1
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Hazra A, Laha JK. Intramolecular Reductive Amidation of Unactivated Esters with Nitroarenes: A Telescoped Synthesis of Tetrahydropyrrolo/Pyrido[1,2- a]quinoxalinones. J Org Chem 2024; 89:11053-11059. [PMID: 39037440 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c01129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
A reductive amidation of unactivated esters with nitroarenes, a key step in the telescopic synthesis of tetrahydropyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxalinones and tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]quinoxalinones, is reported. The process involves an intermolecular base-mediated SNAr reaction, followed by intramolecular reductive amidation employing sodium dithionite. The substrate scope coupled with the demonstration of the synthesis of pharmaceuticals is reported. The key features include nitro reduction at room temperature, easy purification without chromatography, amidation of unactivated esters without any externally added activating agent, and a telescopic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amitava Hazra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Process Chemistry), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, S. A. S. Nagar, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Joydev K Laha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Process Chemistry), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, S. A. S. Nagar, Punjab 160062, India
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2
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Laha JK, Gupta P, Hazra A. Dithionite-Mediated Tandem Nitro Reduction/Imine Formation/Intramolecular Cyclization for the Synthesis of Dihydro-benzothiadiazine-1,1-dioxides. J Org Chem 2024; 89:725-730. [PMID: 38070168 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
A one-pot, tandem reductive annulation of 2-nitrobenzenesulfonamides with aldehydes to the synthesis of substituted 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-1,1-dioxides in the presence of sodium dithionite (Na2S2O4) is reported under mild conditions. The method involves in situ reduction of the nitro group followed by condensation with aldehydes to form an imine, which upon subsequent intramolecular cyclization forms the product under one-pot conditions. The protocol features use of inexpensive Na2S2O4 as the exclusive reagent, appreciable functional group tolerance, broad substrate scope, high product yields, and scalability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joydev K Laha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Process Chemistry), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Pankaj Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Process Chemistry), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Amitava Hazra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Process Chemistry), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, Punjab 160062, India
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3
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Multistep batch-flow hybrid synthesis of a terbinafine precursor. J Flow Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-021-00188-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractA three-step batch-flow hybrid process has been developed for an expeditious synthesis of the enynol key intermediate of antifungal terbinafine. This procedure involves consecutive organometallic steps without the necessity of any in-line purification: after a metalation by n-butyllithium, a selective addition of the lithium salt was elaborated followed by a Grignard reaction resulting in a high yield of 6,6-dimethylhept-1-en-4-yn-3-ol. Moreover, as an alternative to tetrahydrofuran, cyclopentyl methyl ether was used as solvent implementing a safe, sustainable, yet selective synthetic process. Even on a laboratory-scale, the optimized batch-flow hybrid process had a theoretical throughput of 41 g/h. Furthermore, the newly developed process provides an efficient synthesis route to the key-intermediate, while making acrolein obsolete, minimizing side-products, and enabling safe and convenient scale-up.
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4
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Domokos A, Nagy B, Szilágyi B, Marosi G, Nagy ZK. Integrated Continuous Pharmaceutical Technologies—A Review. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- András Domokos
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Organic Chemistry and Technology Department, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Brigitta Nagy
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Organic Chemistry and Technology Department, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Botond Szilágyi
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - György Marosi
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Organic Chemistry and Technology Department, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsombor Kristóf Nagy
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Organic Chemistry and Technology Department, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
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5
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Neyt NC, Riley DL. Application of reactor engineering concepts in continuous flow chemistry: a review. REACT CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00004g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The adoption of flow technology for the manufacture of chemical entities, and in particular pharmaceuticals, has seen rapid growth over the past two decades with the technology now blurring the lines between chemistry and chemical engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole C. Neyt
- Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Pretoria
- South Africa
| | - Darren L. Riley
- Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Pretoria
- South Africa
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6
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Scholtz C, Riley DL. Improved batch and flow syntheses of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib. REACT CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0re00346h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The comparison of an improved conventional batch mode synthesis of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib with its flow chemistry alternative is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Scholtz
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Pretoria
- Pretoria
- South Africa
| | - Darren L. Riley
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Pretoria
- Pretoria
- South Africa
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7
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Sharma BM, Yim SJ, Nikam A, Ahn GN, Kim DP. One-flow upscaling neutralization of an organophosphonate-derived pesticide/nerve agent simulant to value-added chemicals in a novel Teflon microreactor platform. REACT CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00147g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Synthesizing value-added products from chemical warfare agents is a concept well beyond the usual notion of simply neutralizing the agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brijesh M. Sharma
- Center of Intelligent Microprocess of Pharmaceutical Synthesis
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)
- Pohang
- Korea
| | - Se-Jun Yim
- Center of Intelligent Microprocess of Pharmaceutical Synthesis
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)
- Pohang
- Korea
| | - Arun Nikam
- Center of Intelligent Microprocess of Pharmaceutical Synthesis
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)
- Pohang
- Korea
| | - Gwang-Noh Ahn
- Center of Intelligent Microprocess of Pharmaceutical Synthesis
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)
- Pohang
- Korea
| | - Dong-Pyo Kim
- Center of Intelligent Microprocess of Pharmaceutical Synthesis
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)
- Pohang
- Korea
