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Park EJ, Jannasch P, Miyatake K, Bae C, Noonan K, Fujimoto C, Holdcroft S, Varcoe JR, Henkensmeier D, Guiver MD, Kim YS. Aryl ether-free polymer electrolytes for electrochemical and energy devices. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:5704-5780. [PMID: 38666439 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00186e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Anion exchange polymers (AEPs) play a crucial role in green hydrogen production through anion exchange membrane water electrolysis. The chemical stability of AEPs is paramount for stable system operation in electrolysers and other electrochemical devices. Given the instability of aryl ether-containing AEPs under high pH conditions, recent research has focused on quaternized aryl ether-free variants. The primary goal of this review is to provide a greater depth of knowledge on the synthesis of aryl ether-free AEPs targeted for electrochemical devices. Synthetic pathways that yield polyaromatic AEPs include acid-catalysed polyhydroxyalkylation, metal-promoted coupling reactions, ionene synthesis via nucleophilic substitution, alkylation of polybenzimidazole, and Diels-Alder polymerization. Polyolefinic AEPs are prepared through addition polymerization, ring-opening metathesis, radiation grafting reactions, and anionic polymerization. Discussions cover structure-property-performance relationships of AEPs in fuel cells, redox flow batteries, and water and CO2 electrolysers, along with the current status of scale-up synthesis and commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Joo Park
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.
| | | | - Kenji Miyatake
- University of Yamanashi, Kofu 400-8510, Japan
- Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Chulsung Bae
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Kevin Noonan
- Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Cy Fujimoto
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87123, USA
| | | | | | - Dirk Henkensmeier
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, South Korea
- KIST School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul 02792, South Korea
- KU-KIST School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Michael D Guiver
- State Key Laboratory of Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Yu Seung Kim
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.
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2
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Polyethylenimine grafted hollow fiber membranes for fast dye separation. J Memb Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2023.121428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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3
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Xu S, Ren X, Zhao N, Wu L, Zhang Z, Fan Y, Li N. Self-crosslinking of bromomethylated 6FDA-DAM polyimide for gas separations. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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4
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Wang L, You R, Ling Y, Xie Y, Mei C, Li Z, Wang F. Covalent cross-linked anion exchange membrane based on poly(biphenyl piperidine) and poly(styrene-b-(ethylene-co-butylene)-b-styrene): preparation and properties. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2021.1888987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liujiao Wang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Rixin You
- College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yuxuan Ling
- College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yu Xie
- College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Cenyu Mei
- College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Ziming Li
- College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Fanghui Wang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, P.R. China
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5
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Kim SH, Lee KH, Chu JY, Kim AR, Yoo DJ. Enhanced Hydroxide Conductivity and Dimensional Stability with Blended Membranes Containing Hyperbranched PAES/Linear PPO as Anion Exchange Membranes. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12123011. [PMID: 33339390 PMCID: PMC7766666 DOI: 10.3390/polym12123011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of novel blended anion exchange membranes (AEMs) were prepared with hyperbranched brominated poly(arylene ether sulfone) (Br-HB-PAES) and linear chloromethylated poly(phenylene oxide) (CM-PPO). The as-prepared blended membranes were fabricated with different weight ratios of Br-HB-PAES to CM-PPO, and the quaternization reaction for introducing the ionic functional group was performed by triethylamine. The Q-PAES/PPO-XY (quaternized-PAES/PPO-XY) blended membranes promoted the ion channel formation as the strong hydrogen bonds interconnecting the two polymers were maintained, and showed an improved hydroxide conductivity with excellent thermal behavior. In particular, the Q-PAES/PPO-55 membrane showed a very high hydroxide ion conductivity (90.9 mS cm−1) compared to the pristine Q-HB-PAES membrane (32.8 mS cm−1), a result supported by the morphology of the membrane as determined by the AFM analysis. In addition, the rigid hyperbranched structure showed a suppressed swelling ratio of 17.9–24.9% despite an excessive water uptake of 33.2–50.3% at 90 °C, and demonstrated a remarkable alkaline stability under 2.0 M KOH conditions over 1000 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hee Kim
- Department of Energy Storage/Conversion Engineering, Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Research Center, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Jeollabuk-do, Korea; (S.H.K.); (A.R.K.)
| | - Kyu Ha Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Jeollabuk-do, Korea; (K.H.L.); (J.Y.C.)
| | - Ji Young Chu
- Department of Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Jeollabuk-do, Korea; (K.H.L.); (J.Y.C.)
| | - Ae Rhan Kim
- Department of Energy Storage/Conversion Engineering, Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Research Center, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Jeollabuk-do, Korea; (S.H.K.); (A.R.K.)
- Department of Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Jeollabuk-do, Korea; (K.H.L.); (J.Y.C.)
| | - Dong Jin Yoo
- Department of Energy Storage/Conversion Engineering, Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Research Center, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Jeollabuk-do, Korea; (S.H.K.); (A.R.K.)
