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Abstract
Nitroxides, also known as nitroxyl radicals, are long-lived or stable radicals with the general structure R1R2N-O•. The spin distribution over the nitroxide N and O atoms contributes to the thermodynamic stability of these radicals. The presence of bulky N-substituents R1 and R2 prevents nitroxide radical dimerization, ensuring their kinetic stability. Despite their reactivity toward various transient C radicals, some nitroxides can be easily stored under air at room temperature. Furthermore, nitroxides can be oxidized to oxoammonium salts (R1R2N═O+) or reduced to anions (R1R2N-O-), enabling them to act as valuable oxidants or reductants depending on their oxidation state. Therefore, they exhibit interesting reactivity across all three oxidation states. Due to these fascinating properties, nitroxides find extensive applications in diverse fields such as biochemistry, medicinal chemistry, materials science, and organic synthesis. This review focuses on the versatile applications of nitroxides in organic synthesis. For their use in other important fields, we will refer to several review articles. The introductory part provides a brief overview of the history of nitroxide chemistry. Subsequently, the key methods for preparing nitroxides are discussed, followed by an examination of their structural diversity and physical properties. The main portion of this review is dedicated to oxidation reactions, wherein parent nitroxides or their corresponding oxoammonium salts serve as active species. It will be demonstrated that various functional groups (such as alcohols, amines, enolates, and alkanes among others) can be efficiently oxidized. These oxidations can be carried out using nitroxides as catalysts in combination with various stoichiometric terminal oxidants. By reducing nitroxides to their corresponding anions, they become effective reducing reagents with intriguing applications in organic synthesis. Nitroxides possess the ability to selectively react with transient radicals, making them useful for terminating radical cascade reactions by forming alkoxyamines. Depending on their structure, alkoxyamines exhibit weak C-O bonds, allowing for the thermal generation of C radicals through reversible C-O bond cleavage. Such thermally generated C radicals can participate in various radical transformations, as discussed toward the end of this review. Furthermore, the application of this strategy in natural product synthesis will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Leifert
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Armido Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
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2
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Wang K, Du X, Zhang P, Wei Z, Cao XT. Metal-free C-3 selective C(sp 2)-C(sp 3) heteroarylation of anilines with imidazo[1,2- a]pyridine derivatives via cross-dehydrogenative coupling. RSC Adv 2023; 13:21685-21689. [PMID: 37476046 PMCID: PMC10355276 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra03852a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A general and straightforward method for the regioselective construction of C-3 heteroaryl-containing imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines via cross-dehydrogenative coupling under transition-metal-free conditions has been reported, utilizing N,N-dimethylaniline as the methylenation source and furnishing the C(sp2)-C(sp3) functionalized products in good to excellent yields. Mechanism studies indicate that a radical pathway is responsible for this transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- College of Medical Engineering & the Key Laboratory for Medical Functional Nanomaterials, Jining Medical University Jining 272067 China
| | - Xiaoxue Du
- College of Medical Engineering & the Key Laboratory for Medical Functional Nanomaterials, Jining Medical University Jining 272067 China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou 311121 China
| | - Zhenjiang Wei
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shandong Medicine Technician College Taian 271016 China
| | - Xian-Ting Cao
- College of Medical Engineering & the Key Laboratory for Medical Functional Nanomaterials, Jining Medical University Jining 272067 China
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3
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Budnikov AS, Krylov I, Lastovko AV, Yu B, Terent'ev AO. N‐Alkoxyphtalimides as Versatile Alkoxy Radical Precursors in Modern Organic Synthesis. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202200262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S. Budnikov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry RAS: Institut organiceskoj himii imeni N D Zelinskogo RAN Laboratory for Studies of Homolytic Reactions RUSSIAN FEDERATION
| | - Igor Krylov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry RAS: Institut organiceskoj himii imeni N D Zelinskogo RAN Laboratory for Studies of Homolytic Reactions Leninsky Prospect, 47 119991 Moscow RUSSIAN FEDERATION
| | - Andrey V. Lastovko
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry RAS: Institut organiceskoj himii imeni N D Zelinskogo RAN Laboratory for Studies of Homolytic Reactions RUSSIAN FEDERATION
| | - Bing Yu
- Zhengzhou University Green Catalysis Center CHINA
| | - Alexander O. Terent'ev
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry RAS: Institut organiceskoj himii imeni N D Zelinskogo RAN Laboratory for Studies of Homolytic Reactions Leninsky prospekt 47 119991 Moscow RUSSIAN FEDERATION
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4
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Chen J, Rong L, Fang W, Liu J, Liu X. Highly efficient intumescent flame retardant coating for
ABS
: Preparation and application. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Chen
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, Flexible Display Materials and Technology Co‐innovation Center of Hubei Province Jianghan University Wuhan China
| | - Li Rong
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, Flexible Display Materials and Technology Co‐innovation Center of Hubei Province Jianghan University Wuhan China
| | - Wei Fang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, Flexible Display Materials and Technology Co‐innovation Center of Hubei Province Jianghan University Wuhan China
