1
|
Brocklehurst CE, Altmann E, Bon C, Davis H, Dunstan D, Ertl P, Ginsburg-Moraff C, Grob J, Gosling DJ, Lapointe G, Marziale AN, Mues H, Palmieri M, Racine S, Robinson RI, Springer C, Tan K, Ulmer W, Wyler R. MicroCycle: An Integrated and Automated Platform to Accelerate Drug Discovery. J Med Chem 2024; 67:2118-2128. [PMID: 38270627 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c02029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
We herein describe the development and application of a modular technology platform which incorporates recent advances in plate-based microscale chemistry, automated purification, in situ quantification, and robotic liquid handling to enable rapid access to high-quality chemical matter already formatted for assays. In using microscale chemistry and thus consuming minimal chemical matter, the platform is not only efficient but also follows green chemistry principles. By reorienting existing high-throughput assay technology, the platform can generate a full package of relevant data on each set of compounds in every learning cycle. The multiparameter exploration of chemical and property space is hereby driven by active learning models. The enhanced compound optimization process is generating knowledge for drug discovery projects in a time frame never before possible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cara E Brocklehurst
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel 4033, Switzerland
| | - Eva Altmann
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel 4033, Switzerland
| | - Corentin Bon
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel 4033, Switzerland
| | - Holly Davis
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel 4033, Switzerland
| | - David Dunstan
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Peter Ertl
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel 4033, Switzerland
| | - Carol Ginsburg-Moraff
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jonathan Grob
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Daniel J Gosling
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel 4033, Switzerland
| | - Guillaume Lapointe
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel 4033, Switzerland
| | - Alexander N Marziale
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel 4033, Switzerland
| | - Heinrich Mues
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel 4033, Switzerland
| | - Marco Palmieri
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel 4033, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Racine
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel 4033, Switzerland
| | - Richard I Robinson
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Clayton Springer
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kian Tan
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - William Ulmer
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - René Wyler
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel 4033, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fogel M, Koide K. Recent Progress on One-Pot Multisubstrate Screening. Org Process Res Dev 2023; 27:1235-1247. [PMID: 37529075 PMCID: PMC10389808 DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.3c00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Traditionally, new synthetic reactions have been developed using a model substrate to screen reaction conditions before testing the optimized conditions with a range of more complex substrates. In 1998, Gao and Kagan pooled multiple substrates in one pot to study the generality of an enantioselective method. Although such one-pot multisubstrate screenings may be powerful, few applications have appeared in the literature. With the advancement of various chromatography techniques, it may be time to revisit this underutilized platform. This review article discusses the applications of one-pot multisubstrate screenings as a method for developing new synthetic methods.
Collapse
|
3
|
Ruck RT, Strotman NA, Krska SW. The Catalysis Laboratory at Merck: 20 Years of Catalyzing Innovation. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c05159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca T. Ruck
- Department of Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey07065, United States
| | - Neil A. Strotman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Clinical Supplies, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey07065, United States
| | - Shane W. Krska
- Chemistry Capabilities Accelerating Therapeutics, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey07033, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rohrbach S, Šiaučiulis M, Chisholm G, Pirvan PA, Saleeb M, Mehr SHM, Trushina E, Leonov AI, Keenan G, Khan A, Hammer A, Cronin L. Digitization and validation of a chemical synthesis literature database in the ChemPU. Science 2022; 377:172-180. [DOI: 10.1126/science.abo0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite huge potential, automation of synthetic chemistry has only made incremental progress over the past few decades. We present an automatically executable chemical reaction database of 100 molecules representative of the range of reactions found in contemporary organic synthesis. These reactions include transition metal–catalyzed coupling reactions, heterocycle formations, functional group interconversions, and multicomponent reactions. The chemical reaction codes or χDLs for the reactions have been stored in a database for version control, validation, collaboration, and data mining. Of these syntheses, more than 50 entries from the database have been downloaded and robotically run in seven modular ChemPU’s with yields and purities comparable to those achieved by an expert chemist. We also demonstrate the automatic purification of a range of compounds using a chromatography module seamlessly coupled to the platform and programmed with the same language.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Rohrbach
- School of Chemistry, the University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Mindaugas Šiaučiulis
- School of Chemistry, the University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Greig Chisholm
- School of Chemistry, the University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Petrisor-Alin Pirvan
- School of Chemistry, the University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Michael Saleeb
