1
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Chowdhury T, Murphy F, Kennedy AR, Wilson C, Farnaby JH, Weetman CE. Synthesis and Reactivity of Bis-tris(pyrazolyl)borate Lanthanide/Aluminum Heterobimetallic Trihydride Complexes. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:9390-9394. [PMID: 38682828 PMCID: PMC11134492 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c00824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Molecular heterobimetallic hydride complexes of lanthanide (Ln) and main-group (MG) metals exhibit chemical properties unique from their monometallic counterparts and are highly reactive species, making their synthesis and isolation challenging. Herein, molecular Ln/Al heterobimetallic trihydrides [Ln(Tp)2(μ-H)2Al(H)(N″)] [2-Ln; Ln = Y, Sm, Dy, Yb; Tp = hydrotris(1-pyrazolyl)borate; N″ = N(SiMe3)2] have been synthesized by facile insertion of aminoalane [Me3N·AlH3] into the Ln-N amide bonds of [Ln(Tp)2(N″)] (1-Ln). Thus, this is a simple synthetic strategy to access a range of Ln/Al hydrides. Reactivity studies demonstrate that 2-Ln is a heterobimetallic hydride, with evidence for the cooperative nature of 2-Ln shown by the catalytic amine-borane dehydrocoupling under ambient conditions in contrast to its monomeric counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tajrian Chowdhury
- Joseph
Black Building, School of Chemistry, University
of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K.
| | - Fáinché Murphy
- Department
of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University
of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K.
| | - Alan R. Kennedy
- Department
of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University
of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K.
| | - Claire Wilson
- Joseph
Black Building, School of Chemistry, University
of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K.
| | - Joy H. Farnaby
- Joseph
Black Building, School of Chemistry, University
of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K.
| | - Catherine E. Weetman
- Department
of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University
of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K.
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2
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Tensi L, Moretti F, Amendola A, Froese RDJ, Macchioni A, Kuhlman RL, Pearson DM, Zuccaccia C. Solution Structure and Dynamics of Hf-Al and Hf-Zn Heterobimetallic Adducts Mimicking Relevant Intermediates in Chain Transfer Reactions. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:8222-8236. [PMID: 38666625 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c00476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Cationic cyclometalated hafnocenes [CpPrCpCH2CH2CH2Hf][B(C6F5)4] (4Pr) and [CpiBuCpCH2CH(Me)CH2Hf][B(C6F5)4] (4aiBu and 4biBu) were synthesized from the corresponding [(CpPr)2HfMe][B(C6F5)4] (1Pr) and [(CpiBu)2HfMe][B(C6F5)4] (1iBu) complexes via C-H activation. 4aiBu, 4biBu, and 4Pr, mimicking a propagating M-polymeryl species (M = transition metal) with or without a β-methyl branch on the metalated chains, serve to investigate whether and how the nature of the last inserted olefin molecules changes the structure, stability, and reactivity of the corresponding heterobimetallic complexes, formed in the presence of aluminum- or zinc-alkyl chain transfer agents (CTAs), which are considered relevant intermediates in coordinative chain transfer polymerization (CCTP) and chain shuttling polymerization (CSP) technologies. NMR and DFT data indicate no major structural difference between the resulting heterobridged complexes, all characterized by the presence of multiple α-agostic interactions. On the contrary, thermodynamic and kinetic investigations, concerning the reversible formation and breaking of heterobimetallic adducts, demonstrate that isomer 4aiBu, in which the β-Me is oriented away from the reactive coordination site on Hf, but not 4biBu, having the β-Me pointing in the opposite direction, is capable of reacting with CTAs. Quantification of kinetic rate constants highlights that the formation process is rate limiting and that the nature of the last inserted α-olefin unit modulates transalkylation kinetics. The reaction of 4aiBu, 4biBu, and 4Pr with diisobutylaluminum hydride (DiBAlH) allows the interception and characterization of new heterobinuclear and heterotrinuclear species, featuring both hydride and alkyl bridging moieties, which represent structural models of elusive intermediates in CCTP and CSP processes, capturing the instant when an alkyl chain has just transferred from a transition metal to a main group metal, while the two metals remain engaged in a single heterobimetallic intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Tensi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia and CIRCC, Via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesca Moretti
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology and CIRCC, University of Perugia and CIRCC, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Alessandra Amendola
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology and CIRCC, University of Perugia and CIRCC, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Robert D J Froese