| | - Jiyan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, Flexible Display Materials and Technology Co‐innovation Center of Hubei Province Jianghan University Wuhan China
| | - Xueqing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, Flexible Display Materials and Technology Co‐innovation Center of Hubei Province Jianghan University Wuhan China
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5
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Cao X, Zheng Z, Liu J, Hu Y, Yu H, Cai S, Wang G. H
2
O
2
‐Mediated Synthesis of 1,2,4‐Thiadiazole Derivatives in Ethanol at Room Temperature. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202101455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xian‐Ting Cao
- College of Medical Engineering& the Key Laboratory for Medical Functional Nanomaterials Jining Medical University Jining 272067 People's Republic of China
| | - Zuo‐Ling Zheng
- College of Medical Engineering& the Key Laboratory for Medical Functional Nanomaterials Jining Medical University Jining 272067 People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Liu
- College of Medical Engineering& the Key Laboratory for Medical Functional Nanomaterials Jining Medical University Jining 272067 People's Republic of China
| | - Yu‐He Hu
- College of Medical Engineering& the Key Laboratory for Medical Functional Nanomaterials Jining Medical University Jining 272067 People's Republic of China
| | - Hao‐Yun Yu
- College of Medical Engineering& the Key Laboratory for Medical Functional Nanomaterials Jining Medical University Jining 272067 People's Republic of China
| | - Shasha Cai
- College of Medical Engineering& the Key Laboratory for Medical Functional Nanomaterials Jining Medical University Jining 272067 People's Republic of China
| | - Guannan Wang
- College of Medical Engineering& the Key Laboratory for Medical Functional Nanomaterials Jining Medical University Jining 272067 People's Republic of China
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6
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Terent’ev AO, Krylov IB, Paveliev SA, Budnikov AS, Segida OO, Merkulova VM, Vil’ VA, Nikishin GI. Hidden Reactivity of Barbituric and Meldrum’s Acids: Atom-Efficient Free-Radical C–O Coupling with N-Hydroxy Compounds. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1643-7642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe reactivity of CH-acidic and structurally related enol-containing heterocycles towards N-oxyl radicals is disclosed. Traditionally, these substrates have been considered as reactants for ionic transformations. Highly selective and efficient N-oxyl radical mediated C–O coupling of substituted barbituric or Meldrum’s acids with N-hydroxy compounds (N-hydroxyimides, hydroxamic acids, oximes, and N-hydroxybenzotriazole) was achieved using inexpensive manganese-containing salts as oxidants. Metal-free C–O coupling was demonstrated using diacetyliminoxyl as both the oxidant (hydrogen-atom acceptor) and the coupling partner.
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7
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Tretyakov EV, Ovcharenko VI, Terent'ev AO, Krylov IB, Magdesieva TV, Mazhukin DG, Gritsan NP. Conjugated nitroxide radicals. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2022. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr5025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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8
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Paveliev SA, Segida OO, Dvoretskiy A, Dzyunov MM, Fedorova UV, Terent'ev AO. Electrifying Phthalimide- N-Oxyl (PINO) Radical Chemistry: Anodically Induced Dioxygenation of Vinyl Arenes with N-Hydroxyphthalimide. J Org Chem 2021; 86:18107-18116. [PMID: 34878276 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
An electrochemical process of free-radical difunctionalization of vinyl arenes with N-hydroxyphthalimide resulting in vicinal dioxyphthalimides was discovered. The reaction proceeds with the use of pyridinium perchlorate and pyridine as a supporting electrolyte and a base, respectively. The present approach involves the anodic generation of stabilized phthalimide-N-oxyl (PINO) radical, which adds to the carbon-carbon double bond of vinyl arenes and recombines with the subsequently formed benzylic radical. A wide range of dioxyphthalimides were obtained in yields up to 81%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav A Paveliev
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky Prospect, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Oleg O Segida
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky Prospect, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Andrey Dvoretskiy
- D. I. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, 9 Miusskaya Square, Moscow 125047, Russian Federation
| | - Mark M Dzyunov
- Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1 Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Uliana V Fedorova
- D. I. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, 9 Miusskaya Square, Moscow 125047, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander O Terent'ev
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky Prospect, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
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9
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Iodine(III) promotes cross-dehydrogenative coupling of N-hydroxyphthalimide and unactivated C(sp 3)-H bonds. Commun Chem 2021; 4:46. [PMID: 36697770 PMCID: PMC9814821 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-021-00480-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cross-dehydrogenative coupling reactions provide a method to construct new chemical bonds by direct C-H activation without any pre-functionalization. Compared to functionalization of a C-H bond α- to ether oxygen, α- to carbonyl, or at a benzylic position, functionalization of unactivated hydrocarbons is difficult and often requires high temperatures, a transition-metal catalyst, or a superstoichiometric quantity of volatile, toxic, and explosive tert-butylhydroperoxide. Here, a cross-dehydrogenative C-O coupling reaction of N-hydroxyphthalimide with unactivated alkanes, nitriles, ethers, and thioethers has been realized by using iodobenzene diacetate as the radical initiator. The current protocol enables efficient functionalization of unactivated hydrocarbons and nitriles through inert C(sp3)-H bond activation under mild reaction conditions. O-substituted NHPI derivatives are generated in good yields under metal-free conditions.
