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Rinehart NI, Saunthwal RK, Wellauer J, Zahrt AF, Schlemper L, Shved AS, Bigler R, Fantasia S, Denmark SE. A machine-learning tool to predict substrate-adaptive conditions for Pd-catalyzed C-N couplings. Science 2023; 381:965-972. [PMID: 37651532 DOI: 10.1126/science.adg2114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Machine-learning methods have great potential to accelerate the identification of reaction conditions for chemical transformations. A tool that gives substrate-adaptive conditions for palladium (Pd)-catalyzed carbon-nitrogen (C-N) couplings is presented. The design and construction of this tool required the generation of an experimental dataset that explores a diverse network of reactant pairings across a set of reaction conditions. A large scope of C-N couplings was actively learned by neural network models by using a systematic process to design experiments. The models showed good performance in experimental validation: Ten products were isolated in more than 85% yield from a range of couplings with out-of-sample reactants designed to challenge the models. Importantly, the developed workflow continually improves the prediction capability of the tool as the corpus of data grows.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Ian Rinehart
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Rakesh K Saunthwal
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Joël Wellauer
- Pharmaceutical Division, Synthetic Molecules Technical Development, Process Chemistry and Catalysis, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andrew F Zahrt
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Lukas Schlemper
- Pharmaceutical Division, Synthetic Molecules Technical Development, Process Chemistry and Catalysis, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexander S Shved
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Raphael Bigler
- Pharmaceutical Division, Synthetic Molecules Technical Development, Process Chemistry and Catalysis, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Serena Fantasia
- Pharmaceutical Division, Synthetic Molecules Technical Development, Process Chemistry and Catalysis, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Scott E Denmark
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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2
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Patel S, Dais TN, Plieger PG, Rowlands GJ. Breaking paracyclophane: the unexpected formation of non-symmetric disubstituted nitro[2.2]metaparacyclophanes. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:1518-1526. [PMID: 34285723 PMCID: PMC8261525 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Substituted [2.2]metaparacyclophanes are amongst the least studied of the simple cyclophanes. This is undoubtedly the result of the lengthy syntheses of these compounds. We report the simple synthesis of a rare example of a non-symmetric [2.2]metaparacyclophane. Treatment of [2.2]paracyclophane under standard nitration conditions gives a mixture of 4-nitro[2.2]paracyclophane, 4-hydroxy-5-nitro[2.2]metaparacyclophane and a cyclohexadienone cyclophane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraj Patel
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Tyson N Dais
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Paul G Plieger
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Gareth J Rowlands
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
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3
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Rowlands GJ, Severinsen RJ, Buchanan JK, Shaffer KJ, Jameson HT, Thennakoon N, Leito I, Lõkov M, Kütt A, Vianello R, Despotović I, Radić N, Plieger PG. Synthesis and Basicity Studies of Quinolino[7,8- h]quinoline Derivatives. J Org Chem 2020; 85:11297-11308. [PMID: 32786648 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Quinolino[7,8-h]quinoline is a superbasic compound, with a pKaH in acetonitrile greater than that of 1,8-bis(dimethylaminonaphthalene) (DMAN), although its synthesis and the synthesis of its derivatives can be problematic. The use of halogen derivatives 4,9-dichloroquinolino[7,8-h]quinoline (16) and 4,9-dibromoquinolino[7,8-h]quinoline (17) as precursors has granted the formation of a range of substituted quinolinoquinolines. The basicity and other properties of quinolinoquinolines can be modified by the inclusion of suitable functionalities. The experimentally obtained pKaH values of quinolino[7,8-h]quinoline derivatives show that N4,N4,N9,N9-tetraethylquinolino[7,8-h]quinoline-4,9-diamine (26) is more superbasic than quinolino[7,8-h]quinoline. Computationally derived pKaH values of quinolinoquinolines functionalized with dimethylamino (NMe2), 1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidino (N═C(NMe2)2) or N,N,N',N',N″,N″-hexamethylphosphorimidic triamido (N═P(NMe2)3) groups are significantly greater than those of quinolino[7,8-h]quinoline. Overall, electron-donating functionalities are observed to increase the basicity of the quinolinoquinoline moiety, while the substitution of electron-withdrawing groups lowers the basicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth J Rowlands
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Rebecca J Severinsen
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Jenna K Buchanan
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Karl J Shaffer
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Heather T Jameson
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Nishani Thennakoon
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Ivo Leito
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Märt Lõkov
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Agnes Kütt
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Robert Vianello
- Rud̵er Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Ines Despotović
- Rud̵er Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Nena Radić
- Rud̵er Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Paul G Plieger
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
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Kitagaki S, Nakamura K, Kawabata C, Ishikawa A, Takenaga N, Yoshida K. Planar chiral [2.2]paracyclophane-based phosphine–phenols: use in enantioselective [3 + 2] annulations of allenoates and N-tosylimines. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:1770-1778. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ob00248g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Planar chiral [2.2]paracyclophane-based phosphine–phenols efficiently catalyze the [3 + 2] annulation of N-tosylimines and allenoate.
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