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Zhang Y, Wei J, Yu X, Chen L, Ren R, Dong Y, Wang S, Zhu M, Ming N, zhu Z, Gao C, Xiong W. CXCL chemokines-mediated communication between macrophages and BMSCs on titanium surface promotes osteogenesis via the actin cytoskeleton pathway. Mater Today Bio 2023; 23:100816. [PMID: 37859997 PMCID: PMC10582501 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The refined functional cell subtypes in the immune microenvironment of specific titanium (Ti) surface and their collaborative role in promoting bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) driven bone integration need to be comprehensively characterized. This study employed a simplified co-culture system to investigate the dynamic, temporal crosstalk between macrophages and BMSCs on the Ti surface. The M2-like sub-phenotype of macrophages, characterized by secretion of CXCL chemokines, emerges as a crucial mediator for promoting BMSC osteogenic differentiation and bone integration in the Ti surface microenvironment. Importantly, these two cells maintain their distinct functional phenotypes through a mutually regulatory interplay. The secretion of CXCL3, CXCL6, and CXCL14 by M2-like macrophages plays a pivotal role. The process activates CXCR2 and CCR1 receptors, triggering downstream regulatory effects on the actin cytoskeleton pathway within BMSCs, ultimately fostering osteogenic differentiation. Reciprocally, BMSCs secrete pleiotrophin (PTN), a key player in regulating macrophage differentiation. This secretion maintains the M2-like phenotype via the Sdc3 receptor-mediated cell adhesion molecules pathway. Our findings provide a novel insight into the intricate communication and mutual regulatory mechanisms operating between BMSCs and macrophages on the Ti surface, highlight specific molecular events governing cell-cell interactions in the osteointegration, inform the surface design of orthopedic implants, and advance our understanding of osteointegration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayun Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
- Trauma Center/Department of Emergency and Trauma Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Jiemao Wei
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Xingbang Yu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Liangxi Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Ranyue Ren
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Yimin Dong
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Sibo Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Meipeng Zhu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Nannan Ming
- The State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy Institute of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, China
| | - Ziwei zhu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Chenghao Gao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
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Tidwell TR, Røsland GV, Tronstad KJ, Søreide K, Hagland HR. Metabolic flux analysis of 3D spheroids reveals significant differences in glucose metabolism from matched 2D cultures of colorectal cancer and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cell lines. Cancer Metab 2022; 10:9. [PMID: 35578327 PMCID: PMC9109327 DOI: 10.1186/s40170-022-00285-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most in vitro cancer cell experiments have been performed using 2D models. However, 3D spheroid cultures are increasingly favored for being more representative of in vivo tumor conditions. To overcome the translational challenges with 2D cell cultures, 3D systems better model more complex cell-to-cell contact and nutrient levels present in a tumor, improving our understanding of cancer complexity. Despite this need, there are few reports on how 3D cultures differ metabolically from 2D cultures. METHODS Well-described cell lines from colorectal cancer (HCT116 and SW948) and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (Panc-1 and MIA-Pa-Ca-2) were used to investigate metabolism in 3D spheroid models. The metabolic variation under normal glucose conditions were investigated comparing 2D and 3D cultures by metabolic flux analysis and expression of key metabolic proteins. RESULTS We find significant differences in glucose metabolism of 3D cultures compared to 2D cultures, both related to glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. Spheroids have higher ATP-linked respiration in standard nutrient conditions and higher non-aerobic ATP production in the absence of supplemented glucose. In addition, ATP-linked respiration is significantly inversely correlated with OCR/ECAR (p = 0.0096). Mitochondrial transport protein, TOMM20, expression decreases in all spheroid models compared to 2D, and monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) expression increases in 3 of the 4 spheroid models. CONCLUSIONS In this study of CRC and PDAC cell lines, we demonstrate that glucose metabolism in 3D spheroids differs significantly from 2D cultures, both in terms of glycolytic and oxidative phosphorylation metrics. The metabolic phenotype shift from 2D to 3D culture in one cell line is greater than the phenotypic differences between each cell line and tumor source. The results herein emphasize the need to use 3D cell models for investigating nutrient utilization and metabolic flux for a better understanding of tumor metabolism and potential metabolic therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tia R Tidwell
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Gro V Røsland
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Oncology and Medical Physics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Kjetil Søreide
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Hanne R Hagland
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway.
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Modeling the Role of Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts in Tumor Cell Invasion. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14040962. [PMID: 35205707 PMCID: PMC8870277 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14040962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Accurate in vitro modeling of diseases is essential to making breakthrough and clinically relevant discoveries. Assays to examine the process of invasion—a classical hallmark of cancer—have evolved over the years to overcome shortfalls in their design and accommodate new knowledge in the field, such as the role of the tumor microenvironment (TME) in propagating this process. The goals of this review are two-fold: To walk through the tried-and-true plus novel and new invasion assays currently used in cancer research with a focus on those incorporating cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), and to be a resource for researchers to find the correct invasion assays that suit their own unique needs and biological questions. Abstract The major cause of cancer-related deaths can be attributed to the metastatic spread of tumor cells—a dynamic and complex multi-step process beginning with tumor cells acquiring an invasive phenotype to allow them to travel through the blood and lymphatic vessels to ultimately seed at a secondary site. Over the years, various in vitro models have been used to characterize specific steps in the cascade to collectively begin providing a clearer picture of the puzzle of metastasis. With the discovery of the TME’s supporting role in activating tumor cell invasion and metastasis, these models have evolved in parallel to accommodate features of the TME and to observe its interactions with tumor cells. In particular, CAFs that reside in reactive tumor stroma have been shown to play a substantial pro-invasive role through their matrix-modifying functions; accordingly, this warranted further investigation with the development and use of invasion assays that could include these stromal cells. This review explores the growing toolbox of assays used to study tumor cell invasion, from the simple beginnings of a tumor cell and extracellular matrix set-up to the advent of models that aim to more closely recapitulate the interplay between tumor cells, CAFs and the extracellular matrix. These models will prove to be invaluable tools to help tease out the intricacies of tumor cell invasion.
