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Yan X, Du M, Li J, Xue Y, Wu Y, Zhang H, Wang X, Xu D. A theoretical study of the mechanism of cationic polymerization of isobutylene catalysed by EtAlCl 2/ t-BuCl with bis(2-chloroethyl)ether in hexanes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:6763-6773. [PMID: 38323624 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05337g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
The mechanism of cationic polymerization of isobutylene catalyzed by t-BuCl/ethylaluminum dichloride (EADC) combined with bis(2-chloroethyl)ether (CEE) in n-hexane solvent has been investigated using ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) and metadynamics (MTD) simulations. The results indicated that the polyisobutylene (PIB) initiation stage involves a clear two-step mechanism. Calculation of the free energy landscapes of the other two ether reactions reveals that the energy barriers of diisopropyl ether (i-Pr2O) and 2-chloroethyl ethyl ether (CEEE) are much higher than those of CEE, which is consistent with the experimental results. During the chain propagation phase, the required free energy barrier gradually decreases and tends to reach equilibrium as the chain length increases. Finally, the oxonium mechanism during the chain initiation stage was investigated by calculating the 1H NMR spectra and MTD simulation. Our calculations can confirm that the existence of tert-butyloxonium ions during the reaction is possible. Their contribution to the whole reaction is further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinrong Yan
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P. R. China.
| | - Meng Du
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P. R. China.
| | - Jiwei Li
- Chengdu Migersi Medical Technology Co., Ltd, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610219, P. R. China
| | - Ying Xue
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P. R. China.
| | - Yibo Wu
- The College of New Materials and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Key Lab of Special Elastomer Composite Materials, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing, 102617, P. R. China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Chengdu Migersi Medical Technology Co., Ltd, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610219, P. R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P. R. China.
| | - Dingguo Xu
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P. R. China.
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2
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Nifant’ev IE, Korchagina SA, Chinova MS, Tavtorkin AN. Polyisobutylenes with Controlled Molecular Weight and Chain-End Structure: Synthesis and Actual Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3415. [PMID: 37631472 PMCID: PMC10460079 DOI: 10.3390/polym15163415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The polymerization of isobutylene allows us to obtain a wide spectrum of polyisobutylenes (PIBs) which differ in their molecular weight characteristics and the chemical structure of chain-end groups. The bulk of the PIBs manufactured worldwide are highly reactive polyisobutylenes (HRPIBs) with -C(Me)=CH2 end-groups and low-molecular weights (Mn < 5 kDa). HRPIBs are feedstocks that are in high demand in the manufacturing of additives for fuels and oils, adhesives, detergents, and other fine chemicals. In addition, HRPIBs and CMe2Cl-terminated PIBs are intensively studied with the aim of finding biomedical applications and for the purpose of developing new materials. Both chain control (molecular weight and dispersity) and chemoselectivity (formation of exo-olefinic or -CMe2Cl groups) should be achieved during polymerization. This review highlights the fundamental issues in the mechanisms of isobutylene polymerization and PIB analysis, examines actual catalytic approaches to PIBs, and describes recent studies on the functionalization and applications of HRPIBs and halogen-terminated PIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya E. Nifant’ev
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis RAS, 29 Leninsky Pr., 119991 Moscow, Russia; (S.A.K.); (M.S.C.); (A.N.T.)
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3
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Lewis SP, Damodaran K. Highly
exo
‐olefinic polyisobutene synthesized using a recyclable acid. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20220324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stewart P. Lewis
- Department of Chemistry Pyramid Polymers LLC Zanesville Ohio USA
| | - Krishnan Damodaran
- Department of Chemistry University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA
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4
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Abstract
Polyisobutylenes (PIB) constitute a versatile family of polymer materials that have been used mainly as fuel and lubricant additives. Particularly, the current commercial demand for highly reactive polyisobutylene (HR-PIB) products motivates the development of new processes and procedures to produce PIBs with high polymer yields, narrow molar mass distributions and high vinyl contents. For this reason, a bibliometric survey is presented here to map and discuss important technical aspects and technological trends in the field of solution cationic polymerization of isobutylenes. It is shown that investigations in this field are concentrated mainly on developed countries and that industrial initiatives indicate high commercial interest and significant investments in the field. It is also shown that use of catalyst systems based on AlCl3 and ether cocatalysts can be very beneficial for PIB and HR-PIB manufacture. Finally, it is shown that investigations search for cheaper and environmentally friendly catalysts and solvents that can be employed at moderate temperatures, particularly for the production of HR-PIB.
