2-Nitrophenol sensor-based wet-chemically prepared binary doped Co3O4/Al2O3 nanosheets by an electrochemical approach

Development of an efficient electrochemical sensing platform based on ter-poly(luminol-o-anisidine-o-toluidine)/ZnO/GNPs nanocomposites for the detection of antimony (Sb3+) ions

A poly(luminol-o-anisidine-o-toluidine) terpolymer was synthesized, characterized, and modified with GNPs and ZnO NPs. The nanocomposites were then examined for their electroactivity and potential use as cationic electrochemical sensors for detecting Sb3+ ions in phosphate buffer on the surface of a glassy carbon electrode (GCE). Among the different compositions and the terpolymer, the GCE adapted with the PLAT/ZnO/GNPs-5% nanocomposite displayed the highest current response. The fabricated nanocomposite sensor exhibited high sensitivity, with a value of 21.4177 μA μM-1 cm-2, and a low detection limit of 95.42 pM. The analytical performance of the sensor was evaluated over the linear dynamic range (LDR) of 0.1 nM to 0.01 mM. The proposed sensor is effective in detecting and measuring carcinogenic Sb3+ ions in real environmental samples using an electrochemical approach, making it a promising tool for environmental monitoring.

Nanocomposites with ZrO2@S-Doped g-C3N4 as an Enhanced Binder-Free Sensor: Synthesis and Characterization

This study describes new electrocatalyst materials that can detect and reduce environmental pollutants. The synthesis and characterization of semiconductor nanocomposites (NCs) made from active ZrO₂@S-doped g-C₃N₄ is presented. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and Mott-Schottky (M-S) measurements were used to examine electron transfer characteristics of the synthesized samples. Using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HR-SEM) techniques, inclusion of monoclinic ZrO₂ on flower-shaped S-doped-g-C₃N₄ was visualized. High-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) revealed successful doping of ZrO₂ into the lattice of S-doped g-C₃N₄. The electron transport mechanism between the electrolyte and the fluorine tin-oxide electrode (FTOE) was enhanced by the synergistic interaction between ZrO₂ and S-doped g-C₃N₄ as co-modifiers. Development of a platform with improved conductivity based on an FTOE modified with ZrO₂@S-doped g-C₃N₄ NCs resulted in an ideal platform for the detection of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) in water. The electrocatalytic activity of the modified electrode was evaluated through determination of 4-NP by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) under optimum conditions (pH 5). ZrO₂@S-doped g-C₃N₄ (20%)/FTOE exhibited good electrocatalytic activity with a linear range from 10 to 100 μM and a low limit of detection (LOD) of 6.65 μM. Typical p-type semiconductor ZrO₂@S-doped g-C₃N₄ NCs significantly impact the superior detection of 4-NP due to its size, shape, optical properties, specific surface area and effective separation of electron-hole pairs. We conclude that the superior electrochemical sensor behavior of the ZrO₂@S-doped g-C₃N₄ (20%)/FTOE surfaces results from the synergistic interaction between S-doped g-C₃N₄ and ZrO₂ surfaces that produce an active NC interface.

Sensitive Electrochemical Detection of 4-Nitrophenol with PEDOT:PSS Modified Pt NPs-Embedded PPy-CB@ZnO Nanocomposites

In this study, a selective 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) sensor was developed onto a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) as an electron-sensing substrate, which decorated with sol-gel, prepared Pt nanoparticles- (NPs) embedded polypyrole-carbon black (PPy-CB)/ZnO nanocomposites (NCs) using differential pulse voltammetry. Characterizations of the NCs were performed using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Energy-Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Ultraviolet-visible Spectroscopy (UV-vis), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM), and X-ray Diffraction Analysis (XRD). The GCE modified by conducting coating binders [poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate; PEDOT:PSS] based on Pt NPs/PPy-CB/ZnO NCs functioned as the working electrode and showed selectivity toward 4-NP in a phosphate buffer medium at pH 7.0. Our analysis of 4-NP showed the linearity from 1.5 to 40.5 µM, which was identified as the linear detection range (LDR). A current versus concentration plot was formed and showed a regression co-efficient R² of 0.9917, which can be expressed by i_p(µA) = 0.2493C(µM) + 15.694. The 4-NP sensor sensitivity was calculated using the slope of the LDR, considering the surface area of the GCE (0.0316 cm²). The sensitivity was calculated as 7.8892 µAµM^-1cm^-2. The LOD (limit of detection) of the 4-NP was calculated as 1.25 ± 0.06 µM, which was calculated from 3xSD/σ (SD: Standard deviation of blank response; σ: Slope of the calibration curve). Limit of quantification (LOQ) is also calculated as 3.79 µM from LOQ = 10xLOD/3.3. Sensor parameters such as reproducibility, response time, and analyzing stability were outstanding. Therefore, this novel approach can be broadly used to safely fabricate selective 4-NP sensors based on nanoparticle-decorated nanocomposite materials in environmental measurement.