- Department of Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Jeollabuk-do, Korea; (K.H.L.); (J.Y.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-63-270-3608
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6
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Synthesis and characterization of anion-exchange multi-block-copolymer membranes containing highly densified cationic functional groups. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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7
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Mayadevi TS, Sung S, Varghese L, Kim TH. Poly( meta/para-Terphenylene-Methyl Piperidinium)-Based Anion Exchange Membranes: The Effect of Backbone Structure in AEMFC Application. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:E329. [PMID: 33167367 PMCID: PMC7694387 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10110329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A series of poly(meta/para-terphenylene-methyl piperidinium)-based anion exchange membranes devoid of benzylic sites or aryl ether bonds, that are vulnerable to degradation by hydroxide ions, are synthesized and investigated for their application as novel anion exchange membranes. The copolymers are composed of both linear para-terphenyl units and kink-structured meta-terphenyl units. The meta-connectivity in terphenyl units permits the polymer backbones to fold back, maximizing the interactions among the hydrocarbon polymer chains and enhancing the peripheral formation of ion aggregates, due to the free volume generated by the kink structure. The effects of the copolymer composition between para-terphenyl and meta-terphenyl on the morphology and the electrochemical and physicochemical properties of the corresponding polymer membranes are investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. S. Mayadevi
- Organic Material Synthesis Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Korea; (T.S.M.); (S.S.); (L.V.)
- Research Institute of Basic Sciences, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Korea
| | - Seounghwa Sung
- Organic Material Synthesis Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Korea; (T.S.M.); (S.S.); (L.V.)
- Research Institute of Basic Sciences, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Korea
| | - Listo Varghese
- Organic Material Synthesis Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Korea; (T.S.M.); (S.S.); (L.V.)
- Research Institute of Basic Sciences, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Korea
| | - Tae-Hyun Kim
- Organic Material Synthesis Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Korea; (T.S.M.); (S.S.); (L.V.)
- Research Institute of Basic Sciences, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Korea
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8
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Trant C, Hwang S, Bae C, Lee S. Synthesis and Characterization of Anion-Exchange Membranes Using Semicrystalline Triblock Copolymers in Ordered and Disordered States. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carrie Trant
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Sooyeon Hwang
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Chulsung Bae
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Sangwoo Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
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9
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Li Z, Li C, Long C, Sang J, Tian L, Wang F, Wang Z, Zhu H. Elastic and durable multi‐cation‐crosslinked anion exchange membrane based on poly(styrene‐
b
‐(ethylene‐
co
‐butylene)‐
b
‐styrene). JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20200290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ziming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of ChemistryBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Conghui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of ChemistryBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Chuan Long
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of ChemistryBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Jing Sang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of ChemistryBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Lin Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of ChemistryBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Fanghui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of ChemistryBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Zhihua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of ChemistryBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Hong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of ChemistryBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
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10
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Liu FH, Yang Q, Gao XL, Wu HY, Zhang QG, Zhu AM, Liu QL. Anion exchange membranes with dense N-spirocyclic cations as side-chain. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.117560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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11
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Peng J, Liu Z, Liang M, Wang P, Hu W, Jiang Z, Liu B. Highly conductive and stable anion‐exchange membranes based on crosslinked poly(arylene ether sulfone)‐
block
‐poly(phenylene oxide) Networks. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20190053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinwu Peng
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Plastics, Ministry of Education, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis Technology of High Performance PolymerCollege of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street Changchun 130012 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenchao Liu
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Plastics, Ministry of Education, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis Technology of High Performance PolymerCollege of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street Changchun 130012 People's Republic of China
| | - Minhui Liang
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Plastics, Ministry of Education, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis Technology of High Performance PolymerCollege of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street Changchun 130012 People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Wang
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Plastics, Ministry of Education, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis Technology of High Performance PolymerCollege of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street Changchun 130012 People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Hu
- Faculty of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate Science of the Ministry of EducationNortheast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street Changchun 130024 China
| | - Zhenhua Jiang
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Plastics, Ministry of Education, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis Technology of High Performance PolymerCollege of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street Changchun 130012 People's Republic of China
| | - Baijun Liu
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Plastics, Ministry of Education, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis Technology of High Performance PolymerCollege of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street Changchun 130012 People's Republic of China
