1
|
Kim DH, Cha J, Woo Park G, Soo Kang I, Lee E, Hoon Jung Y, Min K. Biotechnological valorization of levulinic acid as a non-sugar feedstock: New paradigm in biorefineries. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 408:131178. [PMID: 39084536 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.131178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Due to the severe climate crisis, biorefineries have been highlighted as replacements for fossil fuel-derived refineries. In traditional sugar-based biorefineries, levulinic acid (LA) is a byproduct. Nonetheless, in 2002, the US Department of Energy noted that LA is a significant building block obtained from biomass, and the biorefinery paradigm has shifted from being sugar-based to non-sugar-based. Accordingly, LA is of interest in this review since it can be converted into useful precursors and ultimately can broaden the product spectrum toward more valuable products (e.g., fuels, plastics, and pharmaceuticals), thereby enabling the construction of economically viable biorefineries. This study comprehensively reviews LA production techniques utilizing various bioresources. Recent progress in enzymatic and microbial routes for LA valorization and the LA-derived product spectrum and its versatility are discussed. Finally, challenges and future outlooks for LA-based non-sugar biorefineries are suggested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hyun Kim
- Department of Integrative Biology, Kyuongpook National University, Daegu 41556, Republic of Korea; School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Tailored Food Technology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jaehyun Cha
- Gwangju Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), Gwangju 61003, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwon Woo Park
- Gwangju Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), Gwangju 61003, Republic of Korea
| | - Im Soo Kang
- Department of Integrative Biology, Kyuongpook National University, Daegu 41556, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunjin Lee
- Gwangju Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), Gwangju 61003, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hoon Jung
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoungseon Min
- Gwangju Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), Gwangju 61003, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Soni T, Zhuang M, Kumar M, Balan V, Ubanwa B, Vivekanand V, Pareek N. Multifaceted production strategies and applications of glucosamine: a comprehensive review. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2023; 43:100-120. [PMID: 34923890 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2021.2003750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Glucosamine (GlcN) and its derivatives are in high demand and used in various applications such as food, a precursor for the biochemical synthesis of fuels and chemicals, drug delivery, cosmetics, and supplements. The vast number of applications attributed to GlcN has raised its demand, and there is a growing emphasis on developing production methods that are sustainable and economical. Several: physical, chemical, enzymatic, microbial fermentation, recombinant processing methods, and their combinations have been reported to produce GlcN from chitin and chitosan available from different sources, such as animals, plants, and fungi. In addition, genetic manipulation of certain organisms has significantly improved the quality and yield of GlcN compared to conventional processing methods. This review will summarize the chitin and chitosan-degrading enzymes found in various organisms and the expression systems that are widely used to produce GlcN. Furthermore, new developments and methods, including genetic and metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis to produce high titers of GlcN and GlcNAc will be reviewed. Moreover, other sources of glucosamine production viz. starch and inorganic ammonia will also be discussed. Finally, the conversion of GlcN to fuels and chemicals using catalytic and biochemical conversion will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Twinkle Soni
- Microbial Catalysis and Process Engineering Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, India
| | - Mengchuan Zhuang
- Department of Engineering Technology, College of Technology, University of Houston, Sugar Land, TX, USA
| | - Manish Kumar
- Microbial Catalysis and Process Engineering Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, India
| | - Venkatesh Balan
- Department of Engineering Technology, College of Technology, University of Houston, Sugar Land, TX, USA
| | - Bryan Ubanwa
- Department of Engineering Technology, College of Technology, University of Houston, Sugar Land, TX, USA
| | - Vivekanand Vivekanand
- Centre for Energy and Environment, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, India
| | - Nidhi Pareek
- Microbial Catalysis and Process Engineering Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zang H, Feng Y, Zhang M, Wang K, Du Y, Lv Y, Qin Z, Xiao Y. Valorization of chitin biomass into N-containing chemical 3-acetamido-5-acetylfuran catalyzed by simple Lewis acid. Carbohydr Res 2022; 522:108679. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2022.108679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
|
4
|
Pappalardo V, Remadi Y, Cipolla L, Scotti N, Ravasio N, Zaccheria F. Fishery waste valorization: Sulfated ZrO2 as a heterogeneous catalyst for chitin and chitosan depolymerization. Front Chem 2022; 10:1057461. [DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1057461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitin and chitosan are abundant unique sources of biologically-fixed nitrogen mainly derived from residues of the fishery productive chain. Their high potential as nitrogen-based highly added-value platform molecules is still largely unexploited and a catalytic way for their valorization would be strongly desirable within a biorefinery concept. Here we report our results obtained with a series of heterogeneous catalysts in the depolymerization of chitosan and chitin to acetylglucosamine. Copper catalysts supported on SiO2, SiO2–Al2O3, SiO2-ZrO2, ZrO2 and the corresponding bare oxides/mixed oxides were tested, together with a sulfated zirconia system (ZrO2-SO3H) that revealed to be extremely selective towards glucosamine, both for chitosan and chitin, thus giving pretty high yields with respect to the values reported so far (44% and 21%, respectively). The use of a heterogeneous catalyst alone, without the need of any additives or the combination with a mineral acid, makes these results remarkable.
