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Khurram Tufail M, Ahmed A, Rafiq M, Asif Nawaz M, Shoaib Ahmad Shah S, Sohail M, Sufyan Javed M, Najam T, Althomali RH, Rahman MM. Chemistry Aspects and Designing Strategies of Flexible Materials for High-Performance Flexible Lithium-Ion Batteries. CHEM REC 2024; 24:e202300155. [PMID: 37435960 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, flexible and wearable electronics such as smart cards, smart fabrics, bio-sensors, soft robotics, and internet-linked electronics have impacted our lives. In order to meet the requirements of more flexible and adaptable paradigm shifts, wearable products may need to be seamlessly integrated. A great deal of effort has been made in the last two decades to develop flexible lithium-ion batteries (FLIBs). The selection of suitable flexible materials is important for the development of flexible electrolytes self-supported and supported electrodes. This review is focused on the critical discussion of the factors that evaluate the flexibility of the materials and their potential path toward achieving the FLIBs. Following this analysis, we present how to evaluate the flexibility of the battery materials and FLIBs. We describe the chemistry of carbon-based materials, covalent-organic frameworks (COFs), metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), and MXene-based materials and their flexible cell design that represented excellent electrochemical performances during bending. Furthermore, the application of state-of-the-art solid polymer and solid electrolytes to accelerate the development of FLIBs is introduced. Analyzing the contributions and developments of different countries has also been highlighted in the past decade. In addition, the prospects and potential of flexible materials and their engineering are also discussed, providing the roadmap for further developments in this fast-evolving field of FLIB research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Khurram Tufail
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Physics, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, P. R. China
| | - Adeel Ahmed
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Physics, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, P. R. China
| | - Muhammad Rafiq
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Physics, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, P. R. China
| | | | - Syed Shoaib Ahmad Shah
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Manzar Sohail
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | | | - Tayyaba Najam
- Institute of Chemistry, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, 63100, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Raed H Althomali
- Department of Chemistry, College of Art and Science, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Wadi Al-Dawasir, 11991, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed M Rahman
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research (CEAMR) & Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
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Yadav S, Ramesh K, Reddy OS, Karthika V, Kumar P, Jo SH, Yoo SII, Park SH, Lim KT. Redox-Responsive Comparison of Diselenide and Disulfide Core-Cross-Linked Micelles for Drug Delivery Application. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041159. [PMID: 37111644 PMCID: PMC10144204 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, diselenide (Se–Se) and disulfide (S–S) redox-responsive core-cross-linked (CCL) micelles were synthesized using poly(ethylene oxide)2k-b-poly(furfuryl methacrylate)1.5k (PEO2k-b-PFMA1.5k), and their redox sensitivity was compared. A single electron transfer-living radical polymerization technique was used to prepare PEO2k-b-PFMA1.5k from FMA monomers and PEO2k-Br initiators. An anti-cancer drug, doxorubicin (DOX), was incorporated into PFMA hydrophobic parts of the polymeric micelles, which were then cross-linked with maleimide cross-linkers, 1,6-bis(maleimide) hexane, dithiobis(maleimido) ethane and diselenobis(maleimido) ethane via Diels–Alder reaction. Under physiological conditions, the structural stability of both S–S and Se–Se CCL micelles was maintained; however, treatments with 10 mM GSH induced redox-responsive de-cross-linking of S–S and Se–Se bonds. In contrast, the S–S bond was intact in the presence of 100 mM H2O2, while the Se–Se bond underwent de-crosslinking upon the treatment. DLS studies revealed that the size and PDI of (PEO2k-b-PFMA1.5k-Se)2 micelles varied more significantly in response to changes in the redox environment than (PEO2k-b-PFMA1.5k-S)2 micelles. In vitro release studies showed that the developed micelles had a lower drug release rate at pH 7.4, whereas a higher release was observed at pH 5.0 (tumor environment). The micelles were non-toxic against HEK-293 normal cells, which revealed that they could be safe for use. Nevertheless, DOX-loaded S–S/Se–Se CCL micelles exhibited potent cytotoxicity against BT-20 cancer cells. Based on these results, the (PEO2k-b-PFMA1.5k-Se)2 micelles can be more sensitive drug carriers than (PEO2k-b-PFMA1.5k-S)2 micelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonyabapu Yadav
- Department of Smart Green Technology Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Kalyan Ramesh
- R&D Center, Devens Lab, SEQENS (CDMO) Pharmaceutical Solutions, Devens, MA 01434, USA
| | - Obireddy Sreekanth Reddy
- Major of Display Semiconductor Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Viswanathan Karthika
- Major of Display Semiconductor Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Parveen Kumar
- Major of Display Semiconductor Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Han Jo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong II Yoo
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hyug Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwon Taek Lim
- Department of Smart Green Technology Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
- Major of Display Semiconductor Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
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Zdovc B, Li H, Zhao J, Pahovnik D, Žagar E. Influence of Microstructure on the Elution Behavior of Gradient Copolymers in Different Modes of Liquid Interaction Chromatography. Anal Chem 2022; 94:7844-7852. [PMID: 35604324 PMCID: PMC9178556 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We studied the influence of microstructure on the chromatographic behavior of gradient copolymers with different gradient strengths and block copolymer with completely segregated blocks by using gradient liquid adsorption chromatography (gLAC) and liquid chromatography at critical conditions (LCCC) for one of the copolymer constituents. The copolymers consist of repeating units of poly(propylene oxide) and poly(propylene phthalate) and have comparable average chemical composition and molar mass, and a narrow molar mass distribution to avoid as much as possible the influence of these parameters on the elution behavior of the copolymers. On both reversed stationary phases, the elution volume of gradient copolymers increases with the increasing strength of the gradient. The results indicate that for both modes of liquid interaction chromatography, it is important to consider the effect of microstructure on the elution behavior of the gradient copolymers in addition to the copolymer chemical composition and molar mass in the case of gLAC and the length of the chromatographically visible copolymer constituent in the case of LCCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaž Zdovc