- Core R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, 1776 Building, Midland, Michigan 48674, United States
| | - Alceo Macchioni
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology and CIRCC, University of Perugia and CIRCC, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Roger L Kuhlman
- The Dow Chemical Company, 230 Abner Jackson Parkway Herbert H Dow Building #2B104, Lake Jackson, Texas 77566, United States
| | - David M Pearson
- The Dow Chemical Company, 230 Abner Jackson Parkway Herbert H Dow Building #2B104, Lake Jackson, Texas 77566, United States
| | - Cristiano Zuccaccia
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology and CIRCC, University of Perugia and CIRCC, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
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3
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Fernando-López O, Trujillo-Hernández K, Moreno-Martínez VA, Martínez-Otero D, Bernabé-Pablo E, Huerta-Lavorie R, Jancik V. Molecular Alumo- and Gallosilicate Hydrides Functionalized with Terminal M(NR 2) 3 and Bridging M(NR 2) 2 (M = Ti, Zr, Hf; R = Me, Et) Moieties. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:14533-14545. [PMID: 37642323 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c01413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
A general synthetic strategy for the systematic synthesis of group 4 MIV heterometallic complexes LMIII(H)(μ-O)Si(μ-O)(OtBu)2}nMIV(NR2)4-n (L = {[HC{C(Me)N(2,6-iPr2C6H3)}2; MIII = Al or Ga; n = 1 or 2; MIV = Ti, Zr, Hf; R = Me, Et), based on alumo- or gallosilicate hydride ligands bearing a Si-OH moiety, is presented. The challenging isolation of these metalloligands involved two strategies. On the one hand, the acid-base reaction of LAlH2 with (HO)2Si(OtBu)2 yielded LAlH(μ-O)Si(OH)(OtBu)2 (1), while on the other hand, the oxidative addition of (HO)2Si(OtBu)2 to LGa produced the gallium analog (2). These metalloligands successfully stabilized two hydrogen atoms with different acid-base properties (MIII-H and SiO-H) in the same molecule. Reactivity studies between 1 and 2 and group 4 amides MIV(NR2)4 (MIV = Ti, Zr, Hf; R = Me, Et) and tuning the reactions conditions and stoichiometry led to isolation and structural characterization of heterometallic complexes 3-11 with a 1:1 or 2:1 metalloligand/MIV ratio. Notably, some of these molecular heterometallic silicate complexes stabilize for the first time terminal (O3Si-O-)MIV(NR2)3 moieties known from single-site silica-grafted species. Furthermore, the aluminum-containing heterometallic complexes possess Al-H vibrational energies similar to those reported for modified alumina surfaces, which makes them potentially suitable models for the proposed MIV species grafted onto silica/alumina surfaces with hydride and dihydride architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Fernando-López
- Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable UAEM-UNAM, Carr. Toluca-Atlacomulco km. 14.5, Toluca, Estado de México 50200, México
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Química, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, México
| | - Karla Trujillo-Hernández
- Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable UAEM-UNAM, Carr. Toluca-Atlacomulco km. 14.5, Toluca, Estado de México 50200, México
| | - Víctor Augusto Moreno-Martínez
- Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable UAEM-UNAM, Carr. Toluca-Atlacomulco km. 14.5, Toluca, Estado de México 50200, México
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Química, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, México
| | - Diego Martínez-Otero
- Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable UAEM-UNAM, Carr. Toluca-Atlacomulco km. 14.5, Toluca, Estado de México 50200, México
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Química, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, México
| | - Erandi Bernabé-Pablo
- Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable UAEM-UNAM, Carr. Toluca-Atlacomulco km. 14.5, Toluca, Estado de México 50200, México
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Química, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, México
| | - Raúl Huerta-Lavorie
- Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable UAEM-UNAM, Carr. Toluca-Atlacomulco km. 14.5, Toluca, Estado de México 50200, México
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Química, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, México
| | - Vojtech Jancik
- Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable UAEM-UNAM, Carr. Toluca-Atlacomulco km. 14.5, Toluca, Estado de México 50200, México
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Química, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, México
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4
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Lebon J, Maichle-Mössmer C, Anwander R. Putting on the Crown: Synthesis and Reactivity of Trimethyltitanium. Organometallics 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.3c00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Lebon
- Institut für anorganische Chemie, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Cäcilia Maichle-Mössmer
- Institut für anorganische Chemie, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Reiner Anwander
