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Asressu KH, Zhang Q. Detection and Semi-quantification of Lipids on High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography Plate using Ceric Ammonium Molybdate Staining. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2023; 125:2200096. [PMID: 36818638 PMCID: PMC9937734 DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.202200096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
It is desirable to quickly check the composition of lipids in small size samples, but achieving this is challenging using the existing staining methods. Herein, we developed a highly sensitive and semi-quantitative method for analysis of lipid samples with ceric ammonium molybdate (CAM) staining. The CAM detection method was systematically evaluated with a wide range of lipid classes including phospholipids, sphingolipids, glycerolipids, fatty acids (FA) and sterols, demonstrating high sensitivity, stability, and overall efficiency. Additionally, CAM staining provides a clean yellow background in high performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) which facilitates quantification of lipids using image processing software. Lipids can be stained with CAM reagent regardless of their head group types, position of the carbon-carbon double bonds, geometric isomerism and the variation in the length of FA chain, but staining is mostly affected by the degree of unsaturation of the FA backbone. The mechanism of the CAM staining of lipids was proposed on principles of the reduction-oxidation reaction, in which Mo(VI) oxidizes the unsaturated lipids into carbonyl compounds on the HPTLC plate upon heating, while itself being reduced to Mo(IV). This method was applied for the separation, identification, and quantification of lipid extracts from porcine brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kesatebrhan Haile Asressu
- Center for Translational Biomedical Research, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA
| | - Qibin Zhang
- Center for Translational Biomedical Research, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402, USA
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2
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Synthesis of Phosphatidyl Glycerol Containing Unsymmetric Acyl Chains Using H-Phosphonate Methodology. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27072199. [PMID: 35408598 PMCID: PMC9000858 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Naturally occurring phospholipids, such as phosphatidyl glycerol (PG), are gaining interest due to the roles they play in disease mechanisms. To elucidate the metabolism of PG, an optically pure material is required, but this is unfortunately not commercially available. Our previous PG synthesis route utilized phosphoramidite methodology that addressed issues surrounding fatty acid substrate scope and glycerol backbone modifications prior to headgroup phosphorylation, but faltered in the reproducibility of the overall pathway due to purification challenges. Herein, we present a robust pathway to optically pure PG in fewer steps, utilizing H-phosphonates that features a chromatographically friendly and stable triethyl ammonium H-phosphonate salt. Our route is also amendable to the simultaneous installation of different acyl chains, either saturated or unsaturated, on the glycerol backbone.
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3
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Moreira R, Taylor SD. The Chiral Target of Daptomycin Is the 2
R
,2′
S
Stereoisomer of Phosphatidylglycerol. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202114858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Moreira
- Deptartment of Chemistry University of Waterloo 200 University Ave. West Waterloo Ontario Canada
| | - Scott D. Taylor
- Deptartment of Chemistry University of Waterloo 200 University Ave. West Waterloo Ontario Canada
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4
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Burchill L, Williams SJ. From the banal to the bizarre: unravelling immune recognition and response to microbial lipids. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:925-940. [PMID: 34989357 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06003a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Microbes produce a rich array of lipidic species that through their location in the cell wall and ability to mingle with host lipids represent a privileged class of immune-active molecules. Lipid-sensing immunity recognizes microbial lipids from pathogens and commensals causing immune responses. Yet microbial lipids are often heterogeneous, in limited supply and in some cases their structures are incompletely defined. Total synthesis can assist in structural determination, overcome supply issues, and provide access to high-purity, homogeneous samples and analogues. This account highlights synthetic approaches to lipidic species from pathogenic and commensal bacteria and fungi that have supported immunological studies involving lipid sensing through the pattern recognition receptor Mincle and cell-mediated immunity through the CD1-T cell axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Burchill
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Spencer J Williams
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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5
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Moreira R, Taylor SD. The Chiral Target of Daptomycin Is the 2R,2'S Stereoisomer of Phosphatidylglycerol. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202114858. [PMID: 34843157 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202114858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Daptomycin (dap) is an important antibiotic that interacts with the bacterial membrane lipid phosphatidylglycerol (PG) in a calcium-dependent manner. The enantiomer of dap (ent-dap) was synthesized and was found to be 85-fold less active than dap against B. subtilis, indicating that dap interacts with a chiral target as part of its mechanism of action. Using liposomes containing enantiopure PG, we demonstrate that the binding of dap to PG, the structural transition that occurs upon dap binding to PG, and the subsequent oligomerization of dap, depends upon the configuration of PG, and that dap prefers the 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-1'-sn-glycerol stereoisomer (2R,2'S configuration). Ent-dap has a lower affinity for 2R,2'S liposomes than dap and cannot oligomerize to the same extent as dap, which accounts for why ent-dap is less active than dap. To our knowledge, this is the first example whereby the activity of an antibiotic depends upon the configuration of a lipid head group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Moreira
