1
|
Zhu F, Ge J, Gao Y, Li S, Chen Y, Tu J, Wang M, Jiao S. Molten salt electro-preparation of graphitic carbons. EXPLORATION (BEIJING, CHINA) 2023; 3:20210186. [PMID: 37323618 PMCID: PMC10191008 DOI: 10.1002/exp.20210186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Graphite has been used in a wide range of applications since the discovery due to its great chemical stability, excellent electrical conductivity, availability, and ease of processing. However, the synthesis of graphite materials still remains energy-intensive as they are usually produced through a high-temperature treatment (>3000°C). Herein, we introduce a molten salt electrochemical approach utilizing carbon dioxide (CO2) or amorphous carbons as raw precursors for graphite synthesis. With the assistance of molten salts, the processes can be conducted at moderate temperatures (700-850°C). The mechanisms of the electrochemical conversion of CO2 and amorphous carbons into graphitic materials are presented. Furthermore, the factors that affect the graphitization degree of the prepared graphitic products, such as molten salt composition, working temperature, cell voltage, additives, and electrodes, are discussed. The energy storage applications of these graphitic carbons in batteries and supercapacitors are also summarized. Moreover, the energy consumption and cost estimation of the processes are reviewed, which provides perspectives on the large-scale synthesis of graphitic carbons using this molten salt electrochemical strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced MetallurgyUniversity of Science and Technology BeijingBeijingChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Recycling and Extraction of MetalsUniversity of Science and Technology BeijingBeijingChina
| | - Jianbang Ge
- School of Metallurgical and Ecological EngineeringUniversity of Science and Technology BeijingBeijingChina
| | - Yang Gao
- School of Metallurgical and Ecological EngineeringUniversity of Science and Technology BeijingBeijingChina
| | - Shijie Li
- Institute of Advanced Structure TechnologyBeijing Institute of TechnologyBeijingChina
| | - Yunfei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced MetallurgyUniversity of Science and Technology BeijingBeijingChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Recycling and Extraction of MetalsUniversity of Science and Technology BeijingBeijingChina
| | - Jiguo Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced MetallurgyUniversity of Science and Technology BeijingBeijingChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Recycling and Extraction of MetalsUniversity of Science and Technology BeijingBeijingChina
| | - Mingyong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced MetallurgyUniversity of Science and Technology BeijingBeijingChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Recycling and Extraction of MetalsUniversity of Science and Technology BeijingBeijingChina
| | - Shuqiang Jiao
- School of Metallurgical and Ecological EngineeringUniversity of Science and Technology BeijingBeijingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced MetallurgyUniversity of Science and Technology BeijingBeijingChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Recycling and Extraction of MetalsUniversity of Science and Technology BeijingBeijingChina
- Institute of Advanced Structure TechnologyBeijing Institute of TechnologyBeijingChina
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bromberg L, Nitzsche MP, Hatton TA. Capture and electrochemical conversion of CO 2 in molten alkali metal borate-carbonate blends. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:13141-13154. [PMID: 36069421 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr03355k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A family of blended compositions of molten mixed lithium and sodium borate (Li1.5Na1.5BO3) and eutectic lithium-potassium carbonate (Li1.24K0.76CO3) salts has been introduced as reversible carbon dioxide absorbents and as media for CO2 electrolysis for carbon conversion. Material properties, temperature effects and kinetics of CO2 uptake were examined. Li, Na borate can absorb up to 7.3 mmol g-1 CO2 at 600 °C. The blended borate-carbonate compositions are molten in the 550-600 °C temperature range, with viscosity adjustable to within a 10-1000 Pa s window depending on the borate/carbonate ratio. The blends can withstand cyclic temperature and CO2 pressure swings without significant deterioration of their CO2 uptake capabilities. Addition of eutectic carbonate into mixed Li, Na borate salts lowers overall CO2 uptake due to the lower solubility of CO2 in carbonate. However, addition of the eutectic lowers the temperature of the pressure swing operation and dramatically accelerates the CO2 uptake during the initial stage of the absorption, potentially enabling a faster cycling. Electroreduction of CO2 and carbon deposition on a galvanized steel cathode was more effective with increasing carbonate fraction in the molten alkali borate/carbonate blend. Blended borate/carbonate compositions with 50-60% borate content possessed sufficiently high loading capacity for CO2 and simultaneously enabled maximum carbon product yield and Coulombic efficiency. Most of the recovered carbon product was shown to be in the form of multiwalled carbon nanotube.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lev Bromberg
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Michael P Nitzsche
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - T Alan Hatton
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Marin D, Marchesan S. Carbon Graphitization: Towards Greener Alternatives to Develop Nanomaterials for Targeted Drug Delivery. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10061320. [PMID: 35740342 PMCID: PMC9220131 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10061320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon nanomaterials have attracted great interest for their unique physico-chemical properties for various applications, including medicine and, in particular, drug delivery, to solve the most challenging unmet clinical needs. Graphitization is a process that has become very popular for their production or modification. However, traditional conditions are energy-demanding; thus, recent efforts have been devoted to the development of greener routes that require lower temperatures or that use waste or byproducts as a carbon source in order to be more sustainable. In this concise review, we analyze the progress made in the last five years in this area, as well as in their development as drug delivery agents, focusing on active targeting, and conclude with a perspective on the future of the field.