Efficient Detection of 2,6-Dinitrophenol with Silver Nanoparticle-Decorated Chitosan/SrSnO3 Nanocomposites by Differential Pulse Voltammetry

Herein, an ultra-sonication technique followed by a photoreduction technique was implemented to prepare silver nanoparticle-decorated Chitosan/SrSnO₃ nanocomposites (Ag-decorated Chitosan/SrSnO₃ NCs), and they were successively used as electron-sensing substrates coated on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) for the development of a 2,6-dinitrophenol (2,6-DNP) efficient electrochemical sensor. The synthesized NCs were characterized in terms of morphology, surface composition, and optical properties using FESEM, TEM, HRTEM, BET, XRD, XPS, FTIR, and UV-vis analysis. Ag-decorated Chitosan/SrSnO₃ NC/GCE fabricated with the conducting binder (PEDOT:PSS) was found to analyze 2,6-DNP in a wide detection range (LDR) of 1.5~13.5 µM by applying the differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) approach. The 2,6-DNP sensor parameters, such as sensitivity (54.032 µA µM^-1 cm^-2), limit of detection (LOD; 0.18 ± 0.01 µM), limit of quantification (LOQ; 0.545 µM) reproducibility, and response time, were found excellent and good results. Additionally, various environmental samples were analyzed and obtained reliable analytical results. Thus, it is the simplest way to develop a sensor probe with newly developed nanocomposite materials for analyzing the carcinogenic contaminants from the environmental effluents by electrochemical approach for the safety of environmental and healthcare fields in a broad scale.

The fast nucleation/growth of Co3O4 nanowires on cotton silk: the facile development of a potentiometric uric acid biosensor

In this study, we have used cotton silk as a source of abundant hydroxyl groups for the fast nucleation/growth of cobalt oxide (Co3O4) nanowires via a hydrothermal method. The crystal planes of the Co3O4 nanowires well matched the cubic phase. The as-synthesized Co3O4 nanowires mainly contained cobalt and oxygen elements and were found to be highly sensitive towards uric acid in 0.01 M phosphate buffer solution at pH 7.4. Importantly, the Co3O4 nanowires exhibited a large surface area, which was heavily utilized during the immobilization of the enzyme uricase via a physical adsorption method. The potentiometric response of the uricase-immobilizing Co3O4 nanowires was measured in the presence of uric acid (UA) against a silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) reference electrode. The newly fabricated uric acid biosensor possessed a low limit of detection of 1.0 ± 0.2 nM with a wide linear range of 5 nM to 10 mM and sensitivity of 30.6 mV dec-1. Additionally, several related parameters of the developed uric acid biosensor were investigated, such as the repeatability, reproducibility, storage stability, selectivity, and dynamic response time, and these were found to be satisfactory. The good performance of the Co3O4 nanowires was verified based on the fast charge-transfer kinetics, as confirmed via electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The successful practical use of the uric acid biosensor was demonstrated based on the recovery method. The observed performance of the uricase-immobilizing Co3O4 nanowires revealed that they could be considered as a promising and alternative tool for the detection of uric acid under both in vitro and in vivo conditions. Also, the use of cotton silk as a source of abundant hydroxyl groups may be considered for the remarkably fast nucleation/growth of other metal-oxide nanostructures, thereby facilitating the fabrication of functional electrochemical devices, such as batteries, water-splitting devices, and supercapacitors.

