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Heckershoff R, Schnitzer T, Diederich T, Eberle L, Krämer P, Rominger F, Rudolph M, Hashmi ASK. Efficient Synthesis of Dipyrrolobenzenes and Dipyrrolopyrazines via Bidirectional Gold Catalysis: a Combined Synthetic and Photophysical Study. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:8306-8316. [PMID: 35471963 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
New N-heterocyclic fluorophores are sought-after compounds for organic electronic devices. Here, we report on a straightforward synthesis to access meta/para-dipyrrolobenzenes and para-dipyrrolopyrazines in high yields using a bidirectional gold-catalyzed cyclization strategy. The versatility of our reaction protocol was showcased by preparing dipyrroloarenes with different substituents, various functional groups, and in a multitude of substitution patterns. Furthermore, we showed that the dipyrroloarenes can be post-modified by N-alkylation to improve the solubility or bromination to yield precursors for further derivatization via cross-coupling. Investigation of the photophysical properties of the─mostly unprecedented─dipyrroloarenes identified strong blue emitters such as the diphenyl meta-dipyrrolobenzene with a quantum yield of 98%. Moreover, we showed that changes in the solvent polarity or interactions with Lewis acids such as borane can be used to fine-tune the photophysical properties of the fluorophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Heckershoff
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut (OCI), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tobias Schnitzer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut (OCI), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Het Kranenveld, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Tim Diederich
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut (OCI), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lukas Eberle
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut (OCI), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Petra Krämer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut (OCI), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut (OCI), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Rudolph
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut (OCI), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A Stephen K Hashmi
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut (OCI), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Abstract
Smart materials displaying changes in color and optical properties in response
to acid stimuli are known as acidochromic materials. The recent progress and emerging
trends in the field of smart organic materials with acidochromic properties, reported in the
last seven years, are presented herein. The molecular design of acidochromic organic materials,
the origin of the chromic and fluorochromic response to acid stimuli, and related
mechanisms are also discussed. Materials and systems covered in the review are divided
according to the presence of basic moiety undergoing reversible protonation/
deprotonation, such as pyridine, quinoline, quinoxaline, azole, amine derivatives, etc.,
in the molecules. Many donor-acceptor molecules displaying acidochromic behavior are
cited. Alterations in visual color change and optical properties supporting acidochromism
are discussed for each example. Mechanistic studies based on the theoretical calculations,
single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, and powder pattern diffraction analysis are also discussed here. The
application of these acidochromic molecules as acid-base switches, sensor films, self-erasable and rewritable
media, data security inks, data encryption, molecular logic gates, etc., are also reported. Thus, this review article
aims at giving an insight into the design, characterization, mechanism, and applications of organic acidochromic
materials, which will guide the researchers in designing and fine-tuning new acidochromic materials
for desired applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanisha Sachdeva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India
| | - Shalu Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India
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Meti P, Nagaraju G, Yang JW, Jung SH, Gong YD. Synthesis of dipyrrolopyrazine-based sensitizers with a new π-bridge end-capped donor–acceptor framework for DSSCs: a combined experimental and theoretical investigation. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj06083e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Organic dyes with dipyrrolopyrazine as the central π-linker have been synthesized. Photovoltaic properties were investigated and supported by DFT. Thermal analysis shows good thermal stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puttavva Meti
- Innovative Drug Library Research Center
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Science
- Dongguk University
- Seoul 04620
| | - Goli Nagaraju
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- College of Engineering
- Kyung Hee University
- Gyeonggi-do 446-70
- Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Won Yang
- Innovative Drug Library Research Center
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Science
- Dongguk University
- Seoul 04620
| | - Sun Hwa Jung
- Innovative Drug Library Research Center
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Science
- Dongguk University
- Seoul 04620
| | - Young-Dae Gong
- Innovative Drug Library Research Center
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Science
- Dongguk University
- Seoul 04620
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