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10
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Reddy Depa M, Potla S, Narkhede UC, Jadhav VD, Vidavalur S. Copper-mediated regioselective efficient direct ortho-nitration of anilide derivatives. Tetrahedron Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2020.152223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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11
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Paveliev SA, Churakov AI, Alimkhanova LS, Segida OO, Nikishin GI, Terent'ev AO. Electrochemical Synthesis of
O
‐Phthalimide Oximes from
α
‐Azido Styrenes
via
Radical Sequence: Generation, Addition and Recombination of Imide‐
N
‐Oxyl and Iminyl Radicals with C−O/N−O Bonds Formation. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav A. Paveliev
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences 47 Leninsky prosp. Moscow 119991 Russian Federation
| | - Artem I. Churakov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences 47 Leninsky prosp. Moscow 119991 Russian Federation
| | - Liliya S. Alimkhanova
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences 47 Leninsky prosp. Moscow 119991 Russian Federation
| | - Oleg O. Segida
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences 47 Leninsky prosp. Moscow 119991 Russian Federation
| | - Gennady I. Nikishin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences 47 Leninsky prosp. Moscow 119991 Russian Federation
| | - Alexander O. Terent'ev
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences 47 Leninsky prosp. Moscow 119991 Russian Federation
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12
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N-(Alkoxy)- and N-(acyloxy)phthalimides in organic synthesis: free radical synthetic approaches and applications (microreview). Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-020-02618-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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13
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Krylov IB, Lopat'eva ER, Budnikov AS, Nikishin GI, Terent'ev AO. Metal-Free Cross-Dehydrogenative C-O Coupling of Carbonyl Compounds with N-Hydroxyimides: Unexpected Selective Behavior of Highly Reactive Free Radicals at an Elevated Temperature. J Org Chem 2020; 85:1935-1947. [PMID: 31886660 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cross-dehydrogenative C-O coupling of N-hydroxyimides with ketones, esters, and carboxylic acids was achieved employing the di-tert-butyl peroxide as a source of free radicals and a dehydrogenating agent. The proposed method is experimentally simple and demonstrates the outstanding efficiency for the challenging CH substrates, such as unactivated esters and carboxylic acids. It was shown that N-hydroxyphthalimide drastically affects the oxidative properties of t-BuOOt-Bu by intercepting the t-BuO• radicals with the formation of phthalimide-N-oxyl radicals, a species responsible for both hydrogen atom abstraction from the CH reagent and the selective formation of the C-O coupling product by selective radical cross-recombination. The practical applicability of the developed method was exemplified by the single-stage synthesis of commercial reagent (known as Baran aminating reagent precursor) from isobutyric acid and N-hydroxysuccinimide, whereas in the standard synthetic approach, four stages are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor B Krylov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences , 47 Leninsky prosp ., 119991 Moscow , Russian Federation
| | - Elena R Lopat'eva
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences , 47 Leninsky prosp ., 119991 Moscow , Russian Federation.,Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia , 9 Miusskaya sq. , Moscow 125047 , Russian Federation
| | - Alexander S Budnikov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences , 47 Leninsky prosp ., 119991 Moscow , Russian Federation.,Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia , 9 Miusskaya sq. , Moscow 125047 , Russian Federation
| | - Gennady I Nikishin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences , 47 Leninsky prosp ., 119991 Moscow , Russian Federation
| | - Alexander O Terent'ev
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences , 47 Leninsky prosp ., 119991 Moscow , Russian Federation
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14
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Jiang H, Tang X, Liu S, Wang L, Shen H, Yang J, Wang H, Gui QW. Ultrasound accelerated synthesis of O-alkylated hydroximides under solvent- and metal-free conditions. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:10223-10227. [PMID: 31777898 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob02245g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A novel, sustainable, environmentally friendly, high substrate scope, efficient, solvent-free and metal catalyst-free method for the cross-dehydrogenative coupling (CDC) reaction between N-hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI) and benzyl/ether compounds is described. This coupling reaction proceeds through ultrasound acceleration. Compared to conventional heating conditions, the use of ultrasound techniques not only improves the reaction efficiency and enhances the reaction rate but also minimizes the side reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Jiang
- College of Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, People's Republic of China. and State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyue Tang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Sihan Liu
- College of Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lian Wang
- College of Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, People's Republic of China.