Melamine functionalised multiwalled carbon nanotubes (M-MWCNTs) as a metal-free electrocatalyst for simultaneous determination of 4-nitrophenol and nitrofurantoin

An innovative melamine functionalised multiwalled carbon nanotube (M-MWCNTs) based electrochemical sensor has been developed for the determination of environmental nitro-aromatic pollutants, such as 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) and nitrofurantoin (NFT).

Assessment of Melamine in Different Water Samples with ZnO-doped Co3 O4 Nanoparticles on a Glassy Carbon Electrode by Differential Pulse Voltammetry

In this investigation, a melamine electrochemical sensor has been developed by using wet-chemically synthesized low-dimensional aggregated nanoparticles (NPs) of ZnO-doped Co₃ O₄ as sensing substrate that were decorated onto flat glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The characterization of NPs such as UV-Vis, FTIR, XRD, XPS, EDS, and FESEM was done for detailed investigations in optical, functional, structural, elemental, and morphological analyses. The ZnO-doped Co₃ O₄ NPs decorated GCE was used as a sensing probe to analyze the target chemical melamine in a phosphate buffer at pH 5.7 by applying differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). It exhibited good performances in terms of sensor analytical parameters such as large linear dynamic range (LDR; 0.15-1.35 mM) of melamine detection, high sensitivity (80.6 μA mM^-1  cm^-2 ), low limit of detection (LOD; 0.118±0.005 mM), low limit of quantification (LOQ; 0.393 mM), and fast response time (30 s). Besides this, the good reproducibility (in several hours) and repeatability were investigated under identical conditions. Moreover, it was implemented to measure the long-time stability, electron mobility, less charge-transfer resistance, and analyzed diffusion-controlled process for the oxidation reaction of the NPs assembled working GCE electrode, which showed outstanding chemical sensor performances. For validation, real environmental samples were collected from various water sources and investigated successfully with regard to the reliability of the selective melamine detection with prepared NPs coated sensor probe. Therefore, this approach might be introduced as an alternative route in the sensor technology to detect selectively unsafe chemicals by an electrochemical method with nanostructure-doped materials for the safety of environmental, ecological, healthcare fields in a broad scale.

Electrochemical Detection of 2-Nitrophenol Using a Glassy Carbon Electrode Modified with BaO Nanorods

Here, an electrochemical detection approach (differential pulse voltammetry) was employed to develop a 2-nitrophenol (2-NP) sensor probe using a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) coated by wet-chemically synthesized nanorods (NRs) of BaO. The prepared BaO NRs were characterized by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The peak currents by differential pulse voltammetric (DPV) analysis of 2-NP are plotted against the concentration to obtain the calibration curve of the 2-NP detection. It was found to be linear from 1.5 to 9.0 μM, defined as the dynamic range (LDR) for 2-NP detection in phosphate buffer solution. The sensor sensitivity was calculated from the slope of LDR by considering the active surface area of NRs coated on GCE (0.0316 cm² ) and found as 17.6 μAμM^-1  cm^-2 . The limit of detection (LOD) was calculated as 0.50±0.025 μM from the signal/noise (S/N) ratio of 3. Moreover, the sensor analytical parameters such as reproducibility, long-term performing ability (stability), response time and validity in real environmental samples were found acceptable and to give satisfactory results. The development of a nanomaterial-based electrochemical chemical sensor might be an effective approach to sensor technology to detect carcinogenic and hazardous toxins for environmental safety and healthcare fields in a broad scale.

