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Du Y, Liu Y, Wang A, Kong J. Research progress and future perspectives on electromagnetic wave absorption of fibrous materials. iScience 2023; 26:107873. [PMID: 37817934 PMCID: PMC10561061 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Electromagnetic waves have caused great harm to military safety, high-frequency electronic components, and precision instruments, and so forth, which urgently requires the development of lightweight, high-efficiency, broadband electromagnetic waves (EMW) absorbing materials for protection. As the basic fibrous materials, carbon fibers (CFs) and SiC fibers (SiCf) have been widely applied in EMW absorption due to their intrinsic characteristics of low density, high mechanical properties, high conductivity, and dielectric loss mechanism. Nevertheless, it has remained a great challenge to develop lightweight EMW-absorbing fibrous materials with strong absorption capability and broad frequency range. In this review, the fundamental electromagnetic attenuation mechanisms are firstly introduced. Furthermore, the preparation, structure, morphology, and absorbing performance of CFs and SiCf-based EMW absorbing composites are summarized. In addition, prospective research opportunities are highlighted toward the development of fibrous absorbing materials with the excellent absorption performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhang Du
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science and Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Yichen Liu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science and Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Aoao Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science and Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Jie Kong
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science and Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
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Shu Y, Zhao T, Jia W, Yang L, Li X, Feng G, Li Y, Luo F. A crosslinked coral-like Co@CoO/RGO nanohybrid structure with good electromagnetic wave absorption performance. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 642:393-407. [PMID: 37023512 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.03.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
The combination of magnetic and dielectric materials followed by appropriate structure design is an effective approach to achieve high electromagnetic wave absorption properties. Here, crosslinked Co@CoO/reduced graphene oxide nanohybrids (CCRGO) were fabricated via a simple three-step method. The experimental results show that compared with previous works, the as-prepared CCRGO nanohybrids achieve higher electromagnetic wave absorption and broader effective bandwidth at a lower filler loading. The electromagnetic parameters and electromagnetic wave absorption performance could be apparently adjusted by controlling the adding content of graphene oxide (GO) and the reduction temperature. Among a series of samples, CCRGO3-650 nanohybrid yields the best electromagnetic wave absorption performance benefiting from the proper GO addition and reduction temperature. At a filler loading of 20 wt%, the maximal reflection loss reaches to -64.67 dB at a thickness of 2.53 mm and the effective bandwidth below -10 dB covers the whole X band at a thickness of 2.51 mm. The good performance may be ascribed to the advantages of the dielectric and magnetic component as well as the special crosslinked structure, which triggers a synergistic absorption mechanism including multiple reflection/scattering, interface polarization, dipole polarization, conductive loss, eddy current loss, exchange resonance in the electromagnetic wave dissipation process. The good electromagnetic wave absorption performance affirms the potential application of CCRGO nanohybrids in the field of stealth materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Shu
- NPU-NCP Joint International Research Center on Advanced Nanomaterials & Defects Engineering, Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Graphene New Carbon Materials and Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Tingkai Zhao
- NPU-NCP Joint International Research Center on Advanced Nanomaterials & Defects Engineering, Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Graphene New Carbon Materials and Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Weiyu Jia
- NPU-NCP Joint International Research Center on Advanced Nanomaterials & Defects Engineering, Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Graphene New Carbon Materials and Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Lei Yang
- NPU-NCP Joint International Research Center on Advanced Nanomaterials & Defects Engineering, Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Graphene New Carbon Materials and Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Xianghong Li
- NPU-NCP Joint International Research Center on Advanced Nanomaterials & Defects Engineering, Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Graphene New Carbon Materials and Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Guyue Feng