| | - Haicheng Shen
- College of Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jiankui Yang
- College of Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, People's Republic of China.
| | - Huixian Wang
- College of Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qing-Wen Gui
- College of Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Goedderz D, Weber L, Markert D, Schießer A, Fasel C, Riedel R, Altstädt V, Bethke C, Fuhr O, Puchtler F, Breu J, Döring M. Flame retardant polyester by combination of organophosphorus compounds and an NOR radical forming agent. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Goedderz
- Ernst‐Berl Institute for Chemical Engineering and Macromolecular ScienceTechnische Universität Darmstadt Alarich‐Weiss‐Straße 4, Darmstadt D‐64287 Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF Schlossgartenstraße 6, Darmstadt D‐64289 Germany
| | - Lais Weber
- Ernst‐Berl Institute for Chemical Engineering and Macromolecular ScienceTechnische Universität Darmstadt Alarich‐Weiss‐Straße 4, Darmstadt D‐64287 Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF Schlossgartenstraße 6, Darmstadt D‐64289 Germany
| | - Daniel Markert
- Ernst‐Berl Institute for Chemical Engineering and Macromolecular ScienceTechnische Universität Darmstadt Alarich‐Weiss‐Straße 4, Darmstadt D‐64287 Germany
| | - Alexander Schießer
- Mass Spectrometry, Department of ChemistryTechnische Universität Darmstadt Alarich‐Weiss‐Straße 4, Darmstadt D‐64287 Germany
| | - Claudia Fasel
- Institut für MaterialwissenschaftTechnische Universität Darmstadt Otto‐Bernd‐Straße 3, Darmstadt D‐64287 Germany
| | - Ralf Riedel
- Institut für MaterialwissenschaftTechnische Universität Darmstadt Otto‐Bernd‐Straße 3, Darmstadt D‐64287 Germany
| | - Volker Altstädt
- Department of Polymer EngineeringUniversity of Bayreuth Universitätsstraße 30, Bayreuth D‐95447 Germany
| | - Christian Bethke
- Department of Polymer EngineeringUniversity of Bayreuth Universitätsstraße 30, Bayreuth D‐95447 Germany
| | - Olaf Fuhr
- Institut für Nanotechnologie (INT) und Karlsruher Nano‐Micro‐Facility (KNMF)Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) Hermann‐von‐Helmholtz‐Platz 1, Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen 76344 Germany
| | - Florian Puchtler
- Bavarian Polymer Institute and Department of ChemistryUniversity of Bayreuth Universitätstraße 30, Bayreuth D‐95440 Germany
| | - Josef Breu
- Bavarian Polymer Institute and Department of ChemistryUniversity of Bayreuth Universitätstraße 30, Bayreuth D‐95440 Germany
| | - Manfred Döring
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF Schlossgartenstraße 6, Darmstadt D‐64289 Germany
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16
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Gao M, Ye R, Shen W, Xu B. Copper nitrate: a privileged reagent for organic synthesis. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 16:2602-2618. [PMID: 29565088 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob00332g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Copper has been explored as an ideal candidate for replacing noble metals in organic synthesis, especially for practical large scale preparation. Recent decades have witnessed the renaissance and improvement of copper-catalyzed and copper-mediated organic reactions. Copper nitrate is a common inorganic copper salt which has been proved to be a ubiquitous reactant in organic synthesis due to its commercial availability, stability, inexpensiveness and environmentally benign nature. Copper nitrate could be used as a nitration reagent, oxidant, catalyst or promoter, and Lewis acid as well. Remarkably, great attention has been devoted to the efficient transformation of copper nitrate into functionalized or complicated compounds through various reaction types including cyclization, C-H activation, difunctionalization, nitration, rearrangement and asymmetric synthesis with chiral ligands. Further modification of copper nitrate, such as solid-supported copper nitrate or copper nitrate complexes, extends its applications in organic synthesis. The present review highlights recent advances of copper nitrate in organic synthesis, along with the mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingchun Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Innovative Drug Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Qianweichang College, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Rongxuan Ye
- Department of Chemistry, Innovative Drug Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Qianweichang College, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Weijia Shen
- Department of Chemistry, Innovative Drug Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Qianweichang College, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Bin Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Innovative Drug Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Qianweichang College, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China. and State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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17
