1
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Kabra M, Kloxin CJ. CuAAC-methacrylate interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) properties modulated by visible-light photoinitiation. Polym Chem 2023; 14:3739-3748. [PMID: 37663952 PMCID: PMC10470441 DOI: 10.1039/d3py00507k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) are a class of materials with interwoven polymers that exhibit unique blended or enhanced properties useful to a variety of applications, ranging from restorative protective materials to conductive membranes and hydrophobic adhesives. The IPN formation kinetics can play a critical role in the development of the underlying morphology and in turn the properties of the material. Dual photoinitiation of copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne (CuAAC) and radical mediated methacrylate polymerization chemistries enable the manipulation of IPN microstructure and properties by controlling the kinetics of IPN formation via the intensity of the initiating light. Specifically, azide and alkyne-based polyethylene glycol monomers and tetraethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) were polymerized in a single pot to form IPNs and the properties were evaluated as a function of the photoinitiating light intensity. Morphological differences as a function of intensity were observed in the IPNs as determined by thermomechanical properties and phase-contrast imaging in tapping mode atomic force microscopy (AFM). At moderate intensities (20 mW/cm2) of visible light (470 nm), the TEGDMA polymerization gels first and therefore forms the underlying network scaffold. At low intensities (0.2 mW/cm2), the CuAAC polymerization can gel first. The ability to switch sequence of gelation and IPN trajectory (simultaneous vs. sequential), affords control over phase separation behavior. Thus, light not only allows for spatial and temporal control over the IPN formation but also provides control over their thermomechanical properties, representing a route for facile IPNs design, synthesis, and application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukund Kabra
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Christopher J Kloxin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, 201 DuPont Hall, Newark, DE 19716, USA
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2
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Dhand AP, Davidson MD, Galarraga JH, Qazi TH, Locke RC, Mauck RL, Burdick JA. Simultaneous One-Pot Interpenetrating Network Formation to Expand 3D Processing Capabilities. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2202261. [PMID: 35510317 PMCID: PMC9283285 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202202261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The incorporation of a secondary network into traditional single-network hydrogels can enhance mechanical properties, such as toughness and loading to failure. These features are important for many applications, including as biomedical materials; however, the processing of interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) hydrogels is often limited by their multistep fabrication procedures. Here, a one-pot scheme for the synthesis of biopolymer IPN hydrogels mediated by the simultaneous crosslinking of two independent networks with light, namely: i) free-radical crosslinking of methacrylate-modified hyaluronic acid (HA) to form the primary network and ii) thiol-ene crosslinking of norbornene-modified HA with thiolated guest-host assemblies of adamantane and β-cyclodextrin to form the secondary network, is reported. The mechanical properties of the IPN hydrogels are tuned by changing the network composition, with high water content (≈94%) hydrogels exhibiting excellent work of fracture, tensile strength, and low hysteresis. As proof-of-concept, the IPN hydrogels are implemented as low-viscosity Digital Light Processing resins to fabricate complex structures that recover shape upon loading, as well as in microfluidic devices to form deformable microparticles. Further, the IPNs are cytocompatible with cell adhesion dependent on the inclusion of adhesive peptides. Overall, the enhanced processing of these IPN hydrogels will expand their utility across applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek P Dhand
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Matthew D Davidson
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- BioFrontiers Institute and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Jonathan H Galarraga
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Taimoor H Qazi
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Ryan C Locke
- Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Robert L Mauck
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Jason A Burdick
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- BioFrontiers Institute and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
- Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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3
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Gao G, Wang X, Chen M, Bowman CN, Stansbury JW. Functional Nanogels as a Route to Interpenetrating Polymer Networks with Improved Mechanical Properties. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guangzhe Gao
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Xiance Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Mingtao Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Christopher N. Bowman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Jeffrey W. Stansbury
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
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4