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12
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Chloromethylation and Quaternization of Poly(aryl ether ketone sulfone)s with Clustered Electron-rich Phenyl Groups for Anion Exchange Membranes. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-020-2340-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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13
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Zhu L, Yu X, Peng X, Zimudzi TJ, Saikia N, Kwasny MT, Song S, Kushner DI, Fu Z, Tew GN, Mustain WE, Yandrasits MA, Hickner MA. Poly(olefin)-Based Anion Exchange Membranes Prepared Using Ziegler–Natta Polymerization. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b02756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Xuedi Yu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Xiong Peng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Tawanda J. Zimudzi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Nayan Saikia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Michael T. Kwasny
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Shaofei Song
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Douglas I. Kushner
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Zhisheng Fu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Gregory N. Tew
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - William E. Mustain
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Michael A. Yandrasits
- Corporate Research Laboratory, Electrochemical Components Lab, 3M Center, St. Paul, Minnesota 55144-1000, United States
| | - Michael A. Hickner
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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14
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Mechanically robust poly[vinyl-(4-benzyl-N,N,N-trimethylammonium bromide) ketone]/polybenzimidazole blend membranes for anion conductive solid electrolytes. J Memb Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Shin D, Nugraha AF, Wijaya F, Lee S, Kim E, Choi J, Kim HJ, Bae B. Synthetic approaches for advanced multi-block anion exchange membranes. RSC Adv 2019; 9:21106-21115. [PMID: 35521315 PMCID: PMC9065993 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra03888d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite our ability to post-functionalize poly(arylene ether sulfone) multi-block copolymers by rapid chloromethylation, bromination, or acylation, with degrees of functionalization that exceeded 70% in a few hours, materials formed during attempts to prepare fully post-functionalized multi-block copolymers are poorly soluble due to undesired side reactions, such as crosslinking or di-bromination. In particular, clustered reactive sites in multi-block copolymers increase the chance of self-reactions between polymer backbones, resulting in the formation of by-products. On the other hand, the authentic multi-block copolymer with good solubility and high molecular weight was successfully synthesized using functionalized monomers. Despite its low ion-exchange capacity, the resulting multi-block copolymer outperformed the commercial FAA-3-30 membrane in terms of anion conductivity, even under low relative humidity conditions. Multi-block copolymers bearing ionic functional groups were synthesized through direct polymerization or post-functionalization.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongwon Shin
- Fuel Cell Laboratory
- Korea Institute of Energy Research
- Daejeon 34129
- Republic of Korea
| | - Adam F. Nugraha
- Fuel Cell Laboratory
- Korea Institute of Energy Research
- Daejeon 34129
- Republic of Korea
- Department of Renewable Energy Engineering
| | - Farid Wijaya
- Fuel Cell Laboratory
- Korea Institute of Energy Research
- Daejeon 34129
- Republic of Korea
- Department of Renewable Energy Engineering
| | - Sojeong Lee
- Fuel Cell Laboratory
- Korea Institute of Energy Research
- Daejeon 34129
- Republic of Korea
| | - Eunyoung Kim
- Fuel Cell Laboratory
- Korea Institute of Energy Research
- Daejeon 34129
- Republic of Korea
| | - Jieun Choi
- Fuel Cell Research Center
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology
- Seoul 02792
- Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung-Juhn Kim
- Fuel Cell Research Center
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology
- Seoul 02792
- Republic of Korea
| | - Byungchan Bae
- Fuel Cell Laboratory
- Korea Institute of Energy Research
- Daejeon 34129
- Republic of Korea
- Department of Renewable Energy Engineering
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16
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Graha HPR, Ando S, Miyanishi S, Yamaguchi T. Development of a novel durable aromatic anion exchange membrane using a thermally convertible precursor. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:10820-10823. [PMID: 30101262 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc05371e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We describe a new approach for obtaining high-performance anion exchange membranes by using a thermally convertible precursor. A new insoluble all-aromatic polymer containing anthracene units and benzyl trimethyl ammonium was successfully prepared from a highly soluble precursor polymer. The resulting polymer shows excellent chemical durability and conductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafis P R Graha
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan.
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17
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Sun Z, Lin B, Yan F. Anion-Exchange Membranes for Alkaline Fuel-Cell Applications: The Effects of Cations. CHEMSUSCHEM 2018; 11:58-70. [PMID: 28922576 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201701600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Alkaline anion-exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs) are attracting much attention because of their potential use of nonprecious electrocatalysts. The anion-exchange membrane (AEM) is one of the key components of AEMFCs. An ideal AEM should possess high hydroxide conductivity and sufficient long-term durability at elevated temperatures in high-pH solutions. Herein, recent progress in research into the alkaline stability behavior of cations (including quaternary ammonium, imidazolium, guanidinium, pyridinium, tertiary sulfonium, phosphonium, benzimidazolium, and pyrrolidinium) and their analogous AEMs, which have been investigated by both experimental studies and theoretical calculations, is reviewed. Effects, including conjugation, steric hindrance e, σ-π hyperconjugation, and electrons, on the alkaline stability of cations and their analogous AEMs have been discussed. The aim of this article is to provide an overview of some key factors for the future design of novel cations and their analogous AEMs with high alkaline stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Sun
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Bencai Lin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of, Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Province Cultivation Base for State Key Laboratory of, Photovoltaic Science and Technology, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Feng Yan
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
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