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Huo T, Zhao X, Cheng Z, Wei J, Zhu M, Dou X, Jiao N. Late-stage modification of bioactive compounds: Improving druggability through efficient molecular editing. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:1030-1076. [PMID: 38487004 PMCID: PMC10935128 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Synthetic chemistry plays an indispensable role in drug discovery, contributing to hit compounds identification, lead compounds optimization, candidate drugs preparation, and so on. As Nobel Prize laureate James Black emphasized, "the most fruitful basis for the discovery of a new drug is to start with an old drug"1. Late-stage modification or functionalization of drugs, natural products and bioactive compounds have garnered significant interest due to its ability to introduce diverse elements into bioactive compounds promptly. Such modifications alter the chemical space and physiochemical properties of these compounds, ultimately influencing their potency and druggability. To enrich a toolbox of chemical modification methods for drug discovery, this review focuses on the incorporation of halogen, oxygen, and nitrogen-the ubiquitous elements in pharmacophore components of the marketed drugs-through late-stage modification in recent two decades, and discusses the state and challenges faced in these fields. We also emphasize that increasing cooperation between chemists and pharmacists may be conducive to the rapid discovery of new activities of the functionalized molecules. Ultimately, we hope this review would serve as a valuable resource, facilitating the application of late-stage modification in the construction of novel molecules and inspiring innovative concepts for designing and building new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongyu Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xinyi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zengrui Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jialiang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Minghui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiaodong Dou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ning Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing 102206, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
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2
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Shim SY. Late-Stage C-H Activation of Drug (Derivative) Molecules with Pd(ll) Catalysis. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302620. [PMID: 37846586 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
This review comprehensively analyses representative examples of Pd(II)-catalyzed late-stage C-H activation reactions and demonstrates their efficacy in converting C-H bonds at multiple positions within drug (derivative) molecules into diverse functional groups. These transformative reactions hold immense potential in medicinal chemistry, enabling the efficient and selective functionalization of specific sites within drug molecules, thereby enhancing their pharmacological activity and expanding the scope of potential drug candidates. Although notable articles have focused on late-stage C-H functionalization reactions of drug-like molecules using transition-metal catalysts, reviews specifically focusing on late-stage C-H functionalization reactions of drug (derivative) molecules using Pd(II) catalysts are required owing to their prominence as the most widely utilized metal catalysts for C-H activation and their ability to introduce a myriad of functional groups at specific C-H bonds. The utilization of Pd-catalyzed C-H activation methodologies demonstrates impressive success in introducing various functional groups, such as cyano (CN), fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), aromatic rings, olefin, alkyl, alkyne, and hydroxyl groups, to drug (derivative) molecules with high regioselectivity and functional-group tolerance. These breakthroughs in late-stage C-H activation reactions serve as invaluable tools for drug discovery and development, thereby offering strategic options to optimize drug candidates and drive the exploration of innovative therapeutic solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Yong Shim
- Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Research Center Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT) KRICT School, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
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3
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Mahamudul Hassan MM, Mondal B, Singh S, Haldar C, Chaturvedi J, Bisht R, Sunoj RB, Chattopadhyay B. Ir-Catalyzed Ligand-Free Directed C–H Borylation of Arenes and Pharmaceuticals: Detailed Mechanistic Understanding. J Org Chem 2022; 87:4360-4375. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mirja Md Mahamudul Hassan
- Division of Molecular Synthesis & Drug Discovery, Centre of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Biplab Mondal
- Division of Molecular Synthesis & Drug Discovery, Centre of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sukriti Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Chabush Haldar
- Division of Molecular Synthesis & Drug Discovery, Centre of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jagriti Chaturvedi
- Division of Molecular Synthesis & Drug Discovery, Centre of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ranjana Bisht
- Division of Molecular Synthesis & Drug Discovery, Centre of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Raghavan B. Sunoj
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Buddhadeb Chattopadhyay
- Division of Molecular Synthesis & Drug Discovery, Centre of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India
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4
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Luan YY, Gou XY, Shi WY, Liu HC, Chen X, Liang YM. Three-Component Ruthenium-Catalyzed meta-C-H Alkylation of Phenol Derivatives. Org Lett 2022; 24:1136-1140. [PMID: 35084198 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c04182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we realized the multicomponent reactions of phenol derivatives via a six-membered cycloruthenated intermediate for the first time. This strategy exhibited good substrate suitability and functional group tolerance with various phenol derivatives and provided a potential synthetic drug approach. Mechanistic studies showed that a radical might be involved in this process. In addition, the meta alkylated phenol was obtained by further removal of the directing group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Yong Luan
