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Król M, Florek P, Dziża K, Mozgawa W. Spectroscopic studies of heavy metal cations influence on the structure of synthetic hydrated calcium aluminosilicates. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 294:122559. [PMID: 36870181 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.122559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Calcium aluminosilicate hydrates (C-(A)-S-H) with two different C/S molar ratios of 1.0 and 1.7 were synthesized by precipitation with the use of the alkali-activation method. The samples were synthesized with solutions of heavy metals nitrates such as nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn). Metal cations were added in the amount of Ca:Me equal to 9:1, while Al/Si was 0.05. The influence of the addition of heavy metal cations on the structure of the C-(A-)S-H phase was investigated. For this purpose, XRD was used to examine the phase composition of the samples, FT-IR and Raman spectroscopy were used to determine the effect of heavy metal cations on the structure of the obtained C-(A)-S-H phase and their degree of polymerization. Using SEM and TEM, changes in the morphology of the obtained materials were determined. Possible mechanisms of immobilization of heavy metal cations have been determined. It was found that some heavy metals (Ni, Zn, and Cr) could be immobilized by precipitation of insoluble compounds. On the other hand, they could remove Ca2+ ions from the structure of aluminosilicate and take their place, as evidenced by the crystallization of Ca(OH)2 in samples with the addition of Cd, but also Ni and Zn in small amounts. A third possibility is the incorporation of heavy metal cations at the silicon and/or aluminum tetrahedral sites, as is the case with Zn.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Król
- Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramic, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30 Mickiewicza Av, 30-059 Kraków, Poland.
| | - P Florek
- Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramic, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30 Mickiewicza Av, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
| | - K Dziża
- Smart Materials, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy; Dipartamento di Informatica, Bioingegneria, Robotica e Ingegneria dei Sistemi (DIBRIS) Universitadi Genova, via Opera Pia 13, 16145 Genova, Italy
| | - W Mozgawa
- Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramic, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30 Mickiewicza Av, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
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Liu Q, Feng P, Shao L, Liu X, Chen C, Lu J, Ling C, Zhang Y, Sun D, Ran Q. Ultra-purification of heavy metals and robustness of calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) nanocomposites. CHEMOSPHERE 2023:139063. [PMID: 37257659 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
For the sake of remediating the contamination of heavy metal ions (HMs) that poses high risk to the global environment, a novel inorganic nanocomposite with excellent robustness, calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H), is synthesized at extremely low cost yet presents rapid adsorption rate and superhigh adsorption capacity. High concentrations of Cu(Ⅱ), Cd(Ⅱ), Co(Ⅱ) and Cr(Ⅲ) in wastewater can be purified to ultra-low level (∼0.008 mg L-1) within 60 min at low C-S-H dosage, the concentration and pH indexes of which meet the standard for direct discharge in China. The adsorption processes are spontaneous, following the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model, and its kinetics conforms to pseudo-second order model. Meanwhile, C-S-H presents excellent anti-interference performance during the ultra-purification of HMs when exposed to the acid environments, solutions with various HMs as well as high salinity. The ultra-purification of HMs and robustness of C-S-H is realized through multiple mechanisms based on adsorption, involving hydrolysis of HMs, electrostatic interaction, chemical microprecipitation, surface complexation and interlayer complexation, among which interlayer complexation is dominant. All these verify the robust performance and broad applicability of C-S-H to complex aqueous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Construction Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Pan Feng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Construction Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China.
| | - Lijing Shao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Construction Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Construction Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Construction Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Jinyuan Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Construction Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Chen Ling
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Youfa Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Construction Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Dewen Sun
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Civil Engineering Materials, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Qianping Ran
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Construction Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China; State Key Laboratory of High Performance Civil Engineering Materials, Nanjing, 210008, China
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Zhao S, Zhang D, Li Y, Gao H, Meng X. Physical and Mechanical Properties of Novel Porous Ecological Concrete Based on Magnesium Phosphate Cement. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:7521. [PMID: 36363112 PMCID: PMC9655557 DOI: 10.3390/ma15217521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Ecological concrete could reduce the environment impacts of the tremendous construction of infrastructures due to its favorability to plant growth. Nonetheless, the alkalinity of the ecological concrete is usually too high when using ordinary Portland cement (OPC). To solve this problem, the magnesium ammonium phosphate cement (MPC) was used to prepare a novel porous ecological concrete instead of OPC. The pH value and compressive strength of MPC were analyzed and the pore structure was evaluated. The chemical composition and morphology were investigated by an X-ray diffraction test and scanning electron microscope observation. In addition, the void ratio, compressive strength and planting-growing characteristic of MPC-based porous ecological concrete were also studied. The pH value of the MPC suspension ranged from 6.8 to 8.5, which was much lower than that of OPC. The pH value of MPC gradually increased with the increment of phosphorus/magnesium molar ratio (P/M) and the compressive strength reached a maximum value of 49.2 MPa when the P/M value was 1/4. Fly ash (FA) and ground blast furnace slag (GBFS) could improve the pore structure and compressive strength; however, the pH value was slightly increased. As the paste-to-aggregate ratio increased, the void ratio of concrete gradually decreased, while the compressive strength gradually increased. The meadow grass was planted in the MPC-based ecological concrete, and the seeds germinated in one week and showed a better growth status than those planted in the OPC-based ecological concrete.