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Song HB, Sowan N, Baranek A, Sinha J, Cook WD, Bowman CN. Effects of network structures on the tensile toughness of copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC)-based photopolymers. Macromolecules 2021; 54:747-756. [PMID: 33888918 PMCID: PMC8057713 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the photo-initiated copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) polymerization was utilized to form structurally diverse glassy polymer networks. Systematic alterations in the monomer backbone rigidity (e.g., cyclic or aliphatic groups with a different length of backbone) and the reactive functional group density (e.g., tetra-, tri-, di-, and mono-functional azide and alkyne monomers) were used to provide readily tailorable network structures with crosslink densities (estimated from the rubbery modulus) varying by a factor of over 20. All eight of the resultant networks exhibited glass transition temperatures (Tg) between 50 and 80 °C with tensile toughness ranging from 28 to 61 MJ m-3. A nearly linear dependence of yield stress and elongation at break (broadly defined as strength and ductility, respectively) on the Tg and rubbery modulus was established in these triazole networks. When a flexible di-alkyne monomer (5 carbon spacing between alkynes) was incorporated in a network composed of a tri-alkyne and di-azide monomer, the elongation at break was improved from 166 to 300 %, while the yield stress was reduced from 36 to 23 MPa. Additionally, the polymer ductility was also varied by incorporating mono-functional azides as chain ends in the network - replacing a sterically hindered stiff mono-azide with a more flexible mono-azide increased the elongation at break from 24 to 185 % and the tensile toughness from 6 to 28 MJ m-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Byul Song
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 596 UCB, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Nancy Sowan
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, 596 UCB, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Austin Baranek
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 596 UCB, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Jasmine Sinha
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 596 UCB, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Wayne D Cook
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Christopher N Bowman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 596 UCB, Boulder, CO, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, 596 UCB, Boulder, CO, United States
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5
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James J, Thomas GV, Madathil AP, Nambissan PMG, Kalarikkal N, Thomas S. Positron annihilation spectroscopic characterization of free-volume defects and their correlations with the mechanical and transport properties of SBR-PMMA interpenetrating polymer networks. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:18169-18182. [PMID: 32766640 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp01417f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) and semi-interpenetrating polymer networks (s-IPNs) of styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) have been synthesized by adopting the sequential interpenetration and in situ polymerization method. The size and the concentration of free volume defects in these systems are monitored and their variations accurately traced using positron annihilation lifetime (PALS) and coincidence Doppler broadening spectroscopic (CDBS) measurements. The morphologies of the IPNs were analyzed with transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Confocal Raman mapping had been employed to elucidate the mechanism of PMMA interpenetration in the SBR matrix with reference to the blend ratio. The results of free volume analysis lead to the conclusion that the increase of PMMA content in IPN was accompanied by enhancement of interpenetration in the system. Also the morphology changes from dispersed island pattern to a co-continuous one. Besides, the transport parameters and mechanical behavior of IPNs were studied in detail. The results of PALS and CDBS measurements have found to exhibit striking correlations with the sorption, mechanical properties and morphology of the polymer networks. The specific physics involved in the characterization protocol is effectively utilized to explore the chemistry of IPN formation. This new modality of characterization versus composition uplifts and widens the application prospects of elastomer-thermoplastic IPNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose James
- Research and Post-Graduate Department of Chemistry, St. Joseph's College, Moolamattom, Idukki 685591, Kerala, India.
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Lai H, Zhang J, Xing F, Xiao P. Recent advances in light-regulated non-radical polymerisations. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:1867-1886. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00731h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
This review summarises recent advances in light-regulated non-radical polymerisations as well as the applications in materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiwang Lai
- Department of Immunobiology
- College of Life Science and Technology
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou 510632
- China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Research School of Chemistry
- The Australian National University
- Canberra
- Australia
- Department of Chemical Engineering
| | - Feiyue Xing
- Department of Immunobiology
- College of Life Science and Technology
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou 510632
- China
| | - Pu Xiao
- Research School of Chemistry
- The Australian National University
- Canberra
- Australia
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7
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Shete AU, Sutherland BP, Kloxin CJ. One-component rapid Norrish Type II photoinitiation of bulk photo-CuAAC polymer networks. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01310b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A one-component photoinitiation scheme was devised utilizing amine-centered trialkyne monomers for the formation of bulk photo-CuAAC polymer networks. The novel monomers maintain rapid polymerization kinetics and allow for tuning of the Tg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek U. Shete
- Department of Material Science and Engineering
- University of Delaware
- Newark
- USA
| | - Bryan P. Sutherland
- Department of Material Science and Engineering
- University of Delaware
- Newark
- USA
| | - Christopher J. Kloxin
- Department of Material Science and Engineering
- University of Delaware
- Newark
- USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
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8