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
| | - Xue-Ya Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Yu Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Chao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
| | - Xi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Min Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
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5
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Huang KH, Ghosh J, Xu S, Cooks RG. Late-Stage Functionalization and Characterization of Drugs by High-Throughput Desorption Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Chempluschem 2022; 87:e202100449. [PMID: 34985208 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202100449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Late-stage functionalization (LSF) of drug molecules is an approach to generate modified molecules that retain functional groups present in the active drugs. Here, we report a study that seeks to characterize the potential value of high-throughput desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HT DESI-MS) for small-scale rapid LSF. In conventional route screening, HT-based DESI-MS provides contactless, rapid analysis, reliable and reproducible data, minimal sample requirement, and exceptional tolerance to high salt concentrations. Ezetimibe (E), an established hypertension drug, is targeted for modification by LSF. C-H alkenylation and azo-click reactions are utilized to explore this approach to synthesis and analytical characterization. The effect of choice of reactant, stoichiometry, catalyst, and solvent are studied for both reactions using high throughput DESI-MS experiments. Optimum conditions for the formation of LSF products are established with identification by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Hung Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Jyotirmoy Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Shiqing Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 580 Ross Street, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - R Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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6
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Benhalouche ME, Li H, Miloudi A, Benzai A, Cordier M, Soulé JF, Doucet H. Regiodivergent Late-Stage Pd- or Ru-Catalyzed C-H Bond Functionalization Applied to the Straightforward Synthesis of N
-Methylated Diflufenican Derivatives. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Elhadi Benhalouche
- Laboratoire de chimie fine; Département de chimie, Faculté des sciences exactes et appliquées; Université Oran 1; BP1524, El Mnaouer 31100 Oran Algeria
- CNRS, ISCR UMR 6226; Univ. Rennes; 35000 Rennes France
| | - Haoran Li
- CNRS, ISCR UMR 6226; Univ. Rennes; 35000 Rennes France
| | - Abdellah Miloudi
- Laboratoire de chimie fine; Département de chimie, Faculté des sciences exactes et appliquées; Université Oran 1; BP1524, El Mnaouer 31100 Oran Algeria
| | - Amal Benzai
- CNRS, ISCR UMR 6226; Univ. Rennes; 35000 Rennes France
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux (LPCM); UMMTO University; BP 17 RP 15000 Tizi-Ouzou Algeria
| | - Marie Cordier
- CNRS, ISCR UMR 6226; Univ. Rennes; 35000 Rennes France
| | | | - Henri Doucet
- CNRS, ISCR UMR 6226; Univ. Rennes; 35000 Rennes France
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7
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Javed E, Guthrie JD, Neu J, Chirayath GS, Huo S. Introducing an α-Keto Ester Functional Group through Pt-Catalyzed Direct C-H Acylation with Ethyl Chlorooxoacetate. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:8393-8402. [PMID: 32309750 PMCID: PMC7161214 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c00982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Platinum-catalyzed selective C-H acylation of 2-aryloxypyridines with ethyl chlorooxoacetate provides an efficient way of introducing an α-keto ester functional group. The reaction is oxidant-free, additive-free, and, more significantly, free of any decarbonylative side reactions. The reaction tolerates a variety of substituents from strongly electron-donating to strongly electron-withdrawing groups. Double acylation is feasible for 2-phenoxypyridine and its derivatives with only one substituent at the para position. Although the reaction of 2-(2-methylphenoxy)pyridine with ethyl malonyl chloride did not produce the desired β-keto ester, the reaction with ethyl succinyl chloride proceeded smoothly to give the γ-keto ester. Ethyl chlorooxoacetate is much more reactive than ethyl succinyl chloride in this Pt-catalyzed C-H acylation reaction.
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8
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Al Mamari HH, Štefane B, Žugelj HB. Metal-catalyzed C–H bond functionalization of phenol derivatives. Tetrahedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2020.130925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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9
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Guilbaud J, Selmi A, Kammoun M, Contal S, Montalbetti C, Pirio N, Roger J, Hierso JC. C-H Halogenation of Pyridyl Sulfides Avoiding the Sulfur Oxidation: A Direct Catalytic Access to Sulfanyl Polyhalides and Polyaromatics. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:20459-20469. [PMID: 31858029 PMCID: PMC6906771 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b01636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Palladium-catalyzed oxidative C-H halogenation and acetoxylation reactions of S-unprotected sulfides, selectively directed by pyridinyl groups, allows the formation of C-X bonds (X = I, Br, Cl, OAc) by using simple halosuccinimide or phenyliodine diacetate (PIDA) oxidants. The undesired formation of sulfoxides and/or sulfones, which are usually observed under oxidative conditions, is fully obviated. Under the solvent-dependent conditions that we proposed, sulfide C-H functionalization is achieved in less than 1 h without any direct electrophilic halogenation at the pyridine moiety. N-Directed ortho-C-H activation of aryl also facilitates dibromination reactions which are hardly accessible with sulfone and sulfoxide counterparts because of their higher structural rigidity. This general method gives a straightforward access to polyhalide sulfides, without an organosulfur reduction step or protection-deprotection sequence. Polyhalide sulfides are valuable synthons that give a practical entry to new constrained polyaromatic and biphenyl sulfides, including synthetically challenging unsymmetrical examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Guilbaud
