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Xhanari K, Finšgar M. Recent advances in the modification of electrodes for trace metal analysis: a review. Analyst 2023; 148:5805-5821. [PMID: 37697964 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01252b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
This review paper summarizes the research published in the last five years on using different compounds and/or materials as modifiers for electrodes employed in trace heavy metal analysis. The main groups of modifiers are identified, and their single or combined application on the surface of the electrodes is discussed. Nanomaterials, film-forming substances, and polymers are among the most used compounds employed mainly in the modification of glassy carbon, screen-printed, and carbon paste electrodes. Composites composed of several compounds and/or materials have also found growing interest in the development of modified electrodes. Environmentally friendly substances and natural products (mainly biopolymers and plant extracts) have continued to be included in the modification of electrodes for trace heavy metal analysis. The main analytical performance parameters of the modified electrodes as well as possible interferences affecting the determination of the target analytes, are discussed. Finally, a critical evaluation of the main findings from these studies and an outlook discussing possible improvements in this area of research are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klodian Xhanari
- University of Maribor, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Smetanova ulica 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia.
- University of Tirana, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Boulevard "Zogu I", 1001 Tirana, Albania
| | - Matjaž Finšgar
- University of Maribor, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Smetanova ulica 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia.
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2
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Zhuang Y, Wang C, Qu W, Yan Y, Wang P, Qiu C. A Planar Disk Electrode Chip Based on MWCNT/CS/Pb 2+ Ionophore IV Nanomaterial Membrane for Trace Level Pb 2+ Detection. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28104142. [PMID: 37241883 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28104142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Unlike conventional lead ion (Pb2+) detecting methods, electrochemical methods have the attractive advantages of rapid response, good portability and high sensitivity. In this paper, a planar disk electrode modified by multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNTs)/chitosan (CS)/lead (Pb2+) ionophore IV nanomaterial and its matched system are proposed. This system presented a good linear relationship between the concentration of Pb2+ ions and the peak current in differential pulse stripping voltammetry (DPSV), under optimized conditions of -0.8 V deposition potential, 5.5 pH value, 240 s deposition time, performed sensitive detection of Pb2+ within sensitivity of 1.811 μA · μg-1 and detection limit of 0.08 μg · L-1. Meanwhile, the results of the system in detecting lead ions in real seawater samples are highly similar to that of inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometer (ICP-MS), which proved a practicability for the system in detection of trace-level Pb2+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhuang
- College of Mechanical, Naval Architecture & Ocean Engineering, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou 535011, China
| | - Cong Wang
- College of Mechanical, Naval Architecture & Ocean Engineering, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou 535011, China
| | - Wei Qu
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou 535011, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering Equipment and Technology, Qinzhou 535011, China
| | - Yirou Yan
- College of Mechanical, Naval Architecture & Ocean Engineering, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou 535011, China
| | - Ping Wang
- College of Mechanical, Naval Architecture & Ocean Engineering, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou 535011, China
| | - Chengjun Qiu
- College of Mechanical, Naval Architecture & Ocean Engineering, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou 535011, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering Equipment and Technology, Qinzhou 535011, China
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3
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Nodehi M, Baghayeri M, Kaffash A. Application of BiNPs/MWCNTs-PDA/GC sensor to measurement of Tl (1) and Pb (II) using stripping voltammetry. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 301:134701. [PMID: 35472613 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Herein, simultaneous determination of Tl (1) and Pb (II) has been carried out at the surface of a modified glassy carbon electrode with polydopamine functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes- BiNPs nanocomposite (BiNPs/MWCNTs-PDA/GC) using square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV) technique. The morphologies, composition and, electrochemical properties of the BiNPs/MWCNTs-PDA/GC were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transition electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and, SWASV. The parameters affecting the stripping current response were investigated and optimized. The large specific area of MWCNTs and good electro-conductibility of BiNPs causes the BiNPs/MWCNTs-PDA/GC electrode to exhibit an excellent electro-catalytic effect with good separation peaks for Tl and Pb oxidation compared to bare GCE under the optimal conditions. The proposed sensor showed wide leaner ranges from 0.4-100 ppb and 100-400 ppb for Tl (I) and Pb (II). Low detection limits of 0.04 ppb for Tl (I) and 0.07 ppb for Pb (II) were achieved. The efficiency of the electrode after thirty days of storage in ambient conditions without using it and also with the ability to reuse for 16 days did not decrease significantly. In addition, the modified electrode with simple preparation method showed good reproducibility, and high selectivity for measuring target ions. The method was successfully implemented for the simultaneous determination of Tl (I) and Pb (II) in tap, mineral and waste water samples with acceptable recovery (from 99.1-103.2 for Tl (I) and 98.4-100.4 for Pb (II)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Nodehi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hakim Sabzevari University, PO. Box 397, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Mehdi Baghayeri
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hakim Sabzevari University, PO. Box 397, Sabzevar, Iran.
