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Anang FEB, Wei X, Xu J, Cain M, Li Z, Brand U, Peiner E. Area-Selective Growth of Zinc Oxide Nanowire Arrays for Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:261. [PMID: 38398989 PMCID: PMC10892005 DOI: 10.3390/mi15020261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
In this work, we present the area-selective growth of zinc oxide nanowire (NW) arrays on patterned surfaces of a silicon (Si) substrate for a piezoelectric nanogenerator (PENG). ZnO NW arrays were selectively grown on patterned surfaces of a Si substrate using a devised microelectromechanical system (MEMS)-compatible chemical bath deposition (CBD) method. The fabricated devices measured a maximum peak output voltage of ~7.9 mV when a mass of 91.5 g was repeatedly manually placed on them. Finite element modeling (FEM) of a single NW using COMSOL Multiphysics at an applied axial force of 0.9 nN, which corresponded to the experimental condition, resulted in a voltage potential of -6.5 mV. The process repeated with the same pattern design using a layer of SU-8 polymer on the NWs yielded a much higher maximum peak output voltage of ~21.6 mV and a corresponding peak power density of 0.22 µW/cm3, independent of the size of the NW array. The mean values of the measured output voltage and FEM showed good agreement and a nearly linear dependence on the applied force on a 3 × 3 µm2 NW array area in the range of 20 to 90 nN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Eric Boye Anang
- Institute of Semiconductor Technology, TU Braunschweig, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany; (X.W.); (J.X.); (E.P.)
- Scientific Metrology Department, Ghana Standards Authority, Accra P.O. Box MB 245, Ghana
| | - Xuanwei Wei
- Institute of Semiconductor Technology, TU Braunschweig, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany; (X.W.); (J.X.); (E.P.)
| | - Jiushuai Xu
- Institute of Semiconductor Technology, TU Braunschweig, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany; (X.W.); (J.X.); (E.P.)
| | - Markys Cain
- Electrosciences Ltd., Farnham, Surrey GU9 9QT, UK;
| | - Zhi Li
- Surface Metrology Department, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), 38116 Braunschweig, Germany; (Z.L.); (U.B.)
| | - Uwe Brand
- Surface Metrology Department, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), 38116 Braunschweig, Germany; (Z.L.); (U.B.)
| | - Erwin Peiner
- Institute of Semiconductor Technology, TU Braunschweig, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany; (X.W.); (J.X.); (E.P.)
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Mustaffa MA, Arith F, Noorasid NS, Zin MSIM, Leong KS, Ali FA, Mustafa ANM, Ismail MM. Towards a Highly Efficient ZnO Based Nanogenerator. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:2200. [PMID: 36557499 PMCID: PMC9783523 DOI: 10.3390/mi13122200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A nanogenerator (NG) is an energy harvester device that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy on a small scale by relying on physical changes. Piezoelectric semiconductor materials play a key role in producing high output power in piezoelectric nanogenerator. Low cost, reliability, deformation, and electrical and thermal properties are the main criteria for an excellent device. Typically, there are several main types of piezoelectric materials, zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods, barium titanate (BaTiO3) and lead zirconate titanate (PZT). Among those candidate, ZnO nanorods have shown high performance features due to their unique characteristics, such as having a wide-bandgap semiconductor energy of 3.3 eV and the ability to produce more ordered and uniform structures. In addition, ZnO nanorods have generated considerable output power, mainly due to their elastic nanostructure, mechanical stability and appropriate bandgap. Apart from that, doping the ZnO nanorods and adding doping impurities into the bulk ZnO nanorods are shown to have an influence on device performance. Based on findings, Ni-doped ZnO nanorods are found to have higher output power and surface area compared to other doped. This paper discusses several techniques for the synthesis growth of ZnO nanorods. Findings show that the hydrothermal method is the most commonly used technique due to its low cost and straightforward process. This paper reveals that the growth of ZnO nanorods using the hydrothermal method has achieved a high power density of 9 µWcm-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Aiman Mustaffa
- Faculty of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM), Hang Tuah Jaya, Melaka 76100, Malaysia
| | - Faiz Arith
- Faculty of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM), Hang Tuah Jaya, Melaka 76100, Malaysia
| | - Nur Syamimi Noorasid
- Faculty of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM), Hang Tuah Jaya, Melaka 76100, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Shahril Izuan Mohd Zin
- Faculty of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM), Hang Tuah Jaya, Melaka 76100, Malaysia
| | - Kok Swee Leong
- Faculty of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM), Hang Tuah Jaya, Melaka 76100, Malaysia
| | - Fara Ashikin Ali
- Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Technology, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM), Hang Tuah Jaya, Melaka 76100, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Nizamuddin Muhammad Mustafa
- Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Technology, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM), Hang Tuah Jaya, Melaka 76100, Malaysia
- Department of Materials, Faculty of Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Mohd Muzafar Ismail
- Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Technology, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM), Hang Tuah Jaya, Melaka 76100, Malaysia
