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Mondal A, Toyoda R, Costil R, Feringa BL. Chemically Driven Rotatory Molecular Machines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202206631. [PMID: 35852813 PMCID: PMC9826306 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202206631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Molecular machines are at the frontier of biology and chemistry. The ability to control molecular motion and emulating the movement of biological systems are major steps towards the development of responsive and adaptive materials. Amazing progress has been seen for the design of molecular machines including light-induced unidirectional rotation of overcrowded alkenes. However, the feasibility of inducing unidirectional rotation about a single bond as a result of chemical conversion has been a challenging task. In this Review, an overview of approaches towards the design, synthesis, and dynamic properties of different classes of atropisomers which can undergo controlled switching or rotation under the influence of a chemical stimulus is presented. They are categorized as molecular switches, rotors, motors, and autonomous motors according to their type of response. Furthermore, we provide a future perspective and challenges focusing on building sophisticated molecular machines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Mondal
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry University of GroningenNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Ryojun Toyoda
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry University of GroningenNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands,Department of ChemistryGraduate School of ScienceTohoku University6-3 Aramaki-Aza-AobaAobaku, Sendai980-8578Japan
| | - Romain Costil
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry University of GroningenNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Ben L. Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry University of GroningenNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
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2
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Meredith NY, Borsley S, Smolyar IV, Nichol GS, Baker CM, Ling KB, Cockroft SL. Dissecting Solvent Effects on Hydrogen Bonding. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202206604. [PMID: 35608961 PMCID: PMC9400978 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202206604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The experimental isolation of H‐bond energetics from the typically dominant influence of the solvent remains challenging. Here we use synthetic molecular balances to quantify amine/amide H‐bonds in competitive solvents. Over 200 conformational free energy differences were determined using 24 H‐bonding balances in 9 solvents spanning a wide polarity range. The correlations between experimental interaction energies and gas‐phase computed energies exhibited wild solvent‐dependent variation. However, excellent correlations were found between the same computed energies and the experimental data following empirical dissection of solvent effects using Hunter's α/β solvation model. In addition to facilitating the direct comparison of experimental and computational data, changes in the fitted donor and acceptor constants reveal the energetics of secondary local interactions such as competing H‐bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Y Meredith
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - Stefan Borsley
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - Ivan V Smolyar
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - Gary S Nichol
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - Christopher M Baker
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire, RG42 6EY, UK
| | - Kenneth B Ling
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire, RG42 6EY, UK
| | - Scott L Cockroft
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK
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3
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Mondal A, Toyoda R, Costil R, Feringa BL. Chemically Driven Rotatory Molecular Machines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202206631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Mondal
- University of Groningen: Rijksuniversiteit Groningen Stratingh Institute for Chemistry NETHERLANDS
| | - Ryojun Toyoda
- University of Groningen: Rijksuniversiteit Groningen Stratingh Institute for Chmistry NETHERLANDS
| | - Romain Costil
- University of Groningen: Rijksuniversiteit Groningen Stratingh Institute for Chemistry NETHERLANDS
| | - Ben L Feringa
- University of Groningen Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen NETHERLANDS
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4
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Meredith NY, Borsley S, Smolyar IV, Nichol GS, Baker CM, Ling KB, Cockroft SL. Dissecting Solvent Effects on Hydrogen Bonding. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202206604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Y. Meredith
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry University of Edinburgh Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road Edinburgh EH9 3FJ UK
| | - Stefan Borsley
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry University of Edinburgh Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road Edinburgh EH9 3FJ UK
| | - Ivan V. Smolyar
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry University of Edinburgh Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road Edinburgh EH9 3FJ UK
| | - Gary S. Nichol
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry University of Edinburgh Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road Edinburgh EH9 3FJ UK
| | - Christopher M. Baker
- Syngenta Jealott's Hill International Research Centre Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY UK
| | - Kenneth B. Ling
- Syngenta Jealott's Hill International Research Centre Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY UK
| | - Scott L. Cockroft
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry University of Edinburgh Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road Edinburgh EH9 3FJ UK
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5
