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O'Brien M, Moraru R. An Automated Computer-Vision "Bubble-Counting" Technique to Characterise CO 2 Dissolution into an Acetonitrile Flow Stream in a Teflon AF-2400 Tube-in-Tube Flow Device. Chempluschem 2023; 88:e202200167. [PMID: 35997644 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202200167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A Teflon AF-2400 based tube-in-tube device was used to generate flow streams of CO2 in acetonitrile and a computer-vision based 'bubble counting' technique was used to estimate the amount of CO2 that had passed into solution whilst in the tube-in-tube device by quantifying the amount of CO2 that left solution (forming separate gas-phase segments) downstream of the back-pressure regulator. For both CO2 pressures used, there appeared to be a minimum residence time below which no CO2 was observed to leave solution. This was assumed to be due to residual CO2 below (or close to) the saturation concentration at atmospheric pressure and, by taking this into account, we were able to fit curves corresponding to simple gradient-driven diffusion and which closely matched previously obtained colorimetric titration data for the same system. The estimated value for the residual concentration of CO2 (0.37 M) is higher than, but in reasonable general correspondence with, saturation concentrations previously reported for CO2 in acetonitrile (0.27 M).
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew O'Brien
- The Lennard-Jones Laboratories, Keele University, Keele, Borough of Newcastle-under-Lyme, ST5 5BG, Staffordshire, UK
| | - Ruxandra Moraru
- The Lennard-Jones Laboratories, Keele University, Keele, Borough of Newcastle-under-Lyme, ST5 5BG, Staffordshire, UK
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2
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Smallman HR, Leitch JA, McBride T, Ley SV, Browne DL. Formation and utility of reactive ketene intermediates under continuous flow conditions. Tetrahedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2021.132305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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3
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Koudelka J, Tobrman T. Synthesis of 2‐Substituted Cyclobutanones by a Suzuki Reaction and Dephosphorylation Sequence. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Koudelka
- Department of Organic Chemistry University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague Technická 5 166 28 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Tobrman
- Department of Organic Chemistry University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague Technická 5 166 28 Prague 6 Czech Republic
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4
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Gambacorta G, Sharley JS, Baxendale IR. A comprehensive review of flow chemistry techniques tailored to the flavours and fragrances industries. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:1181-1312. [PMID: 34136010 PMCID: PMC8182698 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their intrinsic physical properties, which includes being able to perform as volatile liquids at room and biological temperatures, fragrance ingredients/intermediates make ideal candidates for continuous-flow manufacturing. This review highlights the potential crossover between a multibillion dollar industry and the flourishing sub-field of flow chemistry evolving within the discipline of organic synthesis. This is illustrated through selected examples of industrially important transformations specific to the fragrances and flavours industry and by highlighting the advantages of conducting these transformations by using a flow approach. This review is designed to be a compendium of techniques and apparatus already published in the chemical and engineering literature which would constitute a known solution or inspiration for commonly encountered procedures in the manufacture of fragrance and flavour chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Gambacorta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, Stockton Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - James S Sharley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, Stockton Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Ian R Baxendale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, Stockton Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
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5
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Neyt NC, Riley DL. Application of reactor engineering concepts in continuous flow chemistry: a review. REACT CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00004g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The adoption of flow technology for the manufacture of chemical entities, and in particular pharmaceuticals, has seen rapid growth over the past two decades with the technology now blurring the lines between chemistry and chemical engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole C. Neyt
- Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Pretoria
- South Africa
| | - Darren L. Riley
- Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Pretoria
- South Africa
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6
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García-Lacuna J, Domínguez G, Pérez-Castells J. Flow Chemistry for Cycloaddition Reactions. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:5138-5163. [PMID: 32662578 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202001372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Continuous flow reactors form part of a rapidly growing research area that has changed the way synthetic chemistry is performed not only in academia but also at the industrial level. This Review highlights the most recent advances in cycloaddition reactions performed in flow systems. Cycloadditions are atom-efficient transformations for the synthesis of carbo- and heterocycles, involved in the construction of challenging skeletons of complex molecules. The main advantages of translating these processes into flow include using intensified conditions, safer handling of hazardous reagents and gases, easy tuning of reaction conditions, and straightforward scaling up. These benefits are especially important in cycloadditions such as the copper(I)-catalyzed azide alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC), Diels-Alder reaction, ozonolysis and [2+2] photocycloadditions. Some of these transformations are key reactions in the industrial synthesis of pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge García-Lacuna
