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Garai S, Chandu P, Srinivasu V, Sureshkumar D. Catalytic C( sp3)-H Trifluoroethylation of Amino Acids and Carboxylic Acids. Org Lett 2024; 26:5208-5214. [PMID: 38847779 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Integrating of the trifluoroethyl (-CH2CF3) group into the organic compounds by activating the distal C(sp3)-H bond is a challenging but crucial task in organic chemistry. This transformation imparts unique physicochemical properties to the compounds, such as enhanced lipophilicity, metabolic stability, and altered electronic characteristics. In this study, we unveil a new palladium-catalyzed method to directly introduce the trifluoroethyl group into amino acid and carboxylic acid derivatives. Remarkably, this method effectively activates the β-C(sp3)-H bond across various substrates at room temperature. Utilizing mesityl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)iodonium triflate as a trifluoroethyl source, our approach selectively targets the distal β-C(sp3)-H bonds of amino and carboxylic acids, ensuring high chemoselectivity and enabling the straightforward synthesis of a diverse array of important γ-trifluoromethyl amino acid and carboxylic acid derivatives. Furthermore, the practical applicability of this methodology is demonstrated through its scalability for gram-scale synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Garai
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur-741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Palasetty Chandu
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur-741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Vinjamuri Srinivasu
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur-741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Devarajulu Sureshkumar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur-741246, West Bengal, India
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2
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Le TV, Ramachandru GG, Daugulis O. Trifluoroethylation and Pentafluoropropylation of C(sp 3)-H Bonds. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303190. [PMID: 38011542 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Polyfluorinated substituents often enhance effectiveness, improve the stability within metabolic processes, and boost the lipophilicity of biologically active compounds. However, methods for their introduction into aliphatic carbon chains remain very limited. A potentially general route to integrate the fluorinated scaffolds into organic molecules involves insertion of fluorine-containing carbenes into C(sp3)-H bonds. The electron-withdrawing characteristics of perfluoroalkyl groups enhances the reactivity of these carbenes which should enable the functionalization of unactivated C(sp3)-H bonds. Curiously, it appears that use of perfluoroalkyl-containing carbenes in alkane C-H functionalization is exceedingly rare. This concept describes photolysis, enzymatic catalysis, and transition metal catalysis as three primary approaches to C(sp3)-H functionalization by trifluoromethylcarbene and its homologues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh V Le
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 3585 Cullen Blvd, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Girish G Ramachandru
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 3585 Cullen Blvd, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Olafs Daugulis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 3585 Cullen Blvd, Houston, TX, USA
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3
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Le TV, Romero I, Daugulis O. "Sandwich" Diimine-Copper Catalyzed Trifluoroethylation and Pentafluoropropylation of Unactivated C(sp 3 )-H Bonds by Carbene Insertion. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301672. [PMID: 37267071 PMCID: PMC10642771 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We report here "sandwich"-diimine copper complex-catalyzed trifluoroethylation and pentafluoropropylation of unactivated C(sp3 )-H bonds in alkyl esters, halides, and protected amines by employing CF3 CHN2 and CF3 CF2 CHN2 reagents. Reactions proceed in dichloromethane solvent at room temperature. Identical C-H functionalization conditions and stoichiometries are employed for generality and convenience. Selectivities for C-H insertions are higher for compounds possessing stronger electron-withdrawing substituents. Preliminary mechanistic studies point to a mechanism involving a pre-equilibrium forming a "sandwich"-diimine copper-CF3 CHN2 complex followed by rate-determining loss of nitrogen affording the reactive copper carbene. It reacts with trifluoromethyldiazomethane about 6.5 times faster than with 1-fluoroadamantane explaining the need for slow addition of the diazo compound.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Olafs Daugulis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston 3585 Cullen Blvd
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Liu A, Ni C, Xie Q, Hu J. Transition-Metal-Free Controllable Single and Double Difluoromethylene Formal Insertions into C-H Bonds of Aldehydes with TMSCF 2 Br. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202217088. [PMID: 36517973 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202217088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a new strategy for controllable single and double difluoromethylene (CF2 ) formal insertions into C-H bonds of aldehydes with nearly full selectivity under transition-metal-free conditions. The key to the success of controllable CF2 insertions lies in the well-defined formation of 2,2-difluoroenolsilyl ether and 2,2,3,3-tetrafluorocyclopropanolsilyl ether intermediates using difluorocarbene reagent TMSCF2 Br (TMS=trimethylsilyl). These two intermediates can react with various electrophiles including proton sources and various halogenation reagents, allowing for the access to diverse arrays of ketones containing difluoromethylene (CF2 ) and tetrafluoroethylene (CF2 CF2 ) units. The first synthesis of relatively stable 2,2,3,3-tetrafluorocyclopropanolsilyl ethers has been achieved, which offers a new platform to explore other unknown chemical space.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Liu
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Chuanfa Ni