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Yin B, Croutxé-Barghorn C, Delaite C, Allonas X. A new synthetic pathway based on one-pot sequential aza-Michael addition and photoCuAAC click reactions. RSC Adv 2019; 9:4824-4831. [PMID: 35514625 PMCID: PMC9060615 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra10011j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A solvent-free process is described for the synthesis of tailor-made molecules from a one-pot, two-step approach combining aza-Michael addition and photoinduced copper(i) catalysed azide–alkyne (photo-CuAAC) reactions. After the first reaction between an amine and an acrylate, cycloaddition between an azide and an alkyne is activated by light irradiation in the presence of a copper complex. The kinetics of the aza-Michael addition and photo-CuAAC reaction were investigated by liquid state 1H NMR spectroscopy and real-time Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. This new process represents a well-defined spatio-temporal pathway to the synthesis of bespoke intermediate molecules for various applications. A solvent-free process is described for the synthesis of tailor-made molecules from a one-pot, two-step approach combining aza-Michael addition and photoinduced copper(i) catalysed azide–alkyne (photo-CuAAC) reactions.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyang Yin
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Photochemistry and Engineering
- University of Haute-Alsace
- 68093 Mulhouse Cedex
- France
| | - Céline Croutxé-Barghorn
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Photochemistry and Engineering
- University of Haute-Alsace
- 68093 Mulhouse Cedex
- France
| | - Christelle Delaite
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Photochemistry and Engineering
- University of Haute-Alsace
- 68093 Mulhouse Cedex
- France
| | - Xavier Allonas
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Photochemistry and Engineering
- University of Haute-Alsace
- 68093 Mulhouse Cedex
- France
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9
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El-Zaatari BM, Cole SM, Bischoff DJ, Kloxin CJ. Copper Ligand and Anion Effects: Controlling the Kinetics of the Photoinitiated Copper(I) Catalyzed Azide-Alkyne Cycloaddition Polymerization. Polym Chem 2018; 9:4772-4780. [PMID: 31031838 PMCID: PMC6483394 DOI: 10.1039/c8py01004h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The kinetics of photoinduced copper(I) catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) polymerizations were assessed as a function of copper(II) amine-based ligands. Copper(II) bromide ligated with 1,1,4,7,10,10-hexamethylenetetramine (HMTETA) exhibited the fastest kinetics in both Norrish type(I) and type(II) photoinitiating systems. A characteristic induction period is observed with these polymerizations and is manipulated by adding an external tertiary amine in Norrish Type(II) photoinitating systems or by changing the anion of the copper(II) salt. Halides, specifically bromide and chloride, exhibit the fastest kinetics with the smallest induction period in comparison with organic anions, such as bistriflimide and triflate. The temporal control of the photo-CuAAC polymerization is affected by pre-ligation of the copper catalyst, by the presence of certain anions such as acetate, and by specific ligands such as tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bassil M. El-Zaatari
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Shea M. Cole
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Derek J. Bischoff
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Christopher J. Kloxin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, 201 DuPont Hall, Newark, DE 19716, USA
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10
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Alzahrani AA, Saed M, Yakacki CM, Song HB, Sowan N, Walston JJ, Shah PK, McBride MK, Stansbury JW, Bowman CN. Fully recoverable rigid shape memory foam based on copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) using a salt leaching technique. Polym Chem 2017; 9:121-130. [PMID: 29276541 DOI: 10.1039/c7py01121k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study is the first to employ the use of the copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) polymerization to form a tough and stiff, porous material from a well-defined network possessing a high glass transition temperature. The effect of the network linkages formed as a product of the CuAAC reaction, i.e., the triazoles, on the mechanical behavior at high strain was evaluated by comparing the CuAAC foam to an epoxy-amine-based foam, which consisted of monomers with similar backbone structures and mechanical properties (i.e., Tg of 115 °C and a rubbery modulus of 1.0 MPa for the CuAAC foam, Tg of 125 °C and a rubbery modulus of 1.2 MPa for the epoxy-amine foam). When each foam was compressed uniformly to 80% strain at ambient temperature, the epoxy-amine foam was severely damaged after only reaching 70% strain in the first compression cycle with a toughness of 300 MJ/m3. In contrast, the CuAAC foam exhibited pronounced ductile behavior in the glassy state with three times higher toughness of 850 MJ/m3 after the first cycle of compression to 80% strain. Additionally, when the CuAAC foam was heated above Tg after each of five compression cycles to 80% strain at ambient temperature, the foam completely recovered its original shape while exhibiting a gradual decrease in mechanical performance over the multiple compression cycles. The foam demonstrated almost complete shape fixity and recovery ratios even through five successive cycles, indicative of "reversible plasticity", making it highly desirable as a glassy shape memory foams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer A Alzahrani
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO
| | - Mohand Saed
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO
| | | | - Han Byul Song
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO
| | - Nancy Sowan
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, 596 UCB, Boulder, CO
| | - Joshua J Walston
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO
| | - Parag K Shah
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO
| | - Matthew K McBride
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO
| | - Jeffrey W Stansbury
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO.,Department of Craniofacial Biology, School of Dental Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Christopher N Bowman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO.,Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, 596 UCB, Boulder, CO
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