- Institut für anorganische Chemie, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
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5
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Del Horno E, Jover J, Mena M, Pérez-Redondo A, Yélamos C. Low-Valent Titanium Species Stabilized with Aluminum/Boron Hydride Fragments. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202103085. [PMID: 34735025 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Low-valent titanium species were prepared by reaction of [TiCp*X3 ] (Cp*=η5 -C5 Me5 ; X=Cl, Br, Me) with LiEH4 (E=Al, B) or BH3 (thf), and their structures elucidated by experimental and theoretical methods. The treatment of trihalides [TiCp*X3 ] with LiAlH4 in ethereal solvents (L) leads to the hydride-bridged heterometallic complexes [{TiCp*(μ-H)}2 {(μ-H)2 AlX(L)}2 ] (L=thf, X=Cl, Br; L=OEt2 , X=Cl). Density functional theory (DFT) calculations for those compounds reveal an open-shell singlet ground state with a Ti-Ti bond and can be described as titanium(II) species. The theoretical analyses also show strong interactions between the Ti-Ti bond and the empty s orbitals of the Al atom of the AlH2 XL fragments, which behave as σ-accepting (Z-type) ligands. Analogous reactions of [TiCp*X3 ] with LiBH4 (2 and 3 equiv.) in tetrahydrofuran at room temperature and at 85 °C lead to the titanium(III) compounds [{TiCp*(BH4 )(μ-X)}2 ] (X=Cl, Br) and [{TiCp*(BH4 )(μ-BH4 )}2 ], respectively. The treatment of [TiCp*Me3 ] with 4 and 5 equiv. of BH3 (thf) produces the diamagnetic [{TiCp*(BH3 Me)}2 (μ-B2 H6 )] and paramagnetic [{TiCp*(μ-B2 H6 )}2 ] complexes, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Del Horno
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Investigación Química "Andrés M. del Río" (IQAR), Universidad de Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de, Henares-Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Jover
- Secció de Química Inorgànica, Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTC-UB), Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel Mena
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Investigación Química "Andrés M. del Río" (IQAR), Universidad de Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de, Henares-Madrid, Spain
| | - Adrián Pérez-Redondo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Investigación Química "Andrés M. del Río" (IQAR), Universidad de Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de, Henares-Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Yélamos
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Investigación Química "Andrés M. del Río" (IQAR), Universidad de Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de, Henares-Madrid, Spain
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6
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Roy MMD, Omaña AA, Wilson ASS, Hill MS, Aldridge S, Rivard E. Molecular Main Group Metal Hydrides. Chem Rev 2021; 121:12784-12965. [PMID: 34450005 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This review serves to document advances in the synthesis, versatile bonding, and reactivity of molecular main group metal hydrides within Groups 1, 2, and 12-16. Particular attention will be given to the emerging use of said hydrides in the rapidly expanding field of Main Group element-mediated catalysis. While this review is comprehensive in nature, focus will be given to research appearing in the open literature since 2001.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M D Roy
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Alvaro A Omaña
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Andrew S S Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Avon BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Michael S Hill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Avon BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Rivard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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7
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Zhou H, Bai T, Pan Y, Wei Y, Wang T. Facile synthesis of air-stable heterobimetallic osmium-silver hydride complexes. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:12093-12097. [PMID: 34519739 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02619d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and characterization of air-stable heterobimetallic Os-Ag hydrides are described. All of the new heterobimetallic Os-Ag hydrides are neutral, and the in situ generated and presynthesized cis-[Os](H)-CC-R units in these frameworks act as organometallic bidentate chelating ligands coordinating with the AgPPh3 cation, which makes these complexes more stable. Our results provide a new synthetic route for the construction of stable heterobimetallic complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyu Zhou
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China.
| | - Tongtong Bai
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China.
| | - Yanlin Pan
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China.
| | - Yongliang Wei
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China.
| | - Tongdao Wang
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China.