- School of Chemistry, the University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - S. Hessam M. Mehr
- School of Chemistry, the University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Ekaterina Trushina
- School of Chemistry, the University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Artem I. Leonov
- School of Chemistry, the University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Graham Keenan
- School of Chemistry, the University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Aamir Khan
- School of Chemistry, the University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Alexander Hammer
- School of Chemistry, the University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Leroy Cronin
- School of Chemistry, the University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li X, Dunn AL. Development of a High-Throughput Kinetics Protocol and Application to an Aza-Michael Reaction. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Li
- Pharmaceutical Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Anna L. Dunn
- Pharmaceutical Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Christensen M, Yunker LPE, Shiri P, Zepel T, Prieto PL, Grunert S, Bork F, Hein JE. Automation isn't automatic. Chem Sci 2021; 12:15473-15490. [PMID: 35003576 PMCID: PMC8654080 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc04588a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Automation has become an increasingly popular tool for synthetic chemists over the past decade. Recent advances in robotics and computer science have led to the emergence of automated systems that execute common laboratory procedures including parallel synthesis, reaction discovery, reaction optimization, time course studies, and crystallization development. While such systems offer many potential benefits, their implementation is rarely automatic due to the highly specialized nature of synthetic procedures. Each reaction category requires careful execution of a particular sequence of steps, the specifics of which change with different conditions and chemical systems. Careful assessment of these critical procedural requirements and identification of the tools suitable for effective experimental execution are key to developing effective automation workflows. Even then, it is often difficult to get all the components of an automated system integrated and operational. Data flows and specialized equipment present yet another level of challenge. Unfortunately, the pain points and process of implementing automated systems are often not shared or remain buried deep in the SI. This perspective provides an overview of the current state of automation of synthetic chemistry at the benchtop scale with a particular emphasis on core considerations and the ensuing challenges of deploying a system. Importantly, we aim to reframe automation as decidedly not automatic but rather an iterative process that involves a series of careful decisions (both human and computational) and constant adjustment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melodie Christensen
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z1 Canada
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc. Rahway NJ 07065 USA
| | - Lars P E Yunker
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Parisa Shiri
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Tara Zepel
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Paloma L Prieto
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Shad Grunert
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Finn Bork
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Jason E Hein
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z1 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
|
8
|
Lutter FH, Grokenberger L, Perego LA, Broggini D, Lemaire S, Wagschal S, Knochel P. Regioselective functionalization of aryl azoles as powerful tool for the synthesis of pharmaceutically relevant targets. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4443. [PMID: 32895371 PMCID: PMC7477575 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18188-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aryl azole scaffolds are present in a wide range of pharmaceutically relevant molecules. Their ortho-selective metalation at the aryl ring is challenging, due to the competitive metalation of the more acidic heterocycle. Seeking a practical access to a key Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) intermediate currently in development, we investigated the metalation of 1-aryl-1H-1,2,3-triazoles and other related heterocycles with sterically hindered metal-amide bases. We report here a room temperature and highly regioselective ortho-magnesiation of several aryl azoles using a tailored magnesium amide, TMPMgBu (TMP = 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidyl) in hydrocarbon solvents followed by an efficient Pd-catalyzed arylation. This scalable and selective reaction allows variation of the initial substitution pattern of the aryl ring, the nature of the azole moiety, as well as the nature of the electrophile. This versatile method can be applied to the synthesis of bioactive azole derivatives and complements existing metal-mediated ortho-functionalizations. Aryl azoles are common scaffolds in pharmaceutically relevant molecules. Here, the authors report the mild and highly regioselective ortho magnesiation of aryl azoles using a tailored magnesium amide base in hydrocarbon solvents followed by an efficient Pd-catalyzed arylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinand H Lutter
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department Chemie, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Lucie Grokenberger
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department Chemie, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Luca Alessandro Perego
- Discovery Product Development and Supply, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Hochstrasse 201, 8200, Schaffhausen, Switzerland
| | - Diego Broggini
- Discovery Product Development and Supply, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Hochstrasse 201, 8200, Schaffhausen, Switzerland
| | - Sébastien Lemaire
- Discovery Product Development and Supply, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Simon Wagschal
- Discovery Product Development and Supply, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Hochstrasse 201, 8200, Schaffhausen, Switzerland.