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Oh MS, Khawar IA, Lee DW, Park JK, Kuh HJ. Three-Dimensional Imaging for Multiplex Phenotypic Analysis of Pancreatic Microtumors Grown on a Minipillar Array Chip. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3662. [PMID: 33297288 PMCID: PMC7762293 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) culture of tumor spheroids (TSs) within the extracellular matrix (ECM) represents a microtumor model that recapitulates human solid tumors in vivo, and is useful for 3D multiplex phenotypic analysis. However, the low efficiency of 3D culture and limited 3D visualization of microtumor specimens impose technical hurdles for the evaluation of TS-based phenotypic analysis. Here, we report a 3D microtumor culture-to-3D visualization system using a minipillar array chip combined with a tissue optical clearing (TOC) method for high-content phenotypic analysis of microtumors. To prove the utility of this method, phenotypic changes in TSs of human pancreatic cancer cells were determined by co-culture with cancer-associated fibroblasts and M2-type tumor-associated macrophages. Significant improvement was achieved in immunostaining and optical transmission in each TS as well as the entire microtumor specimen, enabling optimization in image-based analysis of the morphology, structural organization, and protein expression in cancer cells and the ECM. Changes in the invasive phenotype, including cellular morphology and expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition-related proteins and drug-induced apoptosis under stromal cell co-culture were also successfully analyzed. Overall, our study demonstrates that a minipillar array chip combined with TOC offers a novel system for 3D culture-to-3D visualization of microtumors to facilitate high-content phenotypic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Suk Oh
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea;
| | - Iftikhar Ali Khawar
- Department of Medical Life Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea;
- Department of Urology, Samsung Advanced Institute of Health Science and Technology (SAIHST), Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Dong Woo Lee
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea;
| | - Jong Kook Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, Research Institute for Bioscience & Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea;
| | - Hyo-Jeong Kuh
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea;
- Department of Medical Life Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea;
- Cancer Evolution Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
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Hwang HJ, Oh MS, Lee DW, Kuh HJ. Multiplex quantitative analysis of stroma-mediated cancer cell invasion, matrix remodeling, and drug response in a 3D co-culture model of pancreatic tumor spheroids and stellate cells. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2019; 38:258. [PMID: 31200779 PMCID: PMC6567511 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1225-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a stroma-rich carcinoma, and pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) are a major component of this dense stroma. PSCs play significant roles in metastatic progression and chemoresistance through cross-talk with cancer cells. Preclinical in vitro tumor model of invasive phenotype should incorporate three-dimensional (3D) culture of cancer cells and PSCs in extracellular matrix (ECM) for clinical relevance and predictability. METHODS PANC-1 cells were cultured as tumor spheroids (TSs) using our previously developed minipillar chips, and co-cultured with PSCs, both embedded in collagen gels. Effects of PSC co-culture on ECM fiber network, invasive migration of cancer cells, and expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related proteins were examined. Conditioned media was also analyzed for secreted factors involved in cancer cell-PSC interactions. Inhibitory effect on cancer cell invasion was compared between gemcitabine and paclitaxel at an equitoxic concentration in PANC-1 TSs co-cultured with PSCs. RESULTS Co-culture condition was optimized for the growth of TSs, activation of PSCs, and their interaction. Increase in cancer cell invasion via ECM remodeling, invadopodia formation and EMT, as well as drug resistance was recapitulated in the TS-PSC co-culture, and appeared to be mediated by cancer cell-PSC interaction via multiple secreted factors, including IL-6, IL-8, IGF-1, EGF, TIMP-1, uPA, PAI-1, and TSP-1. Compared to gemcitabine, paclitaxel showed a greater anti-invasive activity, which was attributed to suppresion of invadopodia formation in cancer cells as well as to PSC-specific cytotoxicity abrogating its paracrine signaling. CONCLUSIONS Here, we established 3D co-culture of TSs of PANC-1 cells and PSCs using minipillar histochips as a novel tumoroid model of PDAC. Our results indicate usefulness of the present co-culture model and multiplex quantitative analysis method not only in studying the role of PSCs and their interactions with tumor cell towards metastatic progression, but also in the drug evaluation of stroma-targeting drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Ju Hwang
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Suk Oh
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Woo Lee
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Konyang University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Medical & Bio Device, #B-9, 145 Gwanggyo-ro, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Jeong Kuh
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Cancer Evolution Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Life Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-ku, Seoul, 06591 Republic of Korea
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