An Electrochemical Approach for the Selective Detection of Cancer Metabolic Creatine Biomarker with Porous Nano-Formulated CMNO Materials Decorated Glassy Carbon Electrode

The facile wet-chemical technique was used to prepare the low-dimensional nano-formulated porous mixed metal oxide nanomaterials (CuO.Mn2O3.NiO; CMNO NMs) in an alkaline medium at low temperature. Detailed structural, morphological, crystalline, and functional characterization of CMNO NMs were performed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analyses. An efficient and selective creatine (CA) sensor probe was fabricated by using CMNO NMs decorated onto glassy carbon electrode (GCE) as CMNO NMs/GCE by using Nafion adhesive (5% suspension in ethanol). The relation of current versus the concentration of CA was plotted to draw a calibration curve of the CMNO NMs/GCE sensor probe, which was found to have a very linear value (r2 = 0.9995) over a large dynamic range (LDR: 0.1 nM~0.1 mM) for selective CA detection. The slope of LDR by considering the active surface area of GCE (0.0316 cm2) was applied to estimate the sensor sensitivity (14.6308 µAµM-1 cm-2). Moreover, the detection limit (21.63 ± 0.05 pM) of CMNO MNs modified GCE was calculated from the signal/noise (S/N) ratio at 3. As a CA sensor probe, it exhibited long-term stability, good reproducibility, and fast response time in the detection of CA by electrochemical approach. Therefore, this research technique is introduced as a promising platform to develop an efficient sensor probe for cancer metabolic biomarker by using nano-formulated mixed metal oxides for biochemical as well as biomedical research for the safety of health care fields.

Enhanced visible light-mediated photocatalysis, antibacterial functions and fabrication of a 3-chlorophenol sensor based on ternary Ag2O·SrO·CaO

A novel multi-metal oxide nanocomposite, Ag2O·SrO·CaO, was synthesized by a facile co-precipitation method followed by calcinations. The synthesized nanocomposite was characterized by XRD, FESEM, EDS, TEM, FTIR spectroscopy and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. The composite showed enhanced photocatalytic activity under visible light irradiation and excellent anti-bacterial performance against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Here, the synthesized Ag2O·SrO·CaO nanomaterials were deposited on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) in the form of a thin film to fabricate the desired electrochemical sensor and subjected to I-V analysis of 3-chlorophenol (3-CP) in a phosphate buffer solution (PBS). A calibration curve was plotted from the linear relation of current versus concentration and used to calculate the sensitivity (8.9684 μA μM-1 cm-2), linear dynamic range (LDR, 0.1 nM to 0.01 mM) and lower limit of detection (DL, 97.12 ± 4.86 pM). The analytical parameters of the sensor such as response time, reproducibility and long-term stability in the detection of 3-CP were reliable. Finally, it was used to analyze real samples collected from various environmental sources and found to be acceptable.

Facile and efficient 3-chlorophenol sensor development based on photolumenescent core-shell CdSe/ZnS quantum dots

Quantum dots (QDs) are semiconducting inorganic nanoparticles, tiny molecules of 2-10 nm sizes to strength the quantum confinements of electrons. The QDs are good enough to emit light onto electrons for exciting and returning to the ground state. Here, CdSe/ZnS core/shell QDs have been prepared and applied for electrochemical sensor development in this approach. Flat glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was coated with CdSe/ZnS QDs as very thin uniform layer to result of the selective and efficient sensor of 3-CP (3-chlorophenol). The significant analytical parameters were calculated from the calibration plot such as sensitivity (3.6392 µA µM-1 cm-2) and detection limit (26.09 ± 1.30 pM) with CdSe/ZnS/GCE sensor probe by electrochemical approach. The calibration curve was fitted with the regression co-efficient r2 = 0.9906 in the range of 0.1 nM ∼ 0.1 mM concentration, which denoted as linear dynamic range (LDR). Besides these, it was performed the reproducibility in short response time and successfully validated the fabricated sensor for 3-CP in the real environmental and extracted samples. It is introduced as a noble route to detect the environmental phenolic contaminants using CdSe/ZnS QDs modified sensor by electrochemical method for the safety of healthcare and environmental fields at broad scales.

Detection of 3,4-diaminotoluene based on Sr0.3Pb0.7TiO3/CoFe2O4 core/shell nanocomposite via an electrochemical approach

We reported a scalable sol–gel method for the preparation of Sr_0.3Pb_0.7TiO₃/CoFe₂O₄ core–shell magnetic nanocomposite with a finely controlled shell and evaluated its efficiency as an electrochemical sensor for the selective detection of 3,4-diaminotoluene.