| | - Paul Knochel
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department Chemie, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F, 81377, München, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Struble TJ, Coley CW, Jensen KF. Multitask prediction of site selectivity in aromatic C–H functionalization reactions. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0re00071j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Aromatic C–H functionalization reactions are an important part of the synthetic chemistry toolbox.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. Struble
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- USA
| | - Connor W. Coley
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- USA
| | - Klavs F. Jensen
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mennen SM, Alhambra C, Allen CL, Barberis M, Berritt S, Brandt TA, Campbell AD, Castañón J, Cherney AH, Christensen M, Damon DB, Eugenio de Diego J, García-Cerrada S, García-Losada P, Haro R, Janey J, Leitch DC, Li L, Liu F, Lobben PC, MacMillan DWC, Magano J, McInturff E, Monfette S, Post RJ, Schultz D, Sitter BJ, Stevens JM, Strambeanu II, Twilton J, Wang K, Zajac MA. The Evolution of High-Throughput Experimentation in Pharmaceutical Development and Perspectives on the Future. Org Process Res Dev 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.9b00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven M. Mennen
- Drug Substance Technologies, Amgen, Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Carolina Alhambra
- Centro de Investigación Lilly S. A., Avda. de la Industria 30, Alcobendas, Madrid 28108, Spain
| | - C. Liana Allen
- API Chemistry, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Mario Barberis
- Centro de Investigación Lilly S. A., Avda. de la Industria 30, Alcobendas, Madrid 28108, Spain
| | - Simon Berritt
- Internal Medicine, Applied Synthesis Technology, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Thomas A. Brandt
- Process Chemistry, Chemical R&D, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Andrew D. Campbell
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Development, AstraZeneca, Silk Road Business Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Jesús Castañón
- Centro de Investigación Lilly S. A., Avda. de la Industria 30, Alcobendas, Madrid 28108, Spain
| | - Alan H. Cherney
- Drug Substance Technologies, Amgen, Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Melodie Christensen
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc. Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - David B. Damon
- Process Chemistry, Chemical R&D, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - J. Eugenio de Diego
- Centro de Investigación Lilly S. A., Avda. de la Industria 30, Alcobendas, Madrid 28108, Spain
| | - Susana García-Cerrada
- Centro de Investigación Lilly S. A., Avda. de la Industria 30, Alcobendas, Madrid 28108, Spain
| | - Pablo García-Losada
- Centro de Investigación Lilly S. A., Avda. de la Industria 30, Alcobendas, Madrid 28108, Spain
| | - Rubén Haro
- Centro de Investigación Lilly S. A., Avda. de la Industria 30, Alcobendas, Madrid 28108, Spain
| | - Jacob Janey
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - David C. Leitch
- API Chemistry, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Ling Li
- API Chemistry, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Fangfang Liu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Global Supply Statistics, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Paul C. Lobben
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - David W. C. MacMillan
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Javier Magano
- Process Chemistry, Chemical R&D, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Emma McInturff
- Process Chemistry, Chemical R&D, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Sebastien Monfette
- Process Chemistry, Chemical R&D, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Ronald J. Post
- Engineering Group, Chemical R&D, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Danielle Schultz
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc. Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Barbara J. Sitter
- Process Chemistry, Chemical R&D, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jason M. Stevens
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Iulia I. Strambeanu
- API Chemistry, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Jack Twilton
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Ke Wang
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Global Supply Statistics, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Matthew A. Zajac
- API Chemistry, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Christensen M, Adedeji F, Grosser S, Zawatzky K, Ji Y, Liu J, Jurica JA, Naber JR, Hein JE. Development of an automated kinetic profiling system with online HPLC for reaction optimization. REACT CHEM ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9re00086k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Application of an automated profiling system with online HPLC uncovers an induction period in a cross-coupling and facilitates catalyst optimization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melodie Christensen
- Process Research and Development
- Merck & Co., Inc
- Rahway
- USA
- Department of Chemistry
| | | | - Shane Grosser
- Process Research and Development
- Merck & Co., Inc
- Rahway
- USA
| | | | - Yining Ji
- Process Research and Development
- Merck & Co., Inc
- Rahway
- USA
| | - Jinchu Liu
- Analytical Research and Development
- Merck & Co., Inc
- Rahway
- USA
| | - Jon A. Jurica
- Process Research and Development
- Merck & Co., Inc
- Rahway
- USA
| | - John R. Naber
- Process Research and Development
- Merck & Co., Inc
- Rahway
- USA
| | - Jason E. Hein
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sawicki JW, Bogdan AR, Searle PA, Talaty N, Djuric SW. Rapid analytical characterization of high-throughput chemistry screens utilizing desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. REACT CHEM ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9re00054b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Application of high-speed DESI-MS analysis for the identification of optimal reaction conditions through high-throughput experimentation screening.