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8
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Huang J, Zheng X, Del Rosal I, Zhao B, Maron L, Xu X. Nickel(0)-Induced β-H Elimination of Magnesium Alkyls: Formation and Reactivity of Heterometallic Hydrides. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:13473-13480. [PMID: 32877185 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and reactivity of heterometallic Mg-Ni complexes with bridging hydrides. Treatment of magnesium monoalkyl complexes, which are supported by a tridentate β-diketiminato ligand bearing a pendent phosphine group, with nickel(0) reagent Ni(COD)2 (COD: 1,5-cyclooctadiene) at a molar ratio of 2:1 resulted in the formation of a heterotrimetallic hydride-bridged [Mg-Ni-Mg] complex via facile elimination of the corresponding alkenes. A heterobimetallic hydride-bridged [Mg-Ni] complex served as an intermediate species for the formation of the [Mg-Ni-Mg] complex. Computational studies revealed that the reaction was initiated by coordination of nickel to magnesium followed by an alkyl group transfer. β-H elimination at the nickel center subsequently occurred to give the heterometallic hydride-bridged complex. Density functional theory analysis also highlighted a three-center two-electron interaction for the Mg-H-Ni unit. The hydride-bridged [Mg-Ni-Mg] complex showed diverse reactivity toward unsaturated small molecules. For instance, reactions with isocyanides provided heterometallic species by coordination of isocyanides to the nickel center, with no subsequent reduction detected. Isocyanides could also be dissociated at 80 °C. In contrast, hydromagnesiation occurred upon treatment of the heterotrimetallic hydride with carbodiimides, affording C3-symmetric complexes with three heteroleptic magnesium mixed β-diketiminate/amidinate moieties. The hydride-bridged heterotrimetallic complex underwent dehydrogenation reaction with phenyl acetylene to produce an acetylide-bridged [Mg-Ni-Mg] complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiasu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P.R. China
| | - Xizhou Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P.R. China
| | - Iker Del Rosal
- LPCNO, CNRS, and INSA, Université Paul Sabatier, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Bei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P.R. China
| | - Laurent Maron
- LPCNO, CNRS, and INSA, Université Paul Sabatier, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Xin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P.R. China
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9
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Boreen MA, Groß OA, Hohloch S, Arnold J. Isocyanide adducts of tri- and tetravalent uranium metallocenes supported by tetra(isopropyl)cyclopentadienyl ligands. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:11971-11977. [PMID: 32812574 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt02005b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Reaction of the uranium(iii) metallocenium salt [(CpiPr4)2U][B(C6F5)4] with tert-butyl isocyanide (tBuNC) yielded the dicationic uranium(iv) complex [(CpiPr4)2U(CNtBu)4][B(C6F5)4]2 (1), which displays a linear metallocene geometry. Use of crude mixtures of [(CpiPr4)2U][B(C6F5)4], which contain a soluble source of iodide, led instead to isolation of the monocationic uranium(iv) iodide complex [(CpiPr4)2U(I)(CNtBu)2][B(C6F5)4] (2). Adduct formation with no change in oxidation state was observed upon addition of tBuNC to the neutral uranium(iii) species (CpiPr4)2UI, resulting in isolation of (CpiPr4)2U(I)(CNtBu) (3). X-ray crystallographic and IR spectroscopic studies both showed effects ascribed to the presence of multiple strongly donating isocyanide ligands in 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Boreen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA. and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Oliver A Groß
- Paderborn University, Warburger Straße 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Stephan Hohloch
- University of Innsbruck, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - John Arnold
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA. and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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10
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Tensi L, Froese RDJ, Kuhlman RL, Macchioni A, Zuccaccia C. Interception of Elusive Cationic Hf–Al and Hf–Zn Heterobimetallic Adducts with Mixed Alkyl Bridges Featuring Multiple Agostic Interactions. Chemistry 2020; 26:3758-3766. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Tensi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie and CIRCCUniversità degli Studi di Perugia Via Elce di Sotto 8 06123 Perugia Italy
| | | | | | - Alceo Macchioni
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie and CIRCCUniversità degli Studi di Perugia Via Elce di Sotto 8 06123 Perugia Italy
| | - Cristiano Zuccaccia
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie and CIRCCUniversità degli Studi di Perugia Via Elce di Sotto 8 06123 Perugia Italy
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11
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Blakeney KJ, Martin PD, Winter CH. A Volatile Dialane Complex from Ring Expansion of an N-Heterocyclic Carbene and Its Use in the Thermal Atomic Layer Deposition of Aluminum Metal Films. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.9b00774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J. Blakeney
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Philip D. Martin
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Charles H. Winter
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