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Vasilenko IV, Kostjuk SV. Homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts for the synthesis of highly reactive polyisobutylene: discovery, development and perspectives. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10601325.2021.1956332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Irina V. Vasilenko
- Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems of the Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Sergei V. Kostjuk
- Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems of the Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus
- Department of Chemistry, Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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Berezianko IA, Nikishau PA, Vasilenko IV, Kostjuk SV. Liquid coordination complexes as a new class of catalysts for the synthesis of highly reactive polyisobutylene. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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7
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Pásztói B, Trötschler TM, Szabó Á, Szarka G, Kerscher B, Mülhaupt R, Iván B. Synthesis of Tosyl- and Nosyl-Ended Polyisobutylenes with High Extent of Functionalities: The Effect of Reaction Conditions. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2504. [PMID: 33126434 PMCID: PMC7692378 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Endfunctional polymers possess significant industrial and scientific importance. Sulfonyl endgroups, such as tosyl and nosyl endfunctionalities, due their ease of substitution are highly desired for a variety of polymer structures. The sulfonylation of hydroxyl-terminated polyisobutylene (PIB-OH), a chemically and thermally stable, biocompatible, fully saturated polymer, with tosyl chloride (TsCl) and nosyl chloride (NsCl) is presented in this study. PIB-OHs derived from commercial exo-olefin-ended PIB (PIBexo-OH) and allyl-terminated polymer made via quasiliving carbocationic polymerization of isobutylene (PIBall-OH) were tosylated and nosylated in the presence of 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP), pyridine and 1-methylimidazole (1-MI) catalysts and triethylamine (TEA). Our systematic investigations revealed that the end product distribution strongly depends on the relative amount of the components, especially that of TEA. While PIBexo-OTs with quantitative endfunctionality is readily formed from PIBexo-OH, its nosylation is not as straightforward. During sulfonylation of PIBall-OH, the formed tosyl and nosyl endgroups are easily substituted with chloride ions, formed in the first step of sulfonylation, leading to chloride termini. We found that decreased amounts of TEA afford the synthesis of PIBall-OTs and PIBall-ONs with higher than 90% endfunctionalities. These sulfonyl-ended PIBs open new ways for utilizing PIB in various fields and in the synthesis of novel PIB-containing macromolecular architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balázs Pásztói
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Institute of Materials and Environment Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (Á.S.); (G.S.)
- George Hevesy PhD School of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tobias M. Trötschler
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 31, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany; (T.M.T.); (B.K.)
- Freiburg Materials Research Center, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 21, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ákos Szabó
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Institute of Materials and Environment Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (Á.S.); (G.S.)
| | - Györgyi Szarka
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Institute of Materials and Environment Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (Á.S.); (G.S.)
| | - Benjamin Kerscher
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 31, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany; (T.M.T.); (B.K.)
- Freiburg Materials Research Center, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 21, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rolf Mülhaupt
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 31, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany; (T.M.T.); (B.K.)
- Freiburg Materials Research Center, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 21, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Béla Iván
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Institute of Materials and Environment Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (Á.S.); (G.S.)