| | - Afsaneh Kaffash
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
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Mohamad Nor N, Arivalakan S, Zakaria ND, Nilamani N, Lockman Z, Abdul Razak K. Self-Assembled Iron Oxide Nanoparticle-Modified APTES-ITO Electrode for Simultaneous Stripping Analysis of Cd(II) and Pb(II) Ions. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:3823-3833. [PMID: 35128290 PMCID: PMC8812099 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c07158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Carboxyl (−COOH)-stabilized
iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs)
synthesized through co-precipitation were used to modify an indium
tin oxide (ITO) electrode, which was chemically functionalized with
3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) for heavy metal detection. The
effect of soaking time (30, 60, 90, and 120 min) of IONP-COOH self-assembled
on an APTES-ITO electrode was studied. Cyclic voltammetry and scanning
electron microscopy were applied to analyze the electrochemical properties
and morphologies of IONP-COOH/APTES-ITO modified electrode. The modified
electrodes were then employed for the simultaneous detection of Cd(II)
and Pb(II) by using square wave anodic stripping voltammetry. At 90
min of soaking time, excellent electrochemical performance and larger
effective surface area (Ae) were obtained.
The linear range for the simultaneous detection of Cd(II) and Pb(II)
ions using the modified electrode was 10–100 ppb with limits
of detection of 0.90 and 0.60 ppb, respectively. The interference
study revealed a low interference effect from Cr(III), Hg(II), Zn(II),
Cu(II), Mg(II), Na(I), and K(I) toward the simultaneous detection
of Cd(II) and Pb(II). Finally, the IONP-COOH/APTES-ITO-modified electrode
was applied to analyze seawater samples and was able to simultaneously
detect Cd(II) and Pb(II) ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noorhashimah Mohamad Nor
- School of Materials & Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Sarasijah Arivalakan
- School of Materials & Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Nor Dyana Zakaria
- NanoBiotechnology Research and Innovation (NanoBRI), Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Nithiyaa Nilamani
- Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Zainovia Lockman
- School of Materials & Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Khairunisak Abdul Razak
- School of Materials & Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
- NanoBiotechnology Research and Innovation (NanoBRI), Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
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Ustabasi G, yilmaz I, Ozcan M, Cetinkaya E. Simultaneous, Selective and Highly Sensitive Voltammetric Determination of Lead, Cadmium, and Zinc via Modified Pencil Graphite Electrodes. ELECTROANAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202100512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - ismail yilmaz
- Istanbul Teknik Universitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakultesi TURKEY
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Phal S, Nguyễn H, Berisha A, Tesfalidet S. In situ Bi/carboxyphenyl-modified glassy carbon electrode as a sensor platform for detection of Cd2+ and Pb2+ using square wave anodic stripping voltammetry. SENSING AND BIO-SENSING RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2021.100455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Zhang D, Xiang Q. Electrophoretic assembly of Sn-Bi film for the voltammetric determination of Cd(II) and Pb(II). Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Microfluidic sensor integrated with nanochannel liquid conjunct Ag/AgCl reference electrode for trace Pb(II) measurement. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1164:338511. [PMID: 33992215 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Pollution due to heavy metals is becoming increasingly hazardous; therefore, demand for the large-scale deployment of sensor nodes for water quality monitoring has increased. The development of integrated and miniaturised sensors for detecting heavy metals is necessary. Herein, an integrated microfluidic sensor based on a "glass-silicon-glass" sandwich structure is proposed for Pb2+ detection. This micro-sensor consists of a nanochannel liquid conjunct Ag/AgCl reference electrode(RE), a working electrode with a three-dimensional Au micropillar array, and a detection chamber for sample measurement. The potential fluctuation of the RE in this sensor was only 0.62% over seven days, remaining relatively stable. Under optimal conditions, the limit of detection and sensitivity for lead were 0.13 μg L-1 (S/N = 3) and 52.30 nA (μg L-1)-1, respectively. The linearity of the sensor for detecting lead was good in the concentration range of 0.50-150 μg L-1 (R2 = 0.9989). Moreover, the proposed microsensor showed high selectivity for Pb2+ and achieved sensitive detection of trace Pb2+ in different water samples. Therefore, this integrated and miniaturised sensor is a practical tool for trace lead detection, allowing the development of large scale sensor network for water monitoring.