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12
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Clark BD, Jacobson CR, Lou M, Renard D, Wu G, Bursi L, Ali AS, Swearer DF, Tsai AL, Nordlander P, Halas NJ. Aluminum Nanocubes Have Sharp Corners. ACS NANO 2019; 13:9682-9691. [PMID: 31397561 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b05277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Of the many plasmonic nanoparticle geometries that have been synthesized, nanocubes have been of particular interest for creating nanocavities, facilitating plasmon coupling, and enhancing phenomena dependent upon local electromagnetic fields. Here we report the straightforward colloidal synthesis of single-crystalline {100} terminated Al nanocubes by decomposing AlH3 with Tebbe's reagent in tetrahydrofuran. The size and shape of the Al nanocubes is controlled by the reaction time and the ratio of AlH3 to Tebbe's reagent, which, together with reaction temperature, establish kinetic control over Al nanocube growth. Al nanocubes possess strong localized field enhancements at their sharp corners and resonances highly amenable to coupling with metallic substrates. Their native oxide surface renders them extremely air stable. Chemically synthesized Al nanocubes provide an earth-abundant alternative to noble metal nanocubes for plasmonics and nanophotonics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Gang Wu
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine , The University of Texas McGovern Medical School , 6431 Fannin St , Houston , Texas 77030 , United States
| | | | | | | | - Ah-Lim Tsai
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine , The University of Texas McGovern Medical School , 6431 Fannin St , Houston , Texas 77030 , United States
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13
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Rao G, Altman AB, Brown AC, Tao L, Stich TA, Arnold J, Britt RD. Metal Bonding with 3d and 6d Orbitals: An EPR and ENDOR Spectroscopic Investigation of Ti 3+-Al and Th 3+-Al Heterobimetallic Complexes. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:7978-7988. [PMID: 31185562 PMCID: PMC6584900 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b00720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Accessing covalent
bonding interactions between actinides and ligating atoms remains
a central problem in the field. Our current understanding of actinide
bonding is limited because of a paucity of diverse classes of compounds
and the lack of established models. We recently synthesized a thorium
(Th)–aluminum (Al) heterobimetallic molecule that represents
a new class of low-valent Th-containing compounds. To gain further
insight into this system and actinide–metal bonding more generally,
it is useful to study their underlying electronic structures. Here,
we report characterization by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR)
and electron–nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) spectroscopy
of two heterobimetallic compounds: (i) a Cptt2ThH3AlCTMS3 [TMS = Si(CH3)3; Cptt = 1,3-di-tert-butylcyclopentadienyl]
complex with bridging hydrides and (ii) an actinide-free Cp2TiH3AlCTMS3 (Cp = cyclopentadienyl) analogue.
Analyses of the hyperfine interactions between the paramagnetic trivalent
metal centers and the surrounding magnetic nuclei, 1H and 27Al, yield spin distributions over both complexes. These results
show that while the bridging hydrides in the two complexes have similar
hyperfine couplings (aiso = −9.7
and −10.7 MHz, respectively), the spin density on the Al ion
in the Th3+ complex is ∼5-fold larger than that
in the titanium(3+) (Ti3+) analogue. This suggests a direct
orbital overlap between Th and Al, leading to a covalent interaction
between Th and Al. Our quantitative investigation by a pulse EPR technique
deepens our understanding of actinide bonding to main-group elements. The electronic structures of Ti3+−Al and Th3+−Al heterobimetallic complexes are probed by electron−nuclear
double resonance spectroscopy, revealing a much larger spin density
on the Al center in the latter and the presence of a covalent Th−Al
bonding interaction caused by the direct orbital overlap between Th
and Al.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Rao
- Department of Chemistry , University of California at Davis , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Alison B Altman
- Department of Chemistry , University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Alexandra C Brown
- Department of Chemistry , University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Lizhi Tao
- Department of Chemistry , University of California at Davis , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Troy A Stich
- Department of Chemistry , University of California at Davis , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - John Arnold
- Department of Chemistry , University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - R David Britt
- Department of Chemistry , University of California at Davis , Davis , California 95616 , United States
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14