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
The presence of inorganic salts either as part of the substrate or added to the reaction medium are known to significantly affect the reaction pathways during hydrothermal carbonisation (HTC) of biomass. This work aims to understand the influence of salts on hydrothermal carbonisation by processing cellulose in the presence of one or more inorganic salts with different valency. Batch experiments and Differential Scanning Calorimetry were used to investigate the change in reaction pathways during hydrothermal conversion. The effect of salts on the rate of HTC of cellulose can be correlated with the Lewis acidity of the cation and the basicity of the anion. The effect of the anion was more pH-dependent than the cation because it can protonate during the HTC process as organic acids are produced. The introduction of salts with Lewis acidity increases the concentration of low molecular weight compounds in the process water. The addition of a second salt can influence the catalytic effect of the first salt resulting in greater levulinic acid yields at the expense of hydrochar formation. Salts also play an important role in cellulose dissolution and can be used to modify the yield and composition of the hydrochars.
Collapse
|
6
|
Chopra PKPG, Lambat TL, Mahmood SH, Chaudhary RG, Banerjee S. Sulfamic Acid as Versatile Green Catalyst Used For Synthetic Organic Chemistry: A Comprehensive Update. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202101635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Trimurti L. Lambat
- Department of Chemistry Manoharbhai Patel College of Arts Commerce & Science Deori- Gondia 441901 Maharashtra India
| | - Sami H. Mahmood
- Department of Physics The University of Jordan Amman 11942 Jordan & Department of Physics and Astronomy Michigan State University East Lansing MI 48824 USA
| | - Ratiram G. Chaudhary
- P.G. Department of Chemistry S. K. Porwal College Kamptee 441001 Maharashtra India
| | - Subhash Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya Bilaspur 495009 Chhattisgarh India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mini-Review on the Synthesis of Furfural and Levulinic Acid from Lignocellulosic Biomass. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9071234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient conversion of renewable biomass into value-added chemicals and biofuels is regarded as an alternative route to reduce our high dependence on fossil resources and the associated environmental issues. In this context, biomass-based furfural and levulinic acid (LA) platform chemicals are frequently utilized to synthesize various valuable chemicals and biofuels. In this review, the reaction mechanism and catalytic system developed for the generation of furfural and levulinic acid are summarized and compared. Special efforts are focused on the different catalytic systems for the synthesis of furfural and levulinic acid. The corresponding challenges and outlooks are also observed.
Collapse
|
8
|
Jeong GT, Kim SK. Platform chemicals production from lipid-extracted Chlorella vulgaris through an eco-friendly catalyst. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-021-0764-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
9
|
Jeong GT, Kim SK. Valorization of thermochemical conversion of lipid-extracted microalgae to levulinic acid. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 313:123684. [PMID: 32562965 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Scenedesmus obliquus, a green microalga of the class Chlorophyceae, has been used to produce biofuels. However, limited research has been reported on platform chemicals that use microalgae as biomass to replace fossil sources. This paper reports on the investigation of levulinic acid (LA) production from lipid-extracted S. obliquus with an acid-catalyzed thermochemical conversion using a statistical experimental approach. For the reaction factors, the highest effect on LA yield resulted from catalyst concentration. The optimized LA yield of 45.63 wt% (70.7 mol%) was achieved with 5 wt% lipid-extracted microalgae and reaction factors of 0.85 M HCl as a catalyst at 180 °C for 10 min. Also, the LA yield as a function of the combined severity factor followed a sigmoid curve. High LA yield resulted from combined severity factors greater than 3.4. These results indicate that the production of platform chemicals may be possible using microalgae feedstocks and thermochemical conversion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gwi-Taek Jeong
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Marine and Fisheries Life Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sung-Koo Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Marine and Fisheries Life Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Efficient conversion of glucosamine to ethyl levulinate catalyzed by methanesulfonic acid. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-020-0594-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
11
|
Understanding the production of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) from chitosan using solid acids. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2019.110627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
12
|
Chakraborti T, Desouza A, Adhikari J. Prediction of Thermodynamic Properties of Levulinic Acid via Molecular Simulation Techniques. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:18877-18884. [PMID: 31458449 PMCID: PMC6644150 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b02793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Second-generation biofuels are a complex mixture of organic compounds that can be further processed to hydrocarbon fuels and other valuable chemicals. One such chemical is levulinic acid (IUPAC name: 4-oxo pentanoic acid), which is a highly versatile ketoacid obtained from cellulose present in agricultural byproducts. For oxygen-containing compounds that decompose at elevated temperatures and pressures, determining the vapor-liquid equilibria data at high temperatures via the experimental route may be challenging. The molecular simulation approach is a cost-effective tool to obtain the necessary data while also allowing us to understand the microscopic origins of macroscopic observable properties. We have employed the transferable potential for phase equilibria-united atom force field to describe the interactions in this system with the parameters for a torsional interaction that are not reported in the literature (levulinic acid is a ketoacid) being determined from density functional theory calculations. We have verified our parameterization via density computations in the isothermal-isobaric ensemble and by comparing our simulation results with the corresponding data from experiments reported in the literature. We have performed grand-canonical transition-matrix Monte Carlo simulations in the temperature range from 580 to 690 K to estimate the vapor-liquid coexistence curves in the temperature-density plane and the Clapeyron plots. From this data, the critical point (T C = 755 K, ρC = 285.4 kg/m3, and P C = 30.57 bar) has been estimated, and this may be used as input to the equations of state employed in process simulation software for design of industrial separation processes including those for "biorefining". As levulinic acid is a "ketoacid", hydrogen bonding occurs, and the liquid phase structure has also been studied using radial distribution functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anish Desouza
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Jhumpa Adhikari
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| |
Collapse
|