Assessment of environmentally unsafe pollutants using facile wet-chemically prepared CeO2–ZrO2 nanocomposites by the electrochemical approach

Selective and sensitive 4-methoxyphenol chemical sensor was developed with a co-doped CeO₂–ZrO₂ nanocomposite modified glassy carbon electrode as a sensor probe by electrochemical approach for the safety of environmental and ecological fields in broad scales.

3-Methoxyphenol chemical sensor fabrication with Ag2O/CB nanocomposites

The proposed chemical sensor based on Ag₂O/CB nanocomposites is developed by electrochemical approach for the detection of hazardous selective 3-methoxyphenol chemical sensor for the safety of the environment sector in a broad scale.

Reduced Graphene Oxide-Conjugated Urchin-Like NiCo2O4 Nanostructures for Individual Detection of o-Nitro and p-Amino Phenol

This work introduced a facile synthesis method of reduced graphene oxide-conjugated urchin-like NiCo2O4 nanostructures via a simple, cost-effective, and environmental-friendly one-pot hydrothermal method. The as-prepared rGO-NiCo2O4 nanocomposites were used to fabricate 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane-modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE/APTES/rGO-NiCo2O4) for ultrasensitive electrochemical detection of o-nitro (o-NP) and p-amino (p-AP) phenols. The structure and morphology of the nanocomposite were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Electrochemical experiments revealed that the nanocomposite exhibited remarkable electrochemical performances. A linear relationship is observed with the differential pulse voltammetry experiment between the peak currents and the concentrations in the ranges of 5.0 × 10-9 to 5.0 × 10-7 M (R 2 = 0.996) and 1.0 × 10-6 to 2.5 × 10-5 M (R 2 = 0.992) for o-NP and of 1.0 × 10-8 to 5.0 × 10-7 M (R 2 = 0.996) and 1.0 × 10-6 to 1.0 × 10-4 M (R 2 = 0.987) for p-AP. The calculated detection limits (S/N = 3) are 5.0 × 10-9 M and 1.0 ×10-8 M for o-NP and p-AP, respectively. Furthermore, a very high recovery percentage is obtained with the proposed sensor after successful application in the determination of target analytes in tap water samples.

Efficient selective 4-aminophenol sensing and antibacterial activity of ternary Ag2O3·SnO2·Cr2O3 nanoparticles

The electrochemical oxidation of 4-AP based on Ag₂O₃·SnO₂·Cr₂O₃ NPs/binder/GCE sensor.

One-step wet-chemical synthesis of ternary ZnO/CuO/Co3O4 nanoparticles for sensitive and selective melamine sensor development

Using one-step wet-chemically synthesized ternary ZnO/CuO/Co₃O₄ nanoparticles (NPs) fabricated GCE sensor probe, a selective and sensitive melamine chemical sensor was developed by electrochemical approach, which exhibited the highest sensitivity, better repeatability, broad linear dynamic range, good linearity, fast response time, and lowest detection limit.

Detection of toxic choline based on Mn2O3/NiO nanomaterials by an electrochemical method

In this study, a novel in situ choline sensor was assembled by attaching the binary Mn₂O₃/NiO nanoparticles (NPs) onto a glassy carbon electrode (GCE). Initially, Mn₂O₃/NiO NPs were synthesized via a wet-chemical process and fully characterized via XRD, XPS, FESEM, EDS, FTIR and UV-Vis methods. The analytical performances of the choline sensor were evaluated by an electrochemical method in the phosphate buffer phase. The estimated linear dynamic range (LDR) was found to be 0.1 nM to 0.1 mM. The other analytical performances of the choline sensor, such as sensitivity (16.4557 μA μM⁻¹ cm⁻²) and detection limit (5.77 ± 0.29 pM), were also calculated very carefully from the calibration plot. Overall, the choline sensor exhibited a reliable reproducibility, in situ validity, selectivity, interference effect, stability, and intra-day and inter-day performances with high accuracy in a short response time. Moreover, the probe was successfully applied to detect choline in real human, mouse and rabbit serum. This fabrication route would be a novel approach for the detection of selective biochemical sensor in the healthcare and biomedical fields.

In this study, a novel in situ choline sensor was assembled by attached the binary Mn₂O₃/NiO nanoparticles onto glassy carbon electrode, which might be a reliable way to develop of future sensor in the field of biomedical and healthcare fields.