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Heng Li
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China
| | - Junpeng Zhao
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China
| | - David Pahovnik
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Ema Žagar
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
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Concurrent ring-opening and atom transfer radical polymerization for synthesis of block copolymers, and their comprehensive chromatographic characterization. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.110161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Khatoon R, Rahim S, Abdul-Karim R, Musharraf SG, Malik MI. Characterization of Polystyrene-block-Poly(2-vinyl pyridine) Copolymers and Blends of Their Homopolymers by Liquid Chromatography at Critical Conditions. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Khatoon
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Sana Rahim
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Rubina Abdul-Karim
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Syed Ghulam Musharraf
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran Malik
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
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Malik MI. Critical parameters of liquid chromatography at critical conditions in context of poloxamers: Pore diameter, mobile phase composition, temperature and gradients. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1609:460440. [PMID: 31416625 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
At the borderline between size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and interaction chromatography (IC) there is a special mobile phase composition and temperature at which polymer chains become "chromatographically invisible". This point is termed as "chromatographic critical point" and chromatographic separations performed using these conditions are called "liquid chromatography at critical conditions" (LCCC). LCCC is a powerful technique in the analysis of functional polymers and block copolymers. At these so-called critical conditions molar mass discrimination of any specific homopolymer is suppressed rendering elution of whole range of molar mass at same elution volume. These conditions allow enhanced separation with regard to non-critical segment either in exclusion or interaction regime of the polymer chromatography. This article is intended to critically discuss different parameters that can be maneuvered to improve separation and in turn characterization of non-critical segment of block copolymers at LCCC. Different experimental parameters evaluated in this study include pore size of the column, mobile phase composition, temperature and gradients. These parameters can be adeptly adjusted to improve separation of non-critical segment while keeping the other segment close to critical conditions. Current study demonstrates that pore diameter and mobile phase are the only practical variable that can be used for improvement of characterization of non-critical block in the block copolymer while non-critical block is in exclusion regime. On the other hand, pore diameter of the column, temperature, solvent composition and gradients are important parameters that can be skillfully tuned for improvement of separation of non-critical block while non-critical block elutes in interaction regime. The above-mentioned variations are evaluated for di-block as well as tri-block copolymers of A-B-A and B-A-B type. Moreover, LCCC-IC is especially important for analysis of poloxamers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Imran Malik
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Centre for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan.
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7
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Poly(propylene ether carbonate)-Based Di- and Tri-Block Copolymers: Synthesis and Chromatographic Characterization. Macromol Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-019-7128-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Lei Q, Peng B, Ma KKY, Zhang Z, Wang X, Luo J, Tam KC. ARGET ATRP of Triblock Copolymers (PMMA- b-PEO- b-PMMA) and Their Microstructure in Aqueous Solution. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:15996-16004. [PMID: 31458238 PMCID: PMC6643851 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b02489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Triblock copolymers poly(methyl methacrylate)-b-poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA-b-PEO-b-PMMA) with designed molecular weight of PMMA and PEO blocks were synthesized via the activator regenerated by electron transfer (ARGET) atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of MMA. The Br-terminated Br-PEO-Br with the molecular weights of 20k and 100k were used as macroinitiators. ARGET ATRP was performed with ppm level amount CuBr2 as the catalyst and ascorbic acid as the reducing agent to overcome the sensitivity to oxygen in a traditional ATRP. The molecular weight of the PMMA block was manipulated by changing the molar ratio of monomers to the Br-PEO-Br macroinitiators. The synthesis of PMMA-b-PEO-b-PMMA and its structure was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared and 1H NMR, and the molecular weight of the PMMA block was determined by 1H NMR. Aqueous solutions of PMMA-b-PEO-b-PMMA were prepared by solvent-exchange, and their microstructures were examined by tensiometry, static light scattering, and transmission electron microscopy. The effects of molecular weight of the PMMA and PEO blocks on the microstructure were elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Lei
- Key
Laboratory of Nano Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Oilfield Chemistry,
CNPC, Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration
& Development (RIPED), PetroChina, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Baoliang Peng
- Key
Laboratory of Nano Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Oilfield Chemistry,
CNPC, Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration
& Development (RIPED), PetroChina, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
- Key
Laboratory of Nano Chemistry, CNPC, Beijing 100083, P. R.