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang P, Wang M, Lu J. Electrochemical conversion of CO 2 into value-added carbon with desirable structures via molten carbonates electrolysis. RSC Adv 2021; 11:28535-28541. [PMID: 35478554 PMCID: PMC9038070 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra03890g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Direct conversion of CO2 to high value-added carbon products based on molten salt electrochemistry has been proven to be a feasible approach to solve the climate problem and achieve carbon neutrality. In this work, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon spheres (CSs) and honeycomb carbon are synthesized by electrolysis of a single or multiple alkali metal carbonate electrolyte. The elemental composition, morphology and structure, crystallinity and graphitization degree of carbon products are characterized by electron dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman microspectroscopy (RAM). The results demonstrate that a high yield of CNTs is obtained in Li2CO3 electrolyte by regulating the electrolysis temperature and current density. Compared to pure Li2CO3, Li-Na carbonate electrolyte with 1 wt% stannic oxide/cerium oxide (SnO2/GeO2) favors CS formation rather than CNT formation. Additionally, honeycomb carbon products are generated in Li-Na-K electrolyte, when the electrolysis temperature is lower than 600 °C. Overall, this work provides a novel carbon neutral strategy where high value-added carbon products are synthesized using CO2 as a carbon source.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Chemical Technology, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Northeast Petroleum University Daqing 163318 China
| | - Mingzhi Wang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Chemical Technology, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Northeast Petroleum University Daqing 163318 China
| | - Jianqiao Lu
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Chemical Technology, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Northeast Petroleum University Daqing 163318 China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Magnetic carbon nanotubes: Carbide nucleated electrochemical growth of ferromagnetic CNTs from CO2. J CO2 UTIL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2020.101218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
6
|
Song Y, Zhang X, Xie K, Wang G, Bao X. High-Temperature CO 2 Electrolysis in Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells: Developments, Challenges, and Prospects. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1902033. [PMID: 31282069 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201902033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
High-temperature CO2 electrolysis in solid-oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) could greatly assist in the reduction of CO2 emissions by electrochemically converting CO2 to valuable fuels through effective electrothermal activation of the stable CO bond. If powered by renewable energy resources, it could also provide an advanced energy-storage method for their intermittent output. Compared to low-temperature electrochemical CO2 reduction, CO2 electrolysis in SOECs at high temperature exhibits higher current density and energy efficiency and has thus attracted much recent attention. The history of its development and its fundamental mechanisms, cathode materials, oxygen-ion-conducting electrolyte materials, and anode materials are highlighted. Electrode, electrolyte, and electrode-electrolyte interface degradation issues are comprehensively summarized. Fuel-assisted SOECs with low-cost fuels applied to the anode to decrease the overpotential and electricity consumption are introduced. Furthermore, the challenges and prospects for future research into high-temperature CO2 electrolysis in SOECs are included.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuefeng Song
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Xiaomin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Kui Xie
- Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Guoxiong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Xinhe Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Li Z, Yu Y, Li W, Wang G, Peng L, Li J, Gu D, Yuan D, Wu H. Carbon dioxide electrolysis and carbon deposition in alkaline-earth-carbonate-included molten salts electrolyzer. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj02965b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Alkaline-earth-carbonate-included molten salts sustain continuous CO2 capture and electrochemical conversion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhida Li
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Chemical Technology
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Northeast Petroleum University
- Daqing 163318
- China
| | - Yanyan Yu
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Chemical Technology
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Northeast Petroleum University
- Daqing 163318
- China
| | - Wei Li
- College of Petroleum Engineering, Northeast Petroleum University
- Daqing
- China
| | - Guanzhong Wang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Chemical Technology
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Northeast Petroleum University
- Daqing 163318
- China
| | - Li Peng
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Chemical Technology
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Northeast Petroleum University
- Daqing 163318
- China
| | - Jinlian Li
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Chemical Technology
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Northeast Petroleum University
- Daqing 163318
- China
| | - Di Gu
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Chemical Technology
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Northeast Petroleum University
- Daqing 163318
- China
| | - Dandan Yuan
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Chemical Technology
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Northeast Petroleum University
- Daqing 163318
- China
| | - Hongjun Wu
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Chemical Technology
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Northeast Petroleum University
- Daqing 163318
- China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yu Y, Li Z, Zhang W, Li W, Ji D, Liu Y, He Z, Wu H. Effect of BaCO3 addition on the CO2-derived carbon deposition in molten carbonates electrolyzer. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj03546b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric carbon dioxide is facilely transformed into carbon materials in Ba-containing or Ba-free carbonates eutectic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Yu
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Chemical Technology
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Northeast Petroleum University
- Daqing
- China
| | - Zhida Li
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Chemical Technology
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Northeast Petroleum University
- Daqing
- China
| | - Wenyong Zhang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Chemical Technology
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Northeast Petroleum University
- Daqing
- China
| | - Wei Li
- College of Petroleum Engineering
- Northeast Petroleum University
- Daqing
- China
| | - Deqiang Ji
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Chemical Technology
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Northeast Petroleum University
- Daqing
- China
| | - Yue Liu
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Chemical Technology
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Northeast Petroleum University
- Daqing
- China
| | - Zhouwen He
- Department of New Electrical Materials
- State Grid Smart Grid Research Institute
- Beijing
- China
| | - Hongjun Wu
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Chemical Technology
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Northeast Petroleum University
- Daqing
- China
| |
Collapse
|