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Zhang D, Xiang Q. Nafion-Assisted Electrophoretic Deposition and Its Application in Bismuth Film Electrodes for Metal Ion Detection. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c04616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daixiong Zhang
- College of Environment and Resources, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Catalysis and New Environmental Materials, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing 400067, PR China
| | - Qing Xiang
- School of Materials and Architectural Engineering, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, PR China
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Mc Eleney C, Alves S, Mc Crudden D. Novel determination of Cd and Zn in soil extract by sequential application of bismuth and gallium thin films at a modified screen-printed carbon electrode. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1137:94-102. [PMID: 33153613 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.08.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study describes a novel electrochemical technique for the detection of bioavailable cadmium(II) (Cd) and zinc(II) (Zn), in real soil samples. This was made possible by the sequential deposition of bismuth and gallium thin films on modified screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPEs). A range of graphitic modifications were evaluated, and a reduced graphene oxide/graphitic carbon nitride (RGO/g-C3N4) modification proved most suitable. Electrochemical characterisation demonstrated superior stability, attributed to the functional groups of GO, and an increased electron transfer rate, attributed to the intercalated g-C3N4. For voltammetric analysis, cadmium was determined in acetate buffer (pH 4.6) using a bismuth thin film (BiTF). Zn was then determined in the same cell, after adjustment of the pH to 5.1, using a gallium thin film (GaTF). The rationale for two separate thin films is described. Optimisations, such as concentration of bismuth(III), gallium(III), potassium ferrocyanide, pH and deposition potentials, were conducted in the matrix of real samples. The LODs and LOQs were determined in the extracted soil matrix as 0.01 and 0.03 mg kg-1, respectively, for bioavailable Cd and 0.01 and 0.04 mg kg-1, respectively, for bioavailable Zn. Good agreement was observed for Cd and Zn levels in numerous soil samples when compared to the established technique of ICP-OES. This approach opens up the possibility for rapid on-site portable testing of Cd and Zn in real soil samples to determine the probability of Cd uptake by crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Mc Eleney
- Department of Science, Letterkenny Institute of Technology, Letterkenny, County Donegal, F92 FC93, Ireland
| | - Sheila Alves
- Teagasc, Crops Research Centre, Oak Park, Carlow, R93 XE12, Ireland
| | - Denis Mc Crudden
- Department of Science, Letterkenny Institute of Technology, Letterkenny, County Donegal, F92 FC93, Ireland.
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Zhao G, Sedki M, Ma S, Villarreal C, Mulchandani A, Jassby D. Bismuth Subcarbonate Decorated Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite for the Sensitive Stripping Voltammetry Analysis of Pb(II) and Cd(II) in Water. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E6085. [PMID: 33114759 PMCID: PMC7662973 DOI: 10.3390/s20216085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, bismuth subcarbonate (BiO)2CO3-reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite incorporated in Nafion matrix ((BiO)2CO3-rGO-Nafion) was synthesized and further applied, for the first time, in the sensitive detection of Pb(II) and Cd(II) by square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV). The as-synthesized nanocomposites were characterized by energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). (BiO)2CO3 composite plays a key role in the improvement of the detection sensitivity, which can form multicomponent alloy with cadmium and lead. Additionally, the unique structure of rGO can enlarge the surface area and provide abundant active sites. Moreover, Nafion incorporation in the nanocomposite can effectively increase the adhesion and mechanical strength of the film, and further improve the preconcetration ability due to the cation-exchange capacity of its abundant sulfonate groups. As expected, the (BiO)2CO3-rGO/Nafion nanocomposite-modified glassy carbon electrode ((BiO)2CO3-rGO-Nafion/GCE) achieved low detection limits of 0.24 μg/L for Pb(II) and 0.16 μg/L for Cd(II), in the linear range of 1.0-60 μg/L, and showed some excellent performance, such as high stability, good selectivity, and sensitivity. Finally, synthetic water samples were prepared and further used to verify the practicability of the (BiO)2CO3-rGO-Nafion/GCE with satisfactory results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Zhao
- College of Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210031, China;
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Mohammed Sedki
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; (M.S.); (C.V.)
| | - Shengcun Ma
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (S.M.); (D.J.)
| | - Claudia Villarreal
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; (M.S.); (C.V.)
