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Cheng C, Zhang X, Haché MJR, Zou Y. Phase transition and nanomechanical properties of refractory high-entropy alloy thin films: effects of co-sputtering Mo and W on a TiZrHfNbTa system. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:7561-7568. [PMID: 35478250 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr01635d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Refractory high-entropy alloys (RHEAs) that consist of multiple principal refractory elements have attracted significant attention due to their many interesting and useful properties for structural applications. However, so far, a vast majority of reports on RHEAs focused on a few well-known compositions such as NbMoTaW, NbMoTaWV, and TiZrHfNbTa. The discovery of new RHEAs with enhanced mechanical properties has been highly desirable. Here we produce two new RHEA thin films - TiZrHfNbTaMo and TiZrHfNbTaW, by co-sputtering Mo or W on a previously studied TiZrHfNbTa RHEA system. The TiZrHfNbTaMo and TiZrHfNbTaW thin films exhibit an amorphous state, while the TiZrHfNbTa one shows a nanocrystalline structure. Using the nanoindentation method, we show that the addition of Mo or W in the TiZrHfNbTa during the co-sputtering process increases the hardness while resulting in comparable elastic moduli. Through the strain rate sensitivity tests of the thin films, we obtain their activation volumes and discuss their deformation mechanisms in the nanoindentation tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjun Cheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, 184 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E4.
| | - Xiaofu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology and Center for Excellence in Superconducting Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Michel J R Haché
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, 184 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E4.
| | - Yu Zou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, 184 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E4.
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Islam MM, Shakil SI, Shaheen NM, Bayati P, Haghshenas M. An overview of microscale indentation fatigue: Composites, thin films, coatings, and ceramics. Micron 2021; 148:103110. [PMID: 34229109 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2021.103110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
There are many applications from computer hardware and sensors to thin films and coatings in which parts are fabricated in small sizes and low thicknesses. Most of these applications could undergo cyclic loading and unloading conditions during their operation. Therefore, cyclic and fatigue evaluations of these components are an essential topic and should be fully understood. In these cases, due to the dimensional limitations, conventional methods of the fatigue experiments encounter challenges and mostly are not accurate or applicable. Nano- and micro-indentation fatigue tests are considered non- or semi-destructive experiments that have opened a new approach to study the cyclic response of these small-sized specimens and thin films. The objective of the present review paper is to evaluate a convenient, reliable, and non-destructive testing approach in the assessment of fatigue (cyclic) response of materials on a small scale. Along with conventional bulk scale fatigue testing methods (i.e. reverse bending, pull-push, multi-axial bending), the depth-sensing indentation testing technique can be employed to study the cyclic behavior of metallic and non-metallic materials especially when a limited volume of the material is available. In this paper, we tried to cover most of the previous studies performed on indentation fatigue of composites, thin films, coatings, and ceramics along with associated discussions and main findings. We covered the physics behind the indentation and the difference between the indentation and conventional fatigue analyses. Followed by that, microstructural evaluations of some of the studies are provided to give readers more insights into this approach. In most applications, the indentation fatigue technique could be a reliable solution due to its accuracy, simplicity, and nondestructive approach in finding out the fatigue and cyclic behavior of materials having a small size or volume. It is worth noting that the loading mode in the indentation fatigue is completely different than the traditional (bulk-scale) fatigue as the tensile segment of the load cycle is not produced in the indentation fatigue (it is a compression-compression loading cycle). Therefore, the controlling mechanisms of failure between small-scale fatigue and bulk-scale fatigue may not be the same.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md M Islam
- Department of Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - S I Shakil
- Department of Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - N M Shaheen
- Department of Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - P Bayati
- Department of Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - M Haghshenas
- Department of Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA.