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Gogneau N, Chrétien P, Sodhi T, Couraud L, Leroy L, Travers L, Harmand JC, Julien FH, Tchernycheva M, Houzé F. Electromechanical conversion efficiency of GaN NWs: critical influence of the NW stiffness, the Schottky nano-contact and the surface charge effects. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:4965-4976. [PMID: 35297939 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr07863a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The piezoelectric nanowires (NWs) are considered as promising nanomaterials to develop high-efficient piezoelectric generators. Establishing the relationship between their characteristics and their piezoelectric conversion properties is now essential to further improve the devices. However, due to their nanoscale dimensions, the NWs are characterized by new properties that are challenging to investigate. Here, we use an advanced nano-characterization tool derived from AFM to quantify the piezo-conversion properties of NWs axially compressed with a well-controlled applied force. This unique technique allows to establish the direct relation between the output signal generation and the NW stiffness and to quantify the electromechanical coupling coefficient of GaN NWs, which can reach up to 43.4%. We highlight that this coefficient is affected by the formation of the Schottky nano-contact harvesting the piezo-generated energy, and is extremely sensitive to the surface charge effects, strongly pronounced in sub-100 nm wide GaN NWs. These results constitute a new building block in the improvement of NW-based nanogenerator devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelle Gogneau
- Centre de Nanosciences et Nanotechnologies, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, UMR9001, Boulevard Thomas Gobert, 91120 Palaiseau, France.
| | - Pascal Chrétien
- Université Paris-Saclay, CentraleSupélec, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Génie électrique et électronique de Paris, 11 rue Joliot-Curie, 91190 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Tanbir Sodhi
- Centre de Nanosciences et Nanotechnologies, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, UMR9001, Boulevard Thomas Gobert, 91120 Palaiseau, France.
- Université Paris-Saclay, CentraleSupélec, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Génie électrique et électronique de Paris, 11 rue Joliot-Curie, 91190 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Laurent Couraud
- Centre de Nanosciences et Nanotechnologies, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, UMR9001, Boulevard Thomas Gobert, 91120 Palaiseau, France.
| | - Laetitia Leroy
- Centre de Nanosciences et Nanotechnologies, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, UMR9001, Boulevard Thomas Gobert, 91120 Palaiseau, France.
| | - Laurent Travers
- Centre de Nanosciences et Nanotechnologies, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, UMR9001, Boulevard Thomas Gobert, 91120 Palaiseau, France.
| | - Jean-Chistophe Harmand
- Centre de Nanosciences et Nanotechnologies, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, UMR9001, Boulevard Thomas Gobert, 91120 Palaiseau, France.
| | - François H Julien
- Centre de Nanosciences et Nanotechnologies, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, UMR9001, Boulevard Thomas Gobert, 91120 Palaiseau, France.
| | - Maria Tchernycheva
- Centre de Nanosciences et Nanotechnologies, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, UMR9001, Boulevard Thomas Gobert, 91120 Palaiseau, France.
| | - Frédéric Houzé
- Université Paris-Saclay, CentraleSupélec, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Génie électrique et électronique de Paris, 11 rue Joliot-Curie, 91190 Gif sur Yvette, France
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Jiang J, Liu S, Feng L, Zhao D. A Review of Piezoelectric Vibration Energy Harvesting with Magnetic Coupling Based on Different Structural Characteristics. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:436. [PMID: 33919932 PMCID: PMC8070931 DOI: 10.3390/mi12040436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Piezoelectric vibration energy harvesting technologies have attracted a lot of attention in recent decades, and the harvesters have been applied successfully in various fields, such as buildings, biomechanical and human motions. One important challenge is that the narrow frequency bandwidth of linear energy harvesting is inadequate to adapt the ambient vibrations, which are often random and broadband. Therefore, researchers have concentrated on developing efficient energy harvesters to realize broadband energy harvesting and improve energy-harvesting efficiency. Particularly, among these approaches, different types of energy harvesters adopting magnetic force have been designed with nonlinear characteristics for effective energy harvesting. This paper aims to review the main piezoelectric vibration energy harvesting technologies with magnetic coupling, and determine the potential benefits of magnetic force on energy-harvesting techniques. They are classified into five categories according to their different structural characteristics: monostable, bistable, multistable, magnetic plucking, and hybrid piezoelectric-electromagnetic energy harvesters. The operating principles and representative designs of each type are provided. Finally, a summary of practical applications is also shown. This review contributes to the widespread understanding of the role of magnetic force on piezoelectric vibration energy harvesting. It also provides a meaningful perspective on designing piezoelectric harvesters for improving energy-harvesting efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxiang Jiang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China; (J.J.); (D.Z.)