- Deptartment of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. West, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Scott D Taylor
- Deptartment of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. West, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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6
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Holzheimer M, Buter J, Minnaard AJ. Chemical Synthesis of Cell Wall Constituents of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Chem Rev 2021; 121:9554-9643. [PMID: 34190544 PMCID: PMC8361437 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), causing
tuberculosis disease, features an extraordinary
thick cell envelope, rich in Mtb-specific lipids,
glycolipids, and glycans. These cell wall components are often directly
involved in host–pathogen interaction and recognition, intracellular
survival, and virulence. For decades, these mycobacterial natural
products have been of great interest for immunology and synthetic
chemistry alike, due to their complex molecular structure and the
biological functions arising from it. The synthesis of many of these
constituents has been achieved and aided the elucidation of their
function by utilizing the synthetic material to study Mtb immunology. This review summarizes the synthetic efforts of a quarter
century of total synthesis and highlights how the synthesis layed
the foundation for immunological studies as well as drove the field
of organic synthesis and catalysis to efficiently access these complex
natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Holzheimer
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey Buter
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan J Minnaard
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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7
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Struzik ZJ, Weerts AN, Storch J, Thompson DH. Stereospecific synthesis of phosphatidylglycerol using a cyanoethyl phosphoramidite precursor. Chem Phys Lipids 2020; 231:104933. [PMID: 32533981 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2020.104933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylglycerols (PG) are a family of naturally occurring phospholipids that are responsible for critical operations within cells. PG are characterized by an (R) configuration in the diacyl glycerol backbone and an (S) configuration in the phosphoglycerol head group. Herein, we report a synthetic route to provide control over the PG stereocenters as well as control of the acyl chain identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary J Struzik
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, Multi-disciplinary Cancer Research Facility, Bindley Bioscience Center, 1203 W. State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Ashley N Weerts
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, Multi-disciplinary Cancer Research Facility, Bindley Bioscience Center, 1203 W. State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Judith Storch
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, United States
| | - David H Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, Multi-disciplinary Cancer Research Facility, Bindley Bioscience Center, 1203 W. State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States.
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Burugupalli S, Almeida CF, Smith DGM, Shah S, Patel O, Rossjohn J, Uldrich AP, Godfrey DI, Williams SJ. α-Glucuronosyl and α-glucosyl diacylglycerides, natural killer T cell-activating lipids from bacteria and fungi. Chem Sci 2020; 11:2161-2168. [PMID: 34123306 PMCID: PMC8150115 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc05248h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T cells express T cell receptors (TCRs) that recognize glycolipid antigens in association with the antigen-presenting molecule CD1d. Here, we report the concise chemical synthesis of a range of saturated and unsaturated α-glucosyl and α-glucuronosyl diacylglycerides of bacterial and fungal origins from allyl α-glucoside with Jacobsen kinetic resolution as a key step. These glycolipids are recognized by a classical type I NKT TCR that uses an invariant Vα14-Jα18 TCR α-chain, but also by an atypical NKT TCR that uses a different TCR α-chain (Vα10-Jα50). In both cases, recognition is sensitive to the lipid fine structure, and includes recognition of glycosyl diacylglycerides bearing branched (R- and S-tuberculostearic acid) and unsaturated (oleic and vaccenic) acids. The TCR footprints on CD1d loaded with a mycobacterial α-glucuronosyl diacylglyceride were assessed using mutant CD1d molecules and, while similar to that for α-GalCer recognition by a type I NKT TCR, were more sensitive to mutations when α-glucuronosyl diacylglyceride was the antigen. In summary, we provide an efficient approach for synthesis of a broad class of bacterial and fungal α-glycosyl diacylglyceride antigens and demonstrate that they can be recognised by TCRs derived from type I and atypical NKT cells. Microbial α-glycosyl diacylglycerides when presented by the antigen presenting molecule CD1d are recognized by both classical type I and atypical Natural Killer T cell receptors.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Satvika Burugupalli
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Catarina F Almeida
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Dylan G M Smith
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Sayali Shah
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Onisha Patel
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University Clayton VIC 3800 Australia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University Clayton VIC 3800 Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Monash Monash Victoria 3010 Australia.,Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine Cardiff CF14 4XN UK
| | - Adam P Uldrich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Dale I Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Spencer J Williams
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
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