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Iqbal T, Camargo SS, Yasin S, Farooq U, Shakeel A. Nano-Indentation Response of Ultrahigh Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE): A Detailed Analysis. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12040795. [PMID: 32252357 PMCID: PMC7240699 DOI: 10.3390/polym12040795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nano-indentation, a depth sensing technique, is a useful and exciting tool to investigate the surface mechanical properties of a wide range of materials, particularly polymers. Knowledge of the influence of experimental conditions employed during nano-indentation on the resultant nano-mechanical response is very important for the successful design of engineering components with appropriate surface properties. In this work, nano-indentation experiments were carried out by selecting various values of frequency, amplitude, contact depth, strain rate, holding time, and peak load. The results showed a significant effect of amplitude, frequency, and strain rate on the hardness and modulus of the considered polymer, ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE). Load-displacement curves showed a shift towards the lower indentation depths along with an increase in peak load by increasing the indentation amplitude or strain rate. The results also revealed the strong dependence of hardness and modulus on the holding time. The experimental data of creep depth as a function of holding time was successfully fitted with a logarithmic creep model (R2 ≥ 0.98). In order to remove the creeping effect and the nose problem, recommended holding times were proposed for the investigated polymer as a function of different applied loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanveer Iqbal
- Department of Chemical, Polymer & Composite Materials Engineering, University of Engineering & Technology, KSK Campus, Lahore 54890, Pakistan; (T.I.); (S.Y.)
| | - S. S. Camargo
- Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, University Federal do Rio De Janeiro, 21941-901 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;
| | - Saima Yasin
- Department of Chemical, Polymer & Composite Materials Engineering, University of Engineering & Technology, KSK Campus, Lahore 54890, Pakistan; (T.I.); (S.Y.)
| | - Ujala Farooq
- Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Department of Aerospace Structures and Materials, Delft University of Technology, Kluyverweg 1, 2629 HS Delft, The Netherlands;
| | - Ahmad Shakeel
- Department of Chemical, Polymer & Composite Materials Engineering, University of Engineering & Technology, KSK Campus, Lahore 54890, Pakistan; (T.I.); (S.Y.)
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
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Nanoindentation Properties of 18CrNiMo7-6 Steel after Carburizing and Quenching Determined by Continuous Stiffness Measurement Method. METALS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/met10010125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the nanomechanical properties involving the indentation size effect (ISE) and yield strength of a surface-modified layer of 18CrNiMo7-6 steel after case hardening were investigated via nanoindentation experiments. The experimental results showed that the hardness increased with an increase in strain rate; the contact stiffness versus indentation depth curves take the form of upper convexity due to residual compressive stress relaxation. On the basis of the Ruiz-Moreno model, a modified model considering the cutoff parameter as a function of indentation depth was proposed. This model was able to better describe the ISE of the surface-modified layer. With the Hough transform error angle of 0.1° as the critical value (h0.1° is the corresponding depth), when h > h0.1°, the yield strength calculated by the Ma model started to disperse at the depth of h0.1°. These results provide useful insight into the local mechanical properties of 18CrNiMo7-6 steel after carburizing and quenching treatment.
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Yasin S, Shakeel A, Iqbal T, Ahmad F, Mehmood H, Luckham PF, Ullah N. Effect of experimental conditions on nano-indentation response of low density polyethylene (LDPE). JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10601325.2019.1593791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saima Yasin
- Department of Chemical, Polymer & Composite Materials Engineering, University of Engineering & Technology, KSK Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ahmad Shakeel
- Department of Chemical, Polymer & Composite Materials Engineering, University of Engineering & Technology, KSK Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Tanveer Iqbal
- Department of Chemical, Polymer & Composite Materials Engineering, University of Engineering & Technology, KSK Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Fazeel Ahmad
- Department of Chemical, Polymer & Composite Materials Engineering, University of Engineering & Technology, KSK Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Hamayoun Mehmood
- Department of Chemical, Polymer & Composite Materials Engineering, University of Engineering & Technology, KSK Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Paul F. Luckham
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Imperial College London, South Kensington, UK
| | - Nehar Ullah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan
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