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Nakashima K, Georgiev A, Yordanov D, Matsushima Y, Hirashima SI, Miura T, Antonov L. Solvent-Triggered Long-Range Proton Transport in 7-Hydroxyquinoline Using a Sulfonamide Transporter Group. J Org Chem 2022; 87:6794-6806. [PMID: 35512011 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The ability of long-range proton transport by substitution of 7-hydroxyquinoline at the eighth position with sulfonamide and sulfonylhydrazone rotor units to act as a crane-arm has been studied. Different proton transport pathways triggered by different stimuli have been established depending on the structure of the crane-arms. Solvent-driven proton switching from OH to the quinoline nitrogen (Nquin) site, facilitated by a sulfonamide transporter group in polar protic and aprotic solvents, has been confirmed by optical (absorption and fluorescence) and NMR spectroscopies as well as by single-crystal X-ray structure analysis. Photoinduced long-range proton transport to the Nquin site upon 340 nm UV light irradiation has been estimated in sulfonylhydrazone, which is not sensitive to solvent-driven switching. Both compounds have exhibited acid-triggered switching by trifluoroacetic acid due to the formation of a stable six-membered intramolecular hydrogen bonding interaction between the protonated Nquin and crane-arm. The structures of acid-switched form were confirmed by NMR spectroscopy and single-crystal X-ray structure analysis. The behavior of the compounds suggests a big step forward in the advanced proton pump-switching architecture because they cover three distinct driving forces in the switching process: solvent, light, and acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Nakashima
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Anton Georgiev
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8 St. Kliment Ohridski Boulevard, 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria.,Institute of Electronics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 72 Tzarigradsko Chaussee Boulevard, 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria.,Institute of Optical Materials and Technologies, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Avenue, Building 109, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Dancho Yordanov
- Institute of Electronics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 72 Tzarigradsko Chaussee Boulevard, 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria.,Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Avenue, Building 9, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria
| | - Yasuyuki Matsushima
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Hirashima
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Miura
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Liudmil Antonov
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8 St. Kliment Ohridski Boulevard, 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria.,Institute of Electronics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 72 Tzarigradsko Chaussee Boulevard, 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria
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6
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Burns RJ, Mati IK, Muchowska KB, Adam C, Cockroft SL. Quantifying Through-Space Substituent Effects. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:16717-16724. [PMID: 32542910 PMCID: PMC7540488 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202006943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The description of substituents as electron donating or withdrawing leads to a perceived dominance of through-bond influences. The situation is compounded by the challenge of separating through-bond and through-space contributions. Here, we probe the experimental significance of through-space substituent effects in molecular interactions and reaction kinetics. Conformational equilibrium constants were transposed onto the Hammett substituent constant scale revealing dominant through-space substituent effects that cannot be described in classic terms. For example, NO2 groups positioned over a biaryl bond exhibited similar influences as resonant electron donors. Meanwhile, the electro-enhancing influence of OMe/OH groups could be switched off or inverted by conformational twisting. 267 conformational equilibrium constants measured across eleven solvents were found to be better predictors of reaction kinetics than calculated electrostatic potentials, suggesting utility in other contexts and for benchmarking theoretical solvation models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J. Burns
- EaStCHEM School of ChemistryUniversity of EdinburghJoseph Black BuildingDavid Brewster RoadEdinburghEH9 3FJUK
| | - Ioulia K. Mati
- EaStCHEM School of ChemistryUniversity of EdinburghJoseph Black BuildingDavid Brewster RoadEdinburghEH9 3FJUK
| | - Kamila B. Muchowska
- EaStCHEM School of ChemistryUniversity of EdinburghJoseph Black BuildingDavid Brewster RoadEdinburghEH9 3FJUK
| | - Catherine Adam
- EaStCHEM School of ChemistryUniversity of EdinburghJoseph Black BuildingDavid Brewster RoadEdinburghEH9 3FJUK
| | - Scott L. Cockroft
- EaStCHEM School of ChemistryUniversity of EdinburghJoseph Black BuildingDavid Brewster RoadEdinburghEH9 3FJUK
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7
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Yamada M, Narita H, Maeda Y. A Fullerene‐Based Molecular Torsion Balance for Investigating Noncovalent Interactions at the C
60
Surface. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202005888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michio Yamada
- Department of Chemistry Tokyo Gakugei University Nukuikitamachi 4-1-1 Koganei Tokyo 184-8501 Japan
| | - Haruna Narita
- Department of Chemistry Tokyo Gakugei University Nukuikitamachi 4-1-1 Koganei Tokyo 184-8501 Japan
| | - Yutaka Maeda
- Department of Chemistry Tokyo Gakugei University Nukuikitamachi 4-1-1 Koganei Tokyo 184-8501 Japan
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8
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Yamada M, Narita H, Maeda Y. A Fullerene-Based Molecular Torsion Balance for Investigating Noncovalent Interactions at the C 60 Surface. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:16133-16140. [PMID: 32458522 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202005888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the nature and strength of noncovalent interactions at the fullerene surface, molecular torsion balances consisting of C60 and organic moieties connected through a biphenyl linkage were synthesized. NMR and computational studies show that the unimolecular system remains in equilibrium between well-defined folded and unfolded conformers owing to restricted rotation around the biphenyl C-C bond. The energy differences between the two conformers depend on the substituents and is ascribed to differences in the intramolecular noncovalent interactions between the organic moieties and the fullerene surface. Fullerenes favor interacting with the π-faces of benzenes bearing electron-donating substituents. The correlation between the folding free energies and corresponding Hammett constants of the substituents in the arene-containing torsion balances reflects the contributions of the electrostatic interactions and dispersion force to face-to-face arene-fullerene interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michio Yamada
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Gakugei University, Nukuikitamachi 4-1-1, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8501, Japan