- NPU-NCP Joint International Research Center on Advanced Nanomaterials & Defects Engineering, Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Graphene New Carbon Materials and Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Yatao Li
- NPU-NCP Joint International Research Center on Advanced Nanomaterials & Defects Engineering, Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Graphene New Carbon Materials and Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Fa Luo
- NPU-NCP Joint International Research Center on Advanced Nanomaterials & Defects Engineering, Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Graphene New Carbon Materials and Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
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Fei Y, Wang X, Yuan M, Liang M, Chen Y, Zou H. Co Nanoparticles Encapsulated in Carbon Nanotubes Decorated Carbon Aerogels Toward Excellent Microwave Absorption. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c03585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Fei
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Technologies of Clean Energies, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Mushan Yuan
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Mei Liang
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yang Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Huawei Zou
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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Ma M, Liang N, Hou P, Zhang P, Cao J, Liu H, Xu X, Yue H, Tian G, Feng S. Humins with Efficient Electromagnetic Wave Absorption: A By-Product of Furfural Conversion to Isopropyl Levulinate via a Tandem Catalytic Reaction in One-Pot. Chemistry 2021; 27:12659-12666. [PMID: 34111323 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Both one-pot catalytic conversion of furfural (FAL) to isopropyl levulinate (PL) and carbonization of by-product (humins) for electromagnetic wave absorption are discussed, which provides inspiration that humins can be applied to electromagnetic wave absorption. In the former, phosphotungstic acid (PW) is employed as a homogeneous catalyst to convert FAL to PL via a tandem reaction in one pot, with the formation of a vast amount of humins. With FAL and various intermediates as substrates, it was found that humins was a polymerization product of FAL, furfuryl alcohol (FOL) and furfuryl ester (FE) with furan rings. In addition, the in situ attenuated total reflection infrared (ATR-IR) spectra also provided a basis for the proposed reaction route. In the latter, with the humins as raw material, P species and WO3 doped nano-porous carbon (Humins-700) platform formed after high-temperature annealing is used for electromagnetic wave absorption and manifests desirable absorption performance. The minimum reflection loss (RLmin ) value is -47.3 dB at 13.0 GHz with a thickness of 2.0 mm and the effective absorption bandwidth reaches 4.5 GHz (11.2-5.7 GHz).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingwei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qian†jin Road, Changchun, 130012, P.R. China
| | - Na Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qian†jin Road, Changchun, 130012, P.R. China
| | - Pan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qian†jin Road, Changchun, 130012, P.R. China
| | - Peng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qian†jin Road, Changchun, 130012, P.R. China
| | - Jingjie Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qian†jin Road, Changchun, 130012, P.R. China
| | - Hui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qian†jin Road, Changchun, 130012, P.R. China
| | - Xingliang Xu
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, 271018, Taian, P. R. China
| | - Huijuan Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qian†jin Road, Changchun, 130012, P.R. China
| | - Ge Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qian†jin Road, Changchun, 130012, P.R. China
| | - Shouhua Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qian†jin Road, Changchun, 130012, P.R. China
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Kuang D, Wang S, Hou L, Luo H, Deng L, Chen C, Song M, Mead JL, Huang H. A comparative study on the dielectric response and microwave absorption performance of FeNi-capped carbon nanotubes and FeNi-cored carbon nanoparticles. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 32:105701. [PMID: 33126231 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abc644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms responsible for the dielectric response of C-based microwave absorbers remain a long-standing theoretical question. Uncovering these mechanisms is critical to enhance their microwave absorption performance. To determine how different C forms alter the dielectric response of C-based absorbers, FeNi-capped carbon nanotubes (FeNi-CNTs) and FeNi-cored carbon nanoparticles (FeNi-CNPs) are synthesized, and a comparative study of their dielectric responses is then carried out in this study. The as-synthesized FeNi-CNTs and FeNi-CNPs have similar magnetic properties and complex permeabilities, but differ in complex permittivities. It is shown that FeNi-CNTs have a much stronger dielectric loss than FeNi-CNPs. At a thickness of 2.8 mm, a low optimal reflection loss of -32.2 dB and a broad effective absorption bandwidth of 8.0 GHz are achieved for FeNi-CNTs. Meanwhile, equivalent circuit models reveal that the CNT network of the FeNi-CNTs could introduce an electrical inductance that can effectively improve its dielectric loss capability. This study demonstrates that designing a composite with a tailored C form and composition is a successful strategy for tuning its microwave absorption performance. Furthermore, the equivalent circuit modeling is an effective tool for analyzing the dielectric response of the microwave absorbers, as is expected to be applicable for other metal-C composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daitao Kuang
- School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory for Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiliang Wang
- School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, People's Republic of China
| | - Lizhen Hou
- School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, People's Republic of China
| | - Heng Luo
- School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory for Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, People's Republic of China
| | - Lianwen Deng
- School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuansheng Chen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, 410114, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Song
- State Key Laboratory for Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, People's Republic of China
| | - James L Mead
- School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Han Huang
- School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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Ji L, Zhang L, Yang X, Zhu X, Chen L. The remarkably improved hydrogen storage performance of MgH 2 by the synergetic effect of an FeNi/rGO nanocomposite. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:4146-4154. [PMID: 32154545 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt00230e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Magnesium hydride (MgH2) has been considered as a promising hydrogen storage material for buildings that are powered by hydrogen energy, but its practical application is hampered by poor kinetics and unstable thermodynamics. Herein, we describe a feasible method for preparing FeNi nanoparticles dispersed on reduced graphene oxide nanosheets (FeNi/rGO), and we confirmed that excellent catalytic effects increased the hydrogen storage performance of MgH2. 5 wt% FeNi/rGO-modified MgH2 began to release hydrogen at 230 °C and liberated 6.5 wt% H2 within 10 min at 300 °C. As for the hydrogenation process, the dehydrogenated sample absorbed 5.4 wt% H2 within 20 min at 125 °C under a hydrogen pressure of 32 bar. More importantly, a hydrogen capacity of 6.9 wt% was maintained after 50 cycles without compromising the kinetics during each cycle. A unique catalytic mechanism promoted synergetic effects between the in situ-formed Mg2Ni/Mg2NiH4, Fe, and rGO that efficiently promoted hydrogen dissociation and diffusion along the Mg/MgH2 interface, anchored the catalyst, and prevented MgH2 from aggregation and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Ji
- School of Energy and Power, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, China.
| | - Liuting Zhang
- School of Energy and Power, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, China.
| | - Xinglin Yang
- School of Energy and Power, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, China.
| | - Xinqiao Zhu
- Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621999, China
| | - Lixin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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Implementation of Atomically Thick Graphene and Its Derivatives in Electromagnetic Absorbers. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9030388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To reduce the radar cross section at microwave frequencies, it is necessary to implement electromagnetic (EM) absorbing devices/materials to decrease the strength of reflected waves. In addition, EM absorbers also find their applications at higher spectrum such as THz and optical frequencies. As an atomic-thick two-dimensional (2D) material, graphene has been widely used in the development of EM devices. The conductivity of graphene can be electrostatically or chemically tuned from microwave to optical light frequencies, enabling the design of reconfigurable graphene EM absorbers. Meanwhile, the derivatives of graphene such as reduced graphene oxide (rGO) also demonstrate excellent wave absorbing properties when mixed with other materials. In this article, the research progress of graphene and its derivatives based EM absorbers are introduced and the future development of graphene EM absorbing devices are also discussed.