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Rajasekhar T, Singh G, Kapur GS, Ramakumar SSV. Recent advances in catalytic chain transfer polymerization of isobutylene: a review. RSC Adv 2020; 10:18180-18191. [PMID: 35517218 PMCID: PMC9053765 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra01945c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This review presents the development of highly reactive polyisobutylene (HRPIB), a major commercial intermediate toward fuel and lubricant additives. Recent years have witnessed very substantial advances in the catalytic chain transfer polymerization (CCTP) of isobutylene/industrial Raffinate-1 (C4 Raffinate) to produce HRPIB, particularly in nonpolar solvents at elevated temperatures. The main subjects of this review are cationic polymerization of isobutylene, progress in HRPIB research and existing challenges, and recent advances of CCTP. New initiating/catalyst systems based on ionic liquids with Lewis acids are detailed, and this approach may open new views in the synthesis of HRPIB. Some current developments in CCTP of industrial Raffinate-1 and mechanistic studies are also described. This review strongly supports that the hydrocarbon soluble Lewis acid·ether (LA·ether) complex catalyzed CCTP will become the most popular technique for preparing HRPIB and could replace the traditional BF3 catalyzed industrial method. This review presents the development of highly reactive polyisobutylene (HRPIB), a major commercial intermediate toward fuel and lubricant additives.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Tota Rajasekhar
- R&D Center, Indian Oil Corporation Limited Sector-13 Faridabad-121007 Haryana India
| | - Gurmeet Singh
- R&D Center, Indian Oil Corporation Limited Sector-13 Faridabad-121007 Haryana India
| | - Gurpreet Singh Kapur
- R&D Center, Indian Oil Corporation Limited Sector-13 Faridabad-121007 Haryana India
| | - S S V Ramakumar
- R&D Center, Indian Oil Corporation Limited Sector-13 Faridabad-121007 Haryana India
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Cationic polymerization of isobutylene co-initiated by chloroferrate imidazole-based ionic liquid: The advantageous effect of initiator and aromatic compounds. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.109307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Cationic Polymerization of Isobutylene and C4 Mixed Feed Using Complexes of Lewis Acids with Ethers: A Comparative Study. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-019-2290-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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11
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Shiman DI, Vasilenko IV, Kostjuk SV. Alkoxy aluminum chlorides in the cationic polymerization of isobutylene: a co-initiator, carbocation stabilizer and chain-transfer agent. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py01317b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Alkoxy aluminum chlorides are efficient catalysts for the preparation of well-defined exo-olefin terminated PIBs of low (Mn ∼ 1000 g mol−1) to medium (Mn up to 50 000 g mol−1) molecular weight under mild experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitriy I. Shiman
- Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems of the Belarusian State University
- Minsk
- Belarus
| | - Irina V. Vasilenko
- Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems of the Belarusian State University
- Minsk
- Belarus
| | - Sergei V. Kostjuk
- Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems of the Belarusian State University
- Minsk
- Belarus
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine
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12
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Berezianko IA, Vasilenko IV, Kostjuk SV. Acidic imidazole-based ionic liquids in the presence of diisopropyl ether as catalysts for the synthesis of highly reactive polyisobutylene: Effect of ionic liquid nature, catalyst aging, and sonication. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.04.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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13
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Rajasekhar T, Emert J, Wolf LM, Faust R. Controlled Catalytic Chain Transfer Polymerization of Isobutylene in the Presence of tert-Butanol as Exo-Enhancer. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b00327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jack Emert
- Infineum USA, 1900 E. Linden Avenue, Linden, New Jersey 07036, United States
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14
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Rajasekhar T, Haldar U, De P, Emert J, Faust R. Cationic Copolymerization and Multicomponent Polymerization of Isobutylene with C4 Olefins. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tota Rajasekhar
- Polymer
Science Program, Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Avenue, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
| | - Ujjal Haldar
- Polymer
Science Program, Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Avenue, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
| | - Priyadarsi De
- Polymer
Research Centre, Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Nadia, Mohanpur 741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Jack Emert
- Infineum USA, 1900 E. Linden Avenue, Linden, New Jersey 07036, United States
| | - Rudolf Faust
- Polymer
Science Program, Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Avenue, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
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15
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Zhu S, Lu Y, Faust R. Micromixing enhanced synthesis of HRPIBs catalyzed by EADC/bis(2-chloroethyl)ether complex. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra05246d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Better mixing could produce more active centers to accelerate the polymerization by promoting the consumption of carbonium ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Yangcheng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Rudolf Faust
- Polymer Science Program
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Massachusetts Lowell
- Lowell
- USA
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