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Cantarel V, Yamagishi I. Geopolymer and ordinary Portland cement interface analyzed by micro-Raman and SEM. J NUCL SCI TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00223131.2021.2016510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Cantarel
- Japan Atomic Energy Agency, CLADS, Waste Management Division, Storage Equipment Soundness Evaluation Group, Tokai-mura, Japan
| | - Isao Yamagishi
- Japan Atomic Energy Agency, CLADS, Waste Management Division, Storage Equipment Soundness Evaluation Group, Tokai-mura, Japan
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Kong Y, Song Y, Kurumisawa K, Wang T, Yan D, Zeng Q, Zhou X, Ruan S. Use of hydrated cement pastes (HCP) as a CO2 sponge. J CO2 UTIL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2021.101804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Impacts of Space Restriction on the Microstructure of Calcium Silicate Hydrate. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14133645. [PMID: 34208865 PMCID: PMC8269597 DOI: 10.3390/ma14133645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The effect of hydration space on cement hydration is essential. After a few days, space restriction affects the hydration kinetics which dominate the expansion, shrinkage and creep of cement materials. The influence of space restriction on the hydration products of tricalcium silicate was studied in this paper. The microstructure, morphology and composition of calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) were explored from the perspective of a specific single micropore. A combination of Raman spectra, Fourier transform infrared spectra, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were employed. The results show that space restriction affects the structure of the hydration products. The C-S-H formed in the micropores was mainly composed of Q3 silicate tetrahedra with a high degree of polymerization. The C-S-H formed under standard conditions with a water to cement ratio of 0.5 mostly existed as Q2 units. Space restriction during hydration is conducive to the formation of C-S-H with silica tetrahedra of a high polymerization degree, while the amount of water filling the micropore plays no obvious role on the polymeric structure of C-S-H during hydration.
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Mohaček-Grošev V, Đuroković M, Maksimović A. Combining Raman Spectroscopy, DFT Calculations, and Atomic Force Microscopy in the Study of Clinker Materials. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:3648. [PMID: 34208897 PMCID: PMC8269705 DOI: 10.3390/ma14133648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy and Raman mapping analysis, combined with density functional theory calculations were applied to the problem of differentiating similar clinker materials such as alite and belite. The Portland cement clinker 217 (further: clinker) was analysed using colocalised Raman mapping and atomic force microscopy mapping, which provided both spatial and chemical information simultaneously. The main constituents found in the clinker were alite, belite, portlandite, amorphous calcium carbonate, and gypsum. Since phonon bands of alite and belite greatly overlap, and their distinction is important for the hydration process during cement setting, we provided the calculated phonon density of states for alite Ca3SiO5 (Pc structure) and belite Ca2SiO4 (β P21/n structure) here for the first time. Both calculated phonon densities have similar distribution of phonon modes, with a gap between 560 and 810 cm-1. A comparison of the calculated phonon frequencies for Ca3SiO5 and Ca2SiO4 shows that the lowest calculated phonon frequency of β-Ca2SiO4 lies at 102 cm-1, while for Pc alite the lowest phonon frequency is predicted at 27 cm-1. Low frequency Raman spectroscopy could therefore be used for a clearer distinction of these two species in a clinker material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlasta Mohaček-Grošev
- Centre of Excellence for Advanced Materials and Sensing Devices, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | | | - Aleksandar Maksimović
- Centre of Excellence for Advanced Materials and Sensing Devices, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
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Barzgar S, Lothenbach B, Tarik M, Di Giacomo A, Ludwig C. The effect of sodium hydroxide on Al uptake by calcium silicate hydrates (CSH). J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 572:246-256. [PMID: 32247198 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