- Institut
de Chimie Moléculaire de l’Université de Bourgogne
(ICMuB), UMR-CNRS 6302, Université
de Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), 9 avenue Alain Savary, 21078 Dijon, France
| | - Awatef Selmi
- Institut
de Chimie Moléculaire de l’Université de Bourgogne
(ICMuB), UMR-CNRS 6302, Université
de Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), 9 avenue Alain Savary, 21078 Dijon, France
- Institut
Supérieur de Biotechnologie, Unité de Recherche de Chimie
Médicinale et Environnementale (UR-17-ES-40), Université de Sfax, Route Soukra Km 4, BP1175-3038 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Majed Kammoun
- Institut
Supérieur de Biotechnologie, Unité de Recherche de Chimie
Médicinale et Environnementale (UR-17-ES-40), Université de Sfax, Route Soukra Km 4, BP1175-3038 Sfax, Tunisia
| | | | | | - Nadine Pirio
- Institut
de Chimie Moléculaire de l’Université de Bourgogne
(ICMuB), UMR-CNRS 6302, Université
de Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), 9 avenue Alain Savary, 21078 Dijon, France
| | - Julien Roger
- Institut
de Chimie Moléculaire de l’Université de Bourgogne
(ICMuB), UMR-CNRS 6302, Université
de Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), 9 avenue Alain Savary, 21078 Dijon, France
| | - Jean-Cyrille Hierso
- Institut
de Chimie Moléculaire de l’Université de Bourgogne
(ICMuB), UMR-CNRS 6302, Université
de Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), 9 avenue Alain Savary, 21078 Dijon, France
- Institut
Universitaire de France (IUF), 103 Boulevard, Saint Michel, 75005
Cedex Paris, France
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10
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Sambiagio C, Schönbauer D, Blieck R, Dao-Huy T, Pototschnig G, Schaaf P, Wiesinger T, Zia MF, Wencel-Delord J, Besset T, Maes BUW, Schnürch M. A comprehensive overview of directing groups applied in metal-catalysed C-H functionalisation chemistry. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:6603-6743. [PMID: 30033454 PMCID: PMC6113863 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00201k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1087] [Impact Index Per Article: 181.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The present review is devoted to summarizing the recent advances (2015-2017) in the field of metal-catalysed group-directed C-H functionalisation. In order to clearly showcase the molecular diversity that can now be accessed by means of directed C-H functionalisation, the whole is organized following the directing groups installed on a substrate. Its aim is to be a comprehensive reference work, where a specific directing group can be easily found, together with the transformations which have been carried out with it. Hence, the primary format of this review is schemes accompanied with a concise explanatory text, in which the directing groups are ordered in sections according to their chemical structure. The schemes feature typical substrates used, the products obtained as well as the required reaction conditions. Importantly, each example is commented on with respect to the most important positive features and drawbacks, on aspects such as selectivity, substrate scope, reaction conditions, directing group removal, and greenness. The targeted readership are both experts in the field of C-H functionalisation chemistry (to provide a comprehensive overview of the progress made in the last years) and, even more so, all organic chemists who want to introduce the C-H functionalisation way of thinking for a design of straightforward, efficient and step-economic synthetic routes towards molecules of interest to them. Accordingly, this review should be of particular interest also for scientists from industrial R&D sector. Hence, the overall goal of this review is to promote the application of C-H functionalisation reactions outside the research groups dedicated to method development and establishing it as a valuable reaction archetype in contemporary R&D, comparable to the role cross-coupling reactions play to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Sambiagio
- Organic Synthesis (ORSY)
, Department of Chemistry
, University of Antwerp
,
Groenenborgerlaan 171
, 2020 Antwerp
, Belgium
| | - David Schönbauer
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry
, TU Wien
,
Getreidemarkt 9/163
, A-1060 Vienna
, Austria
.
| | - Remi Blieck
- Normandie Univ
, INSA Rouen
, UNIROUEN
, CNRS
, COBRA (UMR 6014)
,
76000 Rouen
, France
| | - Toan Dao-Huy
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry
, TU Wien
,
Getreidemarkt 9/163
, A-1060 Vienna
, Austria
.
| | - Gerit Pototschnig
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry
, TU Wien
,
Getreidemarkt 9/163
, A-1060 Vienna
, Austria
.
| | - Patricia Schaaf
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry
, TU Wien
,
Getreidemarkt 9/163
, A-1060 Vienna
, Austria
.
| | - Thomas Wiesinger
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry
, TU Wien
,
Getreidemarkt 9/163
, A-1060 Vienna
, Austria
.
| | - Muhammad Farooq Zia
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry
, TU Wien
,
Getreidemarkt 9/163
, A-1060 Vienna
, Austria
.
| | - Joanna Wencel-Delord
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire (UMR CNRS 7509)
, Université de Strasbourg
,
ECPM 25 Rue Becquerel
, 67087 Strasbourg
, France
| | - Tatiana Besset
- Normandie Univ
, INSA Rouen
, UNIROUEN
, CNRS
, COBRA (UMR 6014)
,
76000 Rouen
, France
| | - Bert U. W. Maes
- Organic Synthesis (ORSY)
, Department of Chemistry
, University of Antwerp
,
Groenenborgerlaan 171
, 2020 Antwerp
, Belgium
| | - Michael Schnürch
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry
, TU Wien
,
Getreidemarkt 9/163
, A-1060 Vienna
, Austria
.
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