catalyzed Intermolecular Allylic Alkylation/Allylic Dearomatization Reaction of Benzoylmethyl pyridines, Pyrazines, and Quinolines. Org Lett 2019; 21:3314-3318. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b01060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Jun Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ze-Peng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qing Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shu-Li You
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
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Döndaş HA, Retamosa MDG, Sansano JM. Recent Development in Palladium-Catalyzed Domino Reactions: Access to Materials and Biologically Important Carbo- and Heterocycles. Organometallics 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.9b00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Ali Döndaş
- Mersin University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yenisehir Campus 33169, Yenisehir, Mersin, Turkey
| | - María de Gracia Retamosa
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (CSIC-US) and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Avda. Américo Vespucio, 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - José M. Sansano
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Orgánica (ISO) and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), University of Alicante, 03080 Alicante, Spain
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11
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Borger M, Frederich JH. Pyridazine N-Oxides as Precursors to 2-Aminofurans: Scope and Limitations in Complexity Building Cascade Reactions. Org Lett 2019; 21:2397-2401. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b00682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maribel Borger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - James H. Frederich
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
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Abstract
Indole is the most frequently found heterocyclic core structures in pharmaceuticals, natural products, agrochemicals, dyes and fragrances. For about 150 years, chemists were absorbed in finding new and easier synthetic strategies to build this nucleus. Many books and reviews have been written, but the number of new syntheses that appear in the literature, make necessary continuous updates. This reviews aims to give a comprehensive overview on indole synthesis catalyzed by transition metals appeared in the literature in the years 2016 and 2017.
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An efficient synthesis of indoles via a CuMgAl-LDH-catalyzed cyclization of 2-alkynylsulfonanilides. Tetrahedron Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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