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Qiqiang Xie
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jinbo Hu
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
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5
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Sperga A, Zacs D, Veliks J. Iron-Catalyzed Fluoromethylene Transfer from a Sulfonium Reagent. Org Lett 2022; 24:4474-4478. [PMID: 35699424 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report the first example of an iron porphyrin catalyzed fluoromethylene transfer from (2,4-dimethylphenyl)(fluoromethyl)(phenyl)sulfonium tetrafluoroborate to unactivated alkenes. The fluorocarbene or fluoromethylene synthon is the smallest "organic" node in a molecular graph of the organofluorine compounds. In this work, we present alternative solution to unavailable fluorodiazomethane (CHFN2), a missing one-carbon C1 piece in fluorine chemistry, by using a fluoromethylsulfonium reagent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturs Sperga
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia
| | - Dzintars Zacs
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", Lejupes iela 3, Riga LV-1076, Latvia
| | - Janis Veliks
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia
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Chen T, Wang A, Zhang L, Wei C, Huang J, Liu X, Fu Z. Formal [4 + 1] annulation of fluorinated sulfonium salt with cyclic unsaturated imines to access CF 3-substituted pyrroles. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:3128-3133. [PMID: 33885566 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00218j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Formal [4 + 1] annulation of easily available fluorinated sulfonium salt with cyclic unsaturated imines has been successfully developed. A structurally diverse set of CF3-substituted dihydropyrroles was efficiently constructed in acceptable to excellent yields with excellent diastereoselectivities. The resulting CF3-containing dihydropyrroles from this transition metal-free strategy could be easily transformed to pyrroles in good yields under basic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced Materials, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China.
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7
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Kaur P, Tyagi V. Recent Advances in Iron‐Catalyzed Chemical and Enzymatic Carbene‐Transfer Reactions. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202001158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Parmjeet Kaur
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology Patiala 147004 Punjab India
| | - Vikas Tyagi
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology Patiala 147004 Punjab India
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Lin JH, Xiao JC. Fluorinated Ylides/Carbenes and Related Intermediates from Phosphonium/Sulfonium Salts. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:1498-1510. [PMID: 32786338 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the special effects of the fluorine element, including high electronegativity and small atomic radius, the incorporation of a fluorinated group into organic molecules may modify their physical, chemical, and biological properties. Fluorine-containing compounds have found widespread application in a variety of areas, and thus, the development of efficient reagents and methods for the incorporation of fluorinated groups has become a subject of significant interest.Described in this Account are our recent discoveries in the chemistry of fluorinated ylides/carbenes and related intermediates generated from phosphonium/sulfonium salts. Initially, we obtained the (triphenylphosphonio) difluoroacetate, Ph3P+CF2CO2- (PDFA), which was proposed as a reactive intermediate but had never been successfully synthesized. PDFA, shelf-stable and easy to prepare, is not only a mild ylide (Ph3P+CF2-) reagent, but also an efficient difluorocarbene source. It can directly generate difluorocarbene, via the first generation of ylide Ph3P+CF2-, simply under warming conditions without the need for any additive. Interestingly, difluorocarbene chemistry was then discovered by using PDFA as a reagent. Difluorocarbene can be oxidized to CF2═O, can react with elemental sulfur to afford CF2═S, and can be trapped by NaNH2 or NH3 to give CN-. The development of these processes into synthetic tools allowed us to achieve various reactions, including the challenging 18F-trifluoromethylthiolation and cyanodifluoromethylation. It was found that a substituent on the cation of a phosphonium salt can be directly transferred as a nucleophile despite the cation's high electrophilicity. This transfer process is like an "umpolung" of the cation, which may provide more opportunities for the synthetic utilities of phosphonium salts. The investigation of this transfer process led us to find that iodophosphonium salts, active intermediates which can be easily generated, may efficiently promote deoxygenative functionalizations of aldehydes and alcohols. Dehydroxylative substitution of alcohols by this protocol permits the use of unprotected amines with higher pKa values as nucleophiles, which is an attractive feature compared with the Mitsunobu reaction. On the basis of the ylide-to-carbene process (Ph3P+CF2- → :CF2), we further developed sulfonium salts as precursors of fluorinated ylides and fluorinated methyl carbenes. In particular, the studies on difluoromethylcarbene, remaining largely unexplored, may deserve more attention. The discoveries may find utility in the synthesis of biologically active fluorine-containing molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Hong Lin
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ji-Chang Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasco F. Batista
- LAQV-REQUIMTE and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Diana C. G. A. Pinto
- LAQV-REQUIMTE and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Artur M. S. Silva
- LAQV-REQUIMTE and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
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10
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He F, Li F, Koenigs RM. Metal-Free Insertion Reactions of Silanes with Aryldiazoacetates. J Org Chem 2019; 85:1240-1246. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feifei He
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Fang Li