China
| | - Kris King Yiu Ma
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Xiaocong Wang
- Key
Laboratory of Nano Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Oilfield Chemistry,
CNPC, Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration
& Development (RIPED), PetroChina, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
- Key
Laboratory of Nano Chemistry, CNPC, Beijing 100083, P. R.
China
| | - Jianhui Luo
- Key
Laboratory of Nano Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Oilfield Chemistry,
CNPC, Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration
& Development (RIPED), PetroChina, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
- Key
Laboratory of Nano Chemistry, CNPC, Beijing 100083, P. R.
China
| | - Kam Chiu Tam
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
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Irfan M, Bhayo AM, Musharraf SG, Malik MI. Chromatographic characterization of amphiphilic di- and tri-block copolymers of poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(ε-caprolactone). J Sep Sci 2018; 41:3352-3359. [PMID: 30010243 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201800465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Amphiphilic di- and tri-block copolymers based on poly(ethylene oxide) as a hydrophilic segment and poly(ε-caprolactone) as a hydrophobic part are synthesized by the ring-opening polymerization of ε-caprolactone while using poly(ethylene glycol)s and methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)s of varying molar masses as macro-initiators. The synthesized block copolymers are characterized with respect to their total relative molar mass and its distribution by size exclusion chromatography. Liquid chromatography at critical conditions of both blocks is established for the analysis of individual block lengths and tracking presence of unwanted homopolymers of both types in the block copolymer samples. New critical conditions of polycaprolactone on reversed phase column are reported using organic mobile phase. The established critical conditions of polycaprolactone extended the applicable molar mass range significantly compared to already reported critical conditions of polycaprolactone in aqueous mobile phase. Block copolymers are also analyzed at critical conditions of poly(ethylene glycol). Complete analysis of the di- and tri-block copolymers at corresponding critical conditions provided a fair estimate of molar mass of non-critical block besides information regarding presence of homopolymers of both types in the samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Irfan
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Adnan Murad Bhayo
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Syed Ghulam Musharraf
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran Malik
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
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Bhayo AM, Abdul-Karim R, Musharraf SG, Malik MI. Synthesis and characterization of 4-arm star-shaped amphiphilic block copolymers consisting of poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(ε-caprolactone). RSC Adv 2018; 8:28569-28580. [PMID: 35542455 PMCID: PMC9084348 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra05000g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Star-shaped polymers exhibit lower hydrodynamic volume, glass transition temperature, critical micelles concentration (CMC), and higher viscosity and drug-loading capacity compared to their linear counterparts. In the present study, amphiphilic biodegradable 4-arm star-shaped block copolymers, based on poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) as a hydrophilic part and poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) as a hydrophobic segment, are synthesized by ring-opening polymerization of ε-caprolactone employing pentaerythritol as an initiator and stannous octoate as a catalyst, followed by the coupling reaction with carboxyl-functionalized monomethoxy poly(ethylene oxide) (MeO-PEO-COOH). The structures of intermediates were deduced through 1H-NMR and FT-IR spectroscopy. Average chemical composition of the star block copolymer is determined by proton NMR. Information related to molar mass distribution of targeted products and their precursors is obtained by size exclusion chromatography (SEC). However, due to its inherent poor resolution SEC could not reveal whether all the parent homopolymers are coupled to each other or remained unattached to the other segment. In order to comprehensively characterize the synthesized star-block copolymers, liquid chromatography at critical conditions of both blocks is employed. The study allowed for separation of homopolymer precursors from targeted star-block copolymers. The study exposed heterogeneity of star block copolymers that was not possible by conventional techniques. LCCC on RP columns proves to be efficient for separation of precursors from targeted star block copolymers in a single run.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Murad Bhayo
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry
- International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS)
- University of Karachi
- Karachi 75270
- Pakistan
| | - Rubina Abdul-Karim
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry
- International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS)
- University of Karachi
- Karachi 75270
- Pakistan
| | - Syed Ghulam Musharraf
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry
- International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS)
- University of Karachi
- Karachi 75270
- Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran Malik
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry
- International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS)
- University of Karachi
- Karachi 75270
- Pakistan
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