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A mild system for synthesis of aldoximes and ketoximes in the presence of N-hydroxyphthalimide in aqueous system. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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18
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Krylov IB, Paveliev SA, Syroeshkin MA, Korlyukov AA, Dorovatovskii PV, Zubavichus YV, Nikishin GI, Terent'ev AO. Hypervalent iodine compounds for anti-Markovnikov-type iodo-oxyimidation of vinylarenes. Beilstein J Org Chem 2018; 14:2146-2155. [PMID: 30202467 PMCID: PMC6122379 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.14.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The iodo-oxyimidation of styrenes with the N-hydroxyimide/I2/hypervalent iodine oxidant system was proposed. Among the examined hypervalent iodine oxidants (PIDA, PIFA, IBX, DMP) PhI(OAc)2 proved to be the most effective; yields of iodo-oxyimides are 34-91%. A plausible reaction pathway includes the addition of an imide-N-oxyl radical to the double C=C bond and trapping of the resultant benzylic radical by iodine. It was shown that the iodine atom in the prepared iodo-oxyimides can be substituted by various nucleophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor B Krylov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation.,All-Russian Research Institute for Phytopathology, 143050 B. Vyazyomy, Moscow Region, Russian Federation
| | - Stanislav A Paveliev
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Mikhail A Syroeshkin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander A Korlyukov
- Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str., 28, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation.,Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovitianov str., 1, 117997 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Pavel V Dorovatovskii
- National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Akademika Kurchatova pl., 1, 123182 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Yan V Zubavichus
- National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Akademika Kurchatova pl., 1, 123182 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Gennady I Nikishin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander O Terent'ev
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation.,All-Russian Research Institute for Phytopathology, 143050 B. Vyazyomy, Moscow Region, Russian Federation
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Faisca Phillips AM, Pombeiro AJL. Recent Developments in Transition Metal-Catalyzed Cross-Dehydrogenative Coupling Reactions of Ethers and Thioethers. ChemCatChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201800582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maria Faisca Phillips
- Centro de Química Estrutural; Complexo I; Instituto Superior Técnico; Universidade de Lisboa; Av. Rovisco Pais 1049-001 Lisboa Portugal
| | - Armando J. L. Pombeiro
- Centro de Química Estrutural; Complexo I; Instituto Superior Técnico; Universidade de Lisboa; Av. Rovisco Pais 1049-001 Lisboa Portugal
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Yan Y, Xu X, Jie X, Cheng J, Bai R, Shuai Q, Xie Y. Selective and facile synthesis of α,β-unsaturated nitriles and amides with N-hydroxyphthalimide as the nitrogen source. Tetrahedron Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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Li P, Sun J, Xu X, Mi Z, Lin Y, Cheng J, Bai R, Xie Y. Ferric nitrate-promoted oxidative esterification of toluene with N -hydroxyphthalimide: Synthesis of N -hydroxyimide esters. Tetrahedron Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2018.05.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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22
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Sun B, Yin S, Zhuang X, Jin C, Su W. Selectfluor-induced C(sp2)–O coupling reaction of N-substituted anilines with hydroxylamine derivatives. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:6017-6024. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ob01348a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We developed a novel metal-free method for the construction of C(sp2)–O bonds via oxidative cross-coupling reactions between various N-substituted anilines and hydroxylamine derivatives just using commercially available Selectfluor as an oxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Sun
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals
- Zhejiang University of Technology
- Hangzhou
- PR China
| | - Shi Yin
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Zhejiang University of Technology
- Hangzhou
- PR China
| | - Xiaohui Zhuang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Zhejiang University of Technology
- Hangzhou
- PR China
| | - Can Jin
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Zhejiang University of Technology
- Hangzhou
- PR China
| | - Weike Su
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals
- Zhejiang University of Technology
- Hangzhou
- PR China
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
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