| | - Haruna Narita
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Gakugei University, Nukuikitamachi 4-1-1, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8501, Japan
| | - Yutaka Maeda
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Gakugei University, Nukuikitamachi 4-1-1, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8501, Japan
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9
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Burns RJ, Mati IK, Muchowska KB, Adam C, Cockroft SL. Quantifying Through‐Space Substituent Effects. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202006943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J. Burns
- EaStCHEM School of ChemistryUniversity of EdinburghJoseph Black Building David Brewster Road Edinburgh EH9 3FJ UK
| | - Ioulia K. Mati
- EaStCHEM School of ChemistryUniversity of EdinburghJoseph Black Building David Brewster Road Edinburgh EH9 3FJ UK
| | - Kamila B. Muchowska
- EaStCHEM School of ChemistryUniversity of EdinburghJoseph Black Building David Brewster Road Edinburgh EH9 3FJ UK
| | - Catherine Adam
- EaStCHEM School of ChemistryUniversity of EdinburghJoseph Black Building David Brewster Road Edinburgh EH9 3FJ UK
| | - Scott L. Cockroft
- EaStCHEM School of ChemistryUniversity of EdinburghJoseph Black Building David Brewster Road Edinburgh EH9 3FJ UK
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10
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Aliev AE, Motherwell WB. Some Recent Advances in the Design and Use of Molecular Balances for the Experimental Quantification of Intramolecular Noncovalent Interactions of π Systems. Chemistry 2019; 25:10516-10530. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201900854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Abil E. Aliev
- Department of ChemistryUniversity College London 20 Gordon Street London WC1H 0AJ UK
| | - William B. Motherwell
- Department of ChemistryUniversity College London 20 Gordon Street London WC1H 0AJ UK
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11
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Arrata I, Grison CM, Coubrough HM, Prabhakaran P, Little MA, Tomlinson DC, Webb ME, Wilson AJ. Control of conformation in α-helix mimicking aromatic oligoamide foldamers through interactions between adjacent side-chains. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:3861-3867. [PMID: 30938392 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob00123a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The design, synthesis and structural characterization of non-natural oligomers that adopt well-defined conformations, so called foldamers, is a key objective in developing biomimetic 3D functional architectures. For the aromatic oligoamide foldamer family, use of interactions between side-chains to control conformation is underexplored. The current manuscript addresses this objective through the design, synthesis and conformational analyses of model dimers derived from 3-O-alkylated para-aminobenzoic acid monomers. The O-alkyl groups on these foldamers are capable of adopting syn- or anti-conformers through rotation around the Ar-CO/NH axes. In the syn-conformation this allows the foldamer to act as a topographical mimic of the α-helix whereby the O-alkyl groups mimic the spatial orientation of the i and i + 4 side-chains from the α-helix. Using molecular modelling and 2D NMR analyses, this work illustrates that covalent links and hydrogen-bonding interactions between side-chains can bias the conformation in favour of the α-helix mimicking syn-conformer, offering insight that may be more widely applied to control secondary structure in foldamers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Arrata
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
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12
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Luccarelli J, Paton RS. Hydrogen-Bond-Dependent Conformational Switching: A Computational Challenge from Experimental Thermochemistry. J Org Chem 2019; 84:613-621. [PMID: 30586500 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b02436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have compiled an experimental data set (SWITCH10) of equilibrium constants for a series of hydrogen-bond-dependent conformational switches. These organic molecules possess common functionalities and are representative in terms of size and composition of systems routinely studied computationally. They exist as two well-defined conformations which serve as a useful tool to benchmark computational estimates of experimental Gibbs energy differences. We examine the performance of HF theory and a variety of density functionals (B3LYP, B3LYP-D3, CAM-B3LYP, ωB97X-D, M06-2X) against these experimental benchmarks. Surprisingly, despite a strong similarity between the two switch conformations, the average errors (0.4-1.7 kcal·mol-1) obtained across the data set for all methods are larger than obtained with HF calculations. B3LYP was found to outperform implicitly and explicitly dispersion-corrected functionals, with an average error smaller by 1 kcal·mol-1. Unsystematic errors in the optimized structures were found to contribute to the relatively poor performance obtained, while quasi-rigid rotor harmonic oscillator thermal contributions are important in improving the accuracy of computed Gibbs energy differences. These results emphasize the challenge of quantitative accuracy in computing solution-phase thermochemistry for flexible systems and caution against the often used (but unstated) assumption of favorable error cancellation in comparing conformers or stereoisomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Luccarelli
- Chemistry Research Laboratory , University of Oxford , 12 Mansfield Road , Oxford OX1 3TA , U.K.,Department of Psychiatry , Massachusetts General Hospital , 55 Fruit Street , Boston , Massachusetts 02114 , United States
| | - Robert S Paton
- Chemistry Research Laboratory , University of Oxford , 12 Mansfield Road , Oxford OX1 3TA , U.K.,Department of Chemistry , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
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13
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Wechsel R, Žabka M, Ward JW, Clayden J. Competing Hydrogen-Bond Polarities in a Dynamic Oligourea Foldamer: A Molecular Spring Torsion Balance. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:3528-3531. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b00567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Romina Wechsel
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Matej Žabka
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - John W. Ward
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Clayden
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
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