- School of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin 132101, China
| | - Shaogang Liu
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China; (J.J.); (D.Z.)
| | - Lifeng Feng
- Beijing Institute of Precision Mechatronics and Controls, CALT, Beijing 100076, China;
| | - Dan Zhao
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China; (J.J.); (D.Z.)
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Panigrahi BK, Sitikantha D, Bhuyan A, Panda H, Mohanta K. Dielectric and ferroelectric properties of PVDF thin film for biomechanical energy harvesting. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2020.09.339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Su Q, Jiang Z, Li B. A mixed solvent approach to make poly(vinylidene fluoride) nanofibers with high β-phase using solution blow spinning. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008320937338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The excellent mechanical and piezoelectric properties of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) are its most valuable characteristics, and improving the piezoelectric performance of PVDF is an important subject of the study. However, several existing methodological studies have been regarded as complex and ineffective. The most efficient method to produce PVDF nanofibers with high β-phase contents is still electrospinning; however, this process does not facilitate the mass production of PVDF nanofibers and produces PVDF with a relatively low fraction of β-phase. Both these issues can be solved by solution blow spinning (SBS). This work focused on the optimum ratio of solvents to produce beadless PVDF nanofibers and highlighted the relationship between the spinning solution viscosity and the average diameter of the SBS nanofibers obtained. Using Fourier transform infrared reflection, it was evaluated that the fraction of the β-phase increased after the SBS process, which was calculated to be 85%; this value was considered as a relatively high fraction of β-phase, which was similar to that obtained by electrospinning. Consequently, a simple and convenient alternative to produce PVDF nanofibers with high β-phase contents was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Su
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhenggen Jiang
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
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Sripadmanabhan Indira S, Aravind Vaithilingam C, Oruganti KSP, Mohd F, Rahman S. Nanogenerators as a Sustainable Power Source: State of Art, Applications, and Challenges. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:E773. [PMID: 31137520 PMCID: PMC6566161 DOI: 10.3390/nano9050773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A sustainable power source to meet the needs of energy requirement is very much essential in modern society as the conventional sources are depleting. Bioenergy, hydropower, solar, and wind are some of the well-established renewable energy sources that help to attain the need for energy at mega to gigawatts power scale. Nanogenerators based on nano energy are the growing technology that facilitate self-powered systems, sensors, and flexible and portable electronics in the booming era of IoT (Internet of Things). The nanogenerators can harvest small-scale energy from the ambient nature and surroundings for efficient utilization. The nanogenerators were based on piezo, tribo, and pyroelectric effect, and the first of its kind was developed in the year 2006 by Wang et al. The invention of nanogenerators is a breakthrough in the field of ambient energy-harvesting techniques as they are lightweight, easily fabricated, sustainable, and care-free systems. In this paper, a comprehensive review on fundamentals, performance, recent developments, and application of nanogenerators in self-powered sensors, wind energy harvesting, blue energy harvesting, and its integration with solar photovoltaics are discussed. Finally, the outlook and challenges in the growth of this technology are also outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sridhar Sripadmanabhan Indira
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Innovation and Technology, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, No. 1, Jalan Taylor's, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Chockalingam Aravind Vaithilingam
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Innovation and Technology, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, No. 1, Jalan Taylor's, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Kameswara Satya Prakash Oruganti
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Innovation and Technology, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, No. 1, Jalan Taylor's, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Faizal Mohd
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Innovation and Technology, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, No. 1, Jalan Taylor's, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Saidur Rahman
- Research Centre for Nano-Materials and Energy Technology (RCNMET), School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, 47500 Subang Jaya, Malaysia.
- American University of Ras Al Khaimah, 31291 Ras Al Khaimah, UAE.
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