To reduce the CO2 emissions from cement production, Portland cement (PC) is partially replaced by supplementary cementitious materials (SCM). Reactions of SCM with PC during hydration leads to the formation of CSH with more silicon and aluminum than in PC, which affects the stability and durability of such concrete. Therefore, it is crucial to determine the role of aluminum on CSH properties to predict the formed hydrate phase assemblages and their effects on durability. Aluminum sorption isotherms including very low Al concentrations have been determined for CSH with Ca/Si ratios from 0.6 to 1.4. Elemental measurements were performed with ICP-MS and ICP-OES. The presence of secondary phases was investigated by using thermogravimetric analysis and XRD. Higher dissolved concentrations of Al were observed at increased alkali hydroxide concentrations and thus higher pH values. High alkali hydroxide led to an increased Al(OH)4- formation, which reduced the Al uptake in CSH. This comparable behavior of Al and Si towards changes in pH values, points toward the uptake of aluminum within the silica chain both at low and high Ca/Si ratios. A higher Al uptake in CSH was observed at higher Ca/Si ratios, which indicates a stabilizing effect of calcium in the interlayer on Al uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonya Barzgar
- Empa, Laboratory for Concrete / Construction Chemistry, CH-8610 Dübendorf, Switzerland; École Polytechnique Fédéral de Lausanne (EPFL), ENAC IIE GR-LUD, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Barbara Lothenbach
- Empa, Laboratory for Concrete / Construction Chemistry, CH-8610 Dübendorf, Switzerland; NTNU, Department of Structural Engineering, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Mohamed Tarik
- Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), ENE LBK CPM, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland.
| | - Alessio Di Giacomo
- Empa, Laboratory for Concrete / Construction Chemistry, CH-8610 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
| | - Christian Ludwig
- École Polytechnique Fédéral de Lausanne (EPFL), ENAC IIE GR-LUD, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), ENE LBK CPM, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland.
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Buga C, Hunyadi M, Gácsi Z, Hegedűs C, Hakl J, Schmidt U, Ding SJ, Csík A. Calcium silicate layer on titanium fabricated by electrospray deposition. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 98:401-408. [PMID: 30813041 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Titanium and its alloys have been used as implant materials. Non-ideal osseointegration of the implant materials has facilitated the development of the bioactive coatings on the implant surfaces. In this work, the bioactive calcium silicate (CaSi) powder prepared in a green synthesis route was used to cover the surface of Ti implants by a facile electrospray deposition method. Post annealing in air was also applied to form the oxidation layer on the Ti surface with the aim of increasing the bond strength between the CaSi coating layer and Ti substrate. For the characterization of the coatings several analytical methods such as X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, secondary neutral mass spectrometry, and Raman-spectroscopy were used, in addition to the measurement of bond strength and corrosion resistance. The results indicated a uniform CaSi layer with a thickness of about 1 μm deposited on the Ti substrate. Annealing in the range of 700-900 °C in air resulted in the formation of rutile phase of TiO2; more importantly, annealing at 800 °C did not significantly affect the composition of the CaSi layer consisting of β-Ca2SiO4. The bond strength between the coating layer and Ti substrate can be remarkably enhanced at an annealing temperature of 700 or 800 °C compared with the as-prepared coating without annealing. The annealed coatings had a better corrosion resistance than the as-prepared coating. It is concluded that the electrospray method associated with the post-annealing can be successfully used for the deposition of a CaSi layer with a defined structure and composition on titanium implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Buga
- Institute for Nuclear Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences (ATOMKI), H-4026 Debrecen, Bem tér 18/C, Hungary
| | - Mátyás Hunyadi
- Institute for Nuclear Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences (ATOMKI), H-4026 Debrecen, Bem tér 18/C, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Gácsi
- Institute for Nuclear Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences (ATOMKI), H-4026 Debrecen, Bem tér 18/C, Hungary
| | - Csaba Hegedűs
- Department of Biomaterials and Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Hungary
| | - József Hakl
- Institute for Nuclear Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences (ATOMKI), H-4026 Debrecen, Bem tér 18/C, Hungary
| | - Ute Schmidt
- WITec GmbH, Lise-Meitner-Str. 6, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Shinn-Jyh Ding
- Institute of Oral Science, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City 402, Taiwan; Department of Stomatology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 402, Taiwan.
| | - Attila Csík
- Institute for Nuclear Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences (ATOMKI), H-4026 Debrecen, Bem tér 18/C, Hungary.
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