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Rene M. Koenigs
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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11
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Zhang J, Huang X, Zhang RK, Arnold FH. Enantiodivergent α-Amino C-H Fluoroalkylation Catalyzed by Engineered Cytochrome P450s. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:9798-9802. [PMID: 31187993 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b04344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of fluoroalkyl groups into organic compounds can significantly alter pharmacological characteristics. One enabling but underexplored approach for the installation of fluoroalkyl groups is selective C( sp3)-H functionalization due to the ubiquity of C-H bonds in organic molecules. We have engineered heme enzymes that can insert fluoroalkyl carbene intermediates into α-amino C( sp3)-H bonds and enable enantiodivergent synthesis of fluoroalkyl-containing molecules. Using directed evolution, we engineered cytochrome P450 enzymes to catalyze this abiological reaction under mild conditions with total turnovers (TTN) up to 4070 and enantiomeric excess (ee) up to 99%. The iron-heme catalyst is fully genetically encoded and configurable by directed evolution so that just a few mutations to the enzyme completely inverted product enantioselectivity. These catalysts provide a powerful method for synthesis of chiral organofluorine molecules that is currently not possible with small-molecule catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juner Zhang
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , California Institute of Technology , 1200 East California Boulevard , MC 210-41, Pasadena , California 91125 , United States
| | - Xiongyi Huang
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , California Institute of Technology , 1200 East California Boulevard , MC 210-41, Pasadena , California 91125 , United States
| | - Ruijie K Zhang
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , California Institute of Technology , 1200 East California Boulevard , MC 210-41, Pasadena , California 91125 , United States
| | - Frances H Arnold
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , California Institute of Technology , 1200 East California Boulevard , MC 210-41, Pasadena , California 91125 , United States
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12
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Wang EH, Ping YJ, Li ZR, Qin H, Xu ZJ, Che CM. Iron Porphyrin Catalyzed Insertion Reaction of N-Tosylhydrazone-Derived Carbenes into X–H (X = Si, Sn, Ge) Bonds. Org Lett 2018; 20:4641-4644. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b01931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- En-Hui Wang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, 100 Haiquan Road, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yuan-Ji Ping
- Shanghai-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory in Chemical Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, 354 Feng Lin Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Zong-Rui Li
- Shanghai-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory in Chemical Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, 354 Feng Lin Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Hongling Qin
- Shanghai-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory in Chemical Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, 354 Feng Lin Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Zhen-Jiang Xu
- Shanghai-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory in Chemical Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, 354 Feng Lin Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Chi-Ming Che
- Shanghai-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory in Chemical Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, 354 Feng Lin Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
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13
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Pan XY, Zhao Y, Qu HA, Lin JH, Hang XC, Xiao JC. Tri- and di-fluoroethylation of alkenes by visible light photoredox catalysis. Org Chem Front 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8qo00082d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The photoredox-catalyzed solvent-dependent tri-/di-fluoroethylation of alkenes with sulfonium salts (Ph2S+CH2RF TfO−) (RF = CF3 or HCF2) is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yang Pan
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)
- Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech)
- Nanjing 211800
- China
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry
| | - Yue Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)
- Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech)
- Nanjing 211800
- China
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry
| | | | - Jin-Hong Lin
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
| | - Xiao-Chun Hang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)
- Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech)
- Nanjing 211800
- China
| | - Ji-Chang Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
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Tian ZY, Wang SM, Jia SJ, Song HX, Zhang CP. Sonogashira Reaction Using Arylsulfonium Salts as Cross-Coupling Partners. Org Lett 2017; 19:5454-5457. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b02764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Yu Tian
- School of Chemistry, Chemical
Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, 205 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shi-Meng Wang
- School of Chemistry, Chemical
Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, 205 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Su-Jiao Jia
- School of Chemistry, Chemical
Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, 205 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hai-Xia Song
- School of Chemistry, Chemical
Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, 205 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Cheng-Pan Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Chemical
Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, 205 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, China
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