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Guo L, Gao SS, An QD, Xiao ZY, Zhai SR, Yang DJ, Cui L. Dopamine-derived cavities/Fe3O4 nanoparticles-encapsulated carbonaceous composites with self-generated three-dimensional network structure as an excellent microwave absorber. RSC Adv 2019; 9:766-780. [PMID: 35517589 PMCID: PMC9059507 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra08851a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopamine-derived cavities/Fe3O4 nanoparticles-encapsulated carbonaceous composites with self-generating three-dimensional (3D) network structure were successfully fabricated by a facile synthetic method, in which sodium alginate provided carbon matrix pores and excellent microwave absorption performance was established. The hollow cavities derived from the core–shell-like CaCO3@polydopamine were creatively introduced into the 3D absorber to significantly improve the absorption performance. The sample calcined at 700 °C exhibited the most outstanding microwave absorption performance, with minimal reflection loss up to −50.80 dB at 17.52 GHz with a rare thickness of only 1.5 mm when filler loading was 35% in paraffin matrix. The effective absorption bandwidth of reflection loss < −10 dB reached 3.52 GHz from 14.48 GHz to 18 GHz, corresponding to the same thickness of 1.5 mm. In contrast, the sample without hollow dopamine-derived cavities showed poor performance due to poor impedance matching, and this highlights the role of hollow cavities brought into the 3D structure, which led to a difference in interfacial polarization, multiple reflections and scattering. The novel dopamine-derived cavities/Fe3O4 nanoparticles-encapsulated carbonaceous composites with 3D network structure can be regarded as a promising candidate for application as a microwave absorber with strong absorption. Hollow dopamine-derived cavities/Fe3O4 nanoparticles-encapsulated carbonaceous composites with self-generating 3D network structure were fabricated for potential application as excellent microwave absorbers.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Guo
- Faculty of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering
- Dalian Polytechnic University
- Dalian 116034
- P. R. China
| | - Sheng-Shuai Gao
- Faculty of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering
- Dalian Polytechnic University
- Dalian 116034
- P. R. China
| | - Qing-Da An
- Faculty of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering
- Dalian Polytechnic University
- Dalian 116034
- P. R. China
| | - Zuo-Yi Xiao
- Faculty of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering
- Dalian Polytechnic University
- Dalian 116034
- P. R. China
| | - Shang-Ru Zhai
- Faculty of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering
- Dalian Polytechnic University
- Dalian 116034
- P. R. China
| | - Dong-Jiang Yang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Marine Biomass Fibers Materials and Textiles of Shandong Province
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Qingdao University
- Qingdao 266071
- P. R. China
| | - Li Cui
- Faculty of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering
- Dalian Polytechnic University
- Dalian 116034
- P. R. China
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Zhang Y, Ma HL, Cao K, Wang L, Zeng X, Zhang X, He L, Liu P, Wang Z, Zhai M. Gamma Irradiation-Induced Preparation of Graphene⁻Ni Nanocomposites with Efficient Electromagnetic Wave Absorption. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 11:E2145. [PMID: 30384443 PMCID: PMC6266599 DOI: 10.3390/ma11112145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
A facile and environmentally friendly method is proposed to prepare reduced graphene oxide⁻nickel (RGO⁻Ni) nanocomposites using γ-ray irradiation. Graphene oxide (GO) and Ni2+ are reduced by the electrons which originated from the gamma radiolysis of H₂O. The structure and morphology of the obtained RGO⁻Ni nanocomposites were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy. The results show that Ni nanoparticles were dispersed uniformly on the surface of the RGO nanosheets. As expected, the combination of RGO nanosheets and Ni nanoparticles improved the electromagnetic wave absorption because of the better impedance matching. RGO⁻Ni nanocomposites exhibited efficient electromagnetic wave absorption performance. The minimum reflection loss (RL) of RGO⁻Ni reached -24.8 dB, and the highest effective absorption bandwidth was up to 6.9 GHz (RL < -10 dB) with a layer thickness of 9 mm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youwei Zhang
- Aviation Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Stealth Materials, Beijing Institute of Aeronautical Materials, Beijing 100095, China.
| | - Hui-Ling Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Clothing Materials R&D and Assessment, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Radiation Advanced Materials, Beijing Research Center for Radiation Application, Beijing 100015, China.
| | - Ke Cao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Radiation Advanced Materials, Beijing Research Center for Radiation Application, Beijing 100015, China.
| | - Liancai Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Radiation Advanced Materials, Beijing Research Center for Radiation Application, Beijing 100015, China.
| | - Xinmiao Zeng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Radiation Advanced Materials, Beijing Research Center for Radiation Application, Beijing 100015, China.
| | - Xiuqin Zhang
- Aviation Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Stealth Materials, Beijing Institute of Aeronautical Materials, Beijing 100095, China.
| | - Lihua He
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Clothing Materials R&D and Assessment, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Pinggui Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Clothing Materials R&D and Assessment, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Clothing Materials R&D and Assessment, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Maolin Zhai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Department of Applied Chemistry and the Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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