Collapse
|
13
|
Brocklehurst CE, Gallou F, Hartwieg JCD, Palmieri M, Rufle D. Microtiter Plate (MTP) Reaction Screening and Optimization of Surfactant Chemistry: Examples of Suzuki–Miyaura and Buchwald–Hartwig Cross-Couplings in Water. Org Process Res Dev 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.8b00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cara E. Brocklehurst
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fabrice Gallou
- Chemical and Analytical Development, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - J. Constanze D. Hartwieg
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marco Palmieri
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dominik Rufle
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Krska SW, DiRocco DA, Dreher SD, Shevlin M. The Evolution of Chemical High-Throughput Experimentation To Address Challenging Problems in Pharmaceutical Synthesis. Acc Chem Res 2017; 50:2976-2985. [PMID: 29172435 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.7b00428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The structural complexity of pharmaceuticals presents a significant challenge to modern catalysis. Many published methods that work well on simple substrates often fail when attempts are made to apply them to complex drug intermediates. The use of high-throughput experimentation (HTE) techniques offers a means to overcome this fundamental challenge by facilitating the rational exploration of large arrays of catalysts and reaction conditions in a time- and material-efficient manner. Initial forays into the use of HTE in our laboratories for solving chemistry problems centered around screening of chiral precious-metal catalysts for homogeneous asymmetric hydrogenation. The success of these early efforts in developing efficient catalytic steps for late-stage development programs motivated the desire to increase the scope of this approach to encompass other high-value catalytic chemistries. Doing so, however, required significant advances in reactor and workflow design and automation to enable the effective assembly and agitation of arrays of heterogeneous reaction mixtures and retention of volatile solvents under a wide range of temperatures. Associated innovations in high-throughput analytical chemistry techniques greatly increased the efficiency and reliability of these methods. These evolved HTE techniques have been utilized extensively to develop highly innovative catalysis solutions to the most challenging problems in large-scale pharmaceutical synthesis. Starting with Pd- and Cu-catalyzed cross-coupling chemistry, subsequent efforts expanded to other valuable modern synthetic transformations such as chiral phase-transfer catalysis, photoredox catalysis, and C-H functionalization. As our experience and confidence in HTE techniques matured, we envisioned their application beyond problems in process chemistry to address the needs of medicinal chemists. Here the problem of reaction generality is felt most acutely, and HTE approaches should prove broadly enabling. However, the quantities of both time and starting materials available for chemistry troubleshooting in this space generally are severely limited. Adapting to these needs led us to invest in smaller predefined arrays of transformation-specific screening "kits" and push the boundaries of miniaturization in chemistry screening, culminating in the development of "nanoscale" reaction screening carried out in 1536-well plates. Grappling with the problem of generality also inspired the exploration of cheminformatics-driven HTE approaches such as the Chemistry Informer Libraries. These next-generation HTE methods promise to empower chemists to run orders of magnitude more experiments and enable "big data" informatics approaches to reaction design and troubleshooting. With these advances, HTE is poised to revolutionize how chemists across both industry and academia discover new synthetic methods, develop them into tools of broad utility, and apply them to problems of practical significance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shane W. Krska
- Chemistry Capabilities and Screening, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corporation, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Daniel A. DiRocco
- Process Research & Development, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corporation, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Spencer D. Dreher
- Chemistry Capabilities and Screening, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corporation, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Michael Shevlin
- Process Research & Development, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corporation, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| |
Collapse
|