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28660, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gema Domínguez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28660, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Pérez-Castells
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28660, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
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7
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Galaverna R, McBride T, Pastre JC, Browne DL. Exploring the generation and use of acylketenes with continuous flow processes. REACT CHEM ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9re00072k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The generation and use of acyl ketenes under continuous flow reaction conditions is reported. Several reaction classes of these reactive intermediates have been studied. Under zero headspace conditions, a ketone exchange process is possible between volatile ketones. The process can be readily scaled to deliver gram quantities of product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan Galaverna
- School of Chemistry
- Cardiff University
- Cardiff CF10 3AT
- UK
- Institute of Chemistry
| | - Tom McBride
- School of Chemistry
- Cardiff University
- Cardiff CF10 3AT
- UK
| | - Julio C. Pastre
- Institute of Chemistry
- University of Campinas - UNICAMP
- Campinas
- Brazil
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8
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Dimitriou E, Jones RH, Pritchard RG, Miller GJ, O'Brien M. Gas-liquid flow hydrogenation of nitroarenes: Efficient access to a pharmaceutically relevant pyrrolobenzo[1,4]diazepine scaffold. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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9
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Feng W, Huang T, Gao L, Yang X, Deng W, Zhou R, Liu H. Textile-supported silver nanoparticles as a highly efficient and recyclable heterogeneous catalyst for nitroaromatic reduction at room temperature. RSC Adv 2018; 8:6288-6292. [PMID: 35540419 PMCID: PMC9078239 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra13257c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel textile-based nanosilver catalyst was prepared with a facile synthetic method. The textile-supported nanosilver (TsNS) proved to be an excellent heterogeneous catalyst for the reduction of nitroaromatics with a broad substrate scope. It can be recycled for up to 6 times without significantly compromising its catalytic efficacy. The TsNS catalyst was developed into a column reactor, demonstrating its practical application with the advantages of low cost, ease of operation and large scale synthesis capabilities. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that there were few changes to the catalyst's surface after the reaction. Besides, inductively coupled plasma (ICP) analysis showed that few silver particles leaked, and the interactions between the nitro groups of the nitroaromatics and the nanosilver particles were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), which lead to the proposal of a four-step mechanism for the reduction reaction. A novel textile-supported nanosilver (TsNS) catalyst was prepared and applied in nitroaromatic reduction with excellent activity, stability and recyclability.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Feng
- School of Pharmaceutical Science (Shenzhen)
- Sun Yat-sen University
- People's Republic of China 510006
| | - Tingting Huang
- School of Aerospace Engineering
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen
- People's Republic of China 361005
| | - Liqian Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science (Shenzhen)
- Sun Yat-sen University
- People's Republic of China 510006
| | - Xianfeng Yang
- Analytical and Testing Center
- South China University of Technology
- Guang Zhou
- People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbin Deng
- School of Pharmaceutical Science (Shenzhen)
- Sun Yat-sen University
- People's Republic of China 510006
| | - Rui Zhou
- School of Aerospace Engineering
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen
- People's Republic of China 361005
| | - Hongjun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immuno-Engineering of Henan Province
- Henan University
- Kaifeng
- People's Republic of China 475004
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O’Brien M. An automated colorimetric inline titration of CO2 concentrations in solvent flow streams using a Teflon AF-2400 tube-in-tube device. J CO2 UTIL 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2017.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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11
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Battilocchio C, Bosica F, Rowe SM, Abreu BL, Godineau E, Lehmann M, Ley SV. Continuous Preparation and Use of Dibromoformaldoxime as a Reactive Intermediate for the Synthesis of 3-Bromoisoxazolines. Org Process Res Dev 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.7b00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Battilocchio
- Innovative
Technology Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Francesco Bosica
- Innovative
Technology Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Sam M. Rowe
- Innovative
Technology Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Bruna L. Abreu
- Innovative
Technology Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Edouard Godineau
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Crop Protection Research, Schaffhauserstrasse 101, CH-4332 Stein, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Lehmann
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Crop Protection Research, Schaffhauserstrasse 101, CH-4332 Stein, Switzerland
| | - Steven V. Ley
- Innovative
Technology Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
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