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8
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Baumann M. Integrating continuous flow synthesis with in-line analysis and data generation. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 16:5946-5954. [PMID: 30062354 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob01437j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Continuous flow synthesis of fine chemicals has successfully advanced from an academic niche area to a rapidly growing field of its own that directly impacts developments and applications in industrial settings. Whilst the numerous advantages of flow over batch processing are widely recognised and have led to a wider uptake of continuous flow synthesis within the community, we have reached a point where continuous flow synthesis has to transition from a stand-alone enabling technology to a readily integrated synthesis concept. Thus it is paramount to embrace a multitude of in-line analysis and purification techniques to not only allow for efficiently telescoped multi-step sequences but ultimately generate bioactivity data concomitantly on newly synthesised entities. This short review summarises the state of the art in this field and presents both challenges and opportunities that arise from this ambitious endeavour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Baumann
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Science Centre South, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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Riley DL, Strydom I, Chikwamba R, Panayides JL. Landscape and opportunities for active pharmaceutical ingredient manufacturing in developing African economies. REACT CHEM ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8re00236c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review will highlight the opportunities that exist in the localization of cutting-edge manufacturing technologies within an African context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren L. Riley
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences
- University of Pretoria, Pretoria
- South Africa
| | - Ian Strydom
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences
- University of Pretoria, Pretoria
- South Africa
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Abstract
A continuous flow platform has been developed that integrates reactive distillation with modern flow reactor technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Baumann
- School of Chemistry
- University College Dublin
- Science Centre South
- Dublin 4
- Ireland
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11
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Akwi FM, Watts P. Continuous flow chemistry: where are we now? Recent applications, challenges and limitations. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:13894-13928. [PMID: 30483683 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc07427e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A general outlook of the changing face of chemical synthesis is provided in this article through recent applications of continuous flow processing in both industry and academia. The benefits, major challenges and limitations associated with the use of this mode of processing are also given due attention as an attempt to put into perspective the current position of continuous flow processing, either as an alternative or potential combinatory technology for batch processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faith M Akwi
- Nelson Mandela University, University Way, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa.
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12
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Aniban X, Mamidala S, Burke AJ. Metal-Catalyzed Routes to Dibenzodiazepines (DBDAs) and Structural Analogues: Recent Advances. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201801304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xaiza Aniban
- Centro de Química de Évora; Institute for Research and Advanced Studies (IIFA); Universidade de Évora; Rua Romão Ramalho 59 7000-671 Évora Portugal
| | - Srikanth Mamidala
- Centro de Química de Évora; Institute for Research and Advanced Studies (IIFA); Universidade de Évora; Rua Romão Ramalho 59 7000-671 Évora Portugal
- National Institute of Technology Warangal; Telangana India
| | - Anthony J. Burke
- Centro de Química de Évora; Institute for Research and Advanced Studies (IIFA); Universidade de Évora; Rua Romão Ramalho 59 7000-671 Évora Portugal
- Departamento de Química; Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia; Universidade de Évora; Rua Romão Ramalho 59 7000-671 Évora Portugal
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13
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Dimitriou E, Jones RH, Pritchard RG, Miller GJ, O'Brien M. Gas-liquid flow hydrogenation of nitroarenes: Efficient access to a pharmaceutically relevant pyrrolobenzo[1,4]diazepine scaffold. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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14
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Neyt NC, Riley DL. Mild and selective reduction of aldehydes utilising sodium dithionite under flow conditions. Beilstein J Org Chem 2018; 14:1529-1536. [PMID: 30013679 PMCID: PMC6036987 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.14.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently reported a novel hybrid batch–flow synthesis of the antipsychotic drug clozapine in which the reduction of a nitroaryl group is described under flow conditions using sodium dithionite. We now report the expansion of this method to include the reduction of aldehydes. The method developed affords yields which are comparable to those under batch conditions, has a reduced reaction time and improved space-time productivity. Furthermore, the approach allows the selective reduction of aldehydes in the presence of ketones and has been demonstrated as a continuous process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole C Neyt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Darren L Riley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
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15
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Gérardy R, Emmanuel N, Toupy T, Kassin VE, Tshibalonza NN, Schmitz M, Monbaliu JCM. Continuous Flow Organic Chemistry: Successes and Pitfalls at the Interface with Current Societal Challenges. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Romaric Gérardy
- Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis; Department of Chemistry; Research Unit MolSys; University of Liège; Quartier Agora, Allée du six Aout, 13 4000 Liège (Sart Tilman) Belgium
| | - Noémie Emmanuel
- Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis; Department of Chemistry; Research Unit MolSys; University of Liège; Quartier Agora, Allée du six Aout, 13 4000 Liège (Sart Tilman) Belgium
| | - Thomas Toupy
- Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis; Department of Chemistry; Research Unit MolSys; University of Liège; Quartier Agora, Allée du six Aout, 13 4000 Liège (Sart Tilman) Belgium
| | - Victor-Emmanuel Kassin
- Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis; Department of Chemistry; Research Unit MolSys; University of Liège; Quartier Agora, Allée du six Aout, 13 4000 Liège (Sart Tilman) Belgium
| | - Nelly Ntumba Tshibalonza
- Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis; Department of Chemistry; Research Unit MolSys; University of Liège; Quartier Agora, Allée du six Aout, 13 4000 Liège (Sart Tilman) Belgium
| | - Michaël Schmitz
- Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis; Department of Chemistry; Research Unit MolSys; University of Liège; Quartier Agora, Allée du six Aout, 13 4000 Liège (Sart Tilman) Belgium
| | - Jean-Christophe M. Monbaliu
- Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis; Department of Chemistry; Research Unit MolSys; University of Liège; Quartier Agora, Allée du six Aout, 13 4000 Liège (Sart Tilman) Belgium
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