- Materials Science and Engineering, Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica, 30101 Cartago, Costa Rica
| | - Ashok Mulchandani
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), University of California, Riverside, CA 92507, USA
| | - David Jassby
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (S.M.); (D.J.)
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Scandurra A, Ruffino F, Urso M, Grimaldi MG, Mirabella S. Disposable and Low-Cost Electrode Based on Graphene Paper-Nafion-Bi Nanostructures for Ultra-Trace Determination of Pb(II) and Cd(II). NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E1620. [PMID: 32824875 PMCID: PMC7466693 DOI: 10.3390/nano10081620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
There is a huge demand for rapid, reliable and low-cost methods for the analysis of heavy metals in drinking water, particularly in the range of sub-part per billion (ppb). In the present work, we describe the preparation, characterization and analytical performance of the disposable sensor to be employed in Square Wave Anodic Stripping Voltammetry (SWASV) for ultra-trace simultaneous determination of cadmium and lead. The electrode consists of graphene paper-perfluorosulfonic ionomer-bismuth nano-composite material. The electrode preparation implies a key step aimed to enhance the Bi3+ adsorption into nafion film, prior to the bismuth electro-deposition. Finely dispersed bismuth nanoparticles embedded in the ionomer film are obtained. The electrode was characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). The electrode shows a linear response in the 5-100 ppb range, a time-stability tested up to almost three months, and detection limits up to 0.1 ppb for both Pb2+ and Cd2+. The electrode preparation method is simple and low in cost and the obtained analytical performance is very competitive with the state of art for the SWASV determination of Pb2+ and Cd2+ in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Scandurra
- Department of Physics and Astronomy Ettore Majorana of University of Catania, via S. Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy; (F.R.); (M.U.); (M.G.G.); (S.M.)
| | - Francesco Ruffino
- Department of Physics and Astronomy Ettore Majorana of University of Catania, via S. Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy; (F.R.); (M.U.); (M.G.G.); (S.M.)
- Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems of National Research Council of Italy (CNR-IMM), via S. Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Mario Urso
- Department of Physics and Astronomy Ettore Majorana of University of Catania, via S. Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy; (F.R.); (M.U.); (M.G.G.); (S.M.)
| | - Maria Grazia Grimaldi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy Ettore Majorana of University of Catania, via S. Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy; (F.R.); (M.U.); (M.G.G.); (S.M.)
- Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems of National Research Council of Italy (CNR-IMM), via S. Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Salvo Mirabella
- Department of Physics and Astronomy Ettore Majorana of University of Catania, via S. Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy; (F.R.); (M.U.); (M.G.G.); (S.M.)
- Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems of National Research Council of Italy (CNR-IMM), via S. Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy
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Simultaneous analysis of Pb 2+ and Cd 2+ at graphene/bismuth nanocomposite film-modified pencil graphite electrode using square wave anodic stripping voltammetry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:8113-8121. [PMID: 31768591 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-02193-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A graphene/bismuth nanocomposite film-modified pencil graphite electrode was quickly prepared for the simultaneous analysis of cadmium and lead heavy metal ions by square wave anodic stripping voltammetry. The pencil graphite electrode's surface was directly modified from graphite to graphene with cyclic voltammetry method in a single step by performing potential cycling between - 0.9 and - 1.4 V in 0.2 mol L-1 NaOH modifying solution. A linear relationship between peak current and concentration was obtained in the range between 5-100 μg L-1 for both Cd2+ and Pb2+, with detection limits of 0.12 μg L-1 for Cd2+ and 0.29 μg L-1 for Pb2+. The developed electrode with the proposed method has been applied to a Canadian-certified reference water sample and tap water sample with reliable results. For tap water sample, the obtained results were in a good agreement with the results provided by AAS. Graphical abstract.
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OHIRA SI, OKAZAKI C, TODA K. Electrodialytic Matrices Isolation for Determination of Heavy Metals in Soil Extracts by Anodic Stripping Voltammetry. BUNSEKI KAGAKU 2018. [DOI: 10.2116/bunsekikagaku.67.761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ichi OHIRA
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University
| | - Chinatsu OKAZAKI
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kumamoto University
| | - Kei TODA
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University
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