Poly(pyrrole-co-o-toluidine) wrapped CoFe2O4/R(GO–OXSWCNTs) ternary composite material for Ga3+ sensing ability

A ternary P(Py-co-OT)/CF/R(GO–OXSWCNTs) nanocomposite has been fabricated as a novel conductive hybrid material with high stability and excellent electrochemical Ga³⁺ sensing ability.

Detection of uric acid based on doped ZnO/Ag2O/Co3O4 nanoparticle loaded glassy carbon electrode

Highly sensitive and selective uric acid sensor was fabricated using facile wet-chemically prepared ternary doped ZnO/Ag₂O/Co₃O₄ nanoparticles onto glassy carbon electrode by electrochemical approach, which introduced a prospective and reliable route to the future development of enzyme-free sensor by doped nanomaterials in broad scales.

Fabrication of 1,4-dioxane sensor based on microwave assisted PAni-SiO2 nanocomposites

In this study, conducting polyaniline (PAni) and silicon dioxide (SiO₂) nanocomposites (NCs) were synthesized for chemical sensing applications by microwave assisted reaction technique. Facile synthesis and characterization of the PAni-SiO₂ nanocomposites were investigated in details and discussed in this report. For the potential application, 1,4-dioxane chemical sensor was fabricated with the PAni-SiO₂ nanocomposites deposited onto glassy carbon electrode (GCE). A very thin uniform film was deposited onto GCE with nanocomposite by using conducting 5% nafion binder at room conditions. To evaluate the sensor analytical performances, a calibration plot such as current versus concentration of 1,4-dioxane was drawn and calculated the analytical parameters from the slope of calibration curve. Results are found as sensitivity (0.5934 µAµmol^-1 L^-2 cm^-2), detection limit (16.0 ± 0.8 pmol L^-1), and quantification limit (LOQ; 53.3 ± 1.5 pmol L^-1) in this observation. Considering the linear region in calibration plot, the linear dynamic range of 1,4-dioxane chemical sensor was found (0.12 nmol L^-1 ∼ 1.2 mmol L^-1). Besides this, the proposed 1,4-dioxane chemical sensor was exhibited good reproducibility, long-term stability, high accuracy in detecting of 1,4-dioxane in real environmental samples. This research is to develop of a selective and an efficient electrochemical sensor. It might be a simple and easy way by applying electrochemical method to ensure the safe and sustainable green environment.

Wet-chemically prepared low-dimensional ZnO/Al2O3/Cr2O3 nanoparticles for xanthine sensor development using an electrochemical method

A reliable xanthine (XNT) chemical sensor was fabricated using a facile wet-chemical method (by co-precipitation) to prepare ZnO/Al₂O₃/Cr₂O₃ nanoparticles (NPs) in an alkaline medium at low temperature. Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis) were implemented for detailed characterization of the NPs. To fabricate the working electrode as a XNT chemical sensor probe, a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) with a 0.0316 cm² surface area was coated with an ethanolic slurry of the prepared ZnO/Al₂O₃/Cr₂O₃ NPs to make a thin layer and used to analyse XNT in a phosphate buffer system. To evaluate the analytical performances of the XNT chemical sensor, the calibration curve of XNT was plotted as the relationship of current versus the concentration of XNT. The plotted calibration curve was found to be linear over the LDR (linear dynamic range) of 0.05 nM to 5.0 μM. The assembled XNT electrochemical sensor exhibited the highest sensitivity (70.8861 μA μM⁻¹ cm⁻²), the lowest detection limit (1.34 ± 0.07 pM), good reproducibility performance with high accuracy and long-term stability with standard results under ambient conditions. This is a simple route to selectively detect XNT with wet-chemically prepared co-doped ZnO/Al₂O₃/Cr₂O₃ nanomaterials using a reliable electrochemical method at a large scale for safety within healthcare fields.

This is a simple route to detect the selective xanthine with wet-chemically prepared co-doped ZnO/Al₂O₃/Cr₂O₃ nanomaterials by reliable electrochemical method at large scales for the safety of healthcare fields.