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Clark BD, DeSantis CJ, Wu G, Renard D, McClain MJ, Bursi L, Tsai AL, Nordlander P, Halas NJ. Ligand-Dependent Colloidal Stability Controls the Growth of Aluminum Nanocrystals. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:1716-1724. [PMID: 30612425 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b12255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The precise size- and shape-controlled synthesis of monodisperse Al nanocrystals remains an open challenge, limiting their utility for numerous applications that would take advantage of their size and shape-dependent optical properties. Here we pursue a molecular-level understanding of the formation of Al nanocrystals by titanium(IV) isopropoxide-catalyzed decomposition of AlH3 in Lewis base solvents. As determined by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy of intermediates, the reaction begins with the formation of Ti3+-AlH3 complexes. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy indicates isopropoxy ligands are removed from Ti by Al, producing aluminum(III) isopropoxide and low-valent Ti3+ catalysts. These Ti3+ species catalyze elimination of H2 from AlH3 inducing the polymerization of AlH3 into colloidally unstable low-valent aluminum hydride clusters. These clusters coalesce and grow while expelling H2 to form colloidally stable Al nanocrystals. The colloidal stability of the Al nanocrystals and their size is determined by the molecular structure and density of coordinating atoms in the reaction, which is controlled by choice of solvent composition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gang Wu
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine , The University of Texas McGovern Medical School , 6431 Fannin Street , Houston , Texas 77030 , United States
| | | | | | | | - Ah-Lim Tsai
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine , The University of Texas McGovern Medical School , 6431 Fannin Street , Houston , Texas 77030 , United States
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15
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Bai W, Zhang JX, Fan T, Tse SKS, Shou W, Sung HHY, Williams ID, Lin Z, Jia G. Syntheses and Structures of Ruthenium Complexes Containing a Ru-H-Tl Three-Center-Two-Electron Bond. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201807174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Bai
- Department of Chemistry; The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong
| | - Jing-Xuan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry; The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong
| | - Ting Fan
- Department of Chemistry; The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong
| | - Sunny Kai San Tse
- Department of Chemistry; The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong
| | - Wangge Shou
- Department of Chemistry; The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong
| | - Herman H. Y. Sung
- Department of Chemistry; The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong
| | - Ian D. Williams
- Department of Chemistry; The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong
| | - Zhenyang Lin
- Department of Chemistry; The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong
| | - Guochen Jia
- Department of Chemistry; The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong
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16
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Bai W, Zhang JX, Fan T, Tse SKS, Shou W, Sung HHY, Williams ID, Lin Z, Jia G. Syntheses and Structures of Ruthenium Complexes Containing a Ru-H-Tl Three-Center-Two-Electron Bond. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:12874-12879. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201807174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Bai
- Department of Chemistry; The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong
| | - Jing-Xuan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry; The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong
| | - Ting Fan
- Department of Chemistry; The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong
| | - Sunny Kai San Tse
- Department of Chemistry; The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong
| | - Wangge Shou
- Department of Chemistry; The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong
| | - Herman H. Y. Sung
- Department of Chemistry; The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong
| | - Ian D. Williams
- Department of Chemistry; The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong
| | - Zhenyang Lin
- Department of Chemistry; The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong
| | - Guochen Jia
- Department of Chemistry; The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong
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17
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Altman AB, Brown AC, Rao G, Lohrey TD, Britt RD, Maron L, Minasian SG, Shuh DK, Arnold J. Chemical structure and bonding in a thorium(iii)-aluminum heterobimetallic complex. Chem Sci 2018; 9:4317-4324. [PMID: 29780563 PMCID: PMC5944380 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc01260a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the syntheses of [Th(iii)]–[Al] and [U(iii)]–[Al] bimetallics that demonstrate An→Al interactions where the actinide behaves as an electron donor.
Thorium sits at a unique position on the periodic table. On one hand, there is little evidence that its 5f orbitals engage in bonding as they do in other early actinides; on the other hand, its chemistry is distinct from Lewis acidic transition metals. To gain insight into the underlying electronic structure of Th and develop trends across the actinide series, it is useful to study Th(iii) and Th(ii) systems with valence electrons that may engage in non-electrostatic metal–ligand interactions, although only a handful of such systems are known. To expand the range of low-valent compounds and gain deeper insight into Th electronic structure, we targeted actinide bimetallic complexes containing metal–metal bonds. Herein, we report the syntheses of Th–Al bimetallics from reactions between a di-tert-butylcyclopentadienyl supported Th(iv) dihalide (Cp‡2ThCl2) and an anionic aluminum hydride salt [K(H3AlC(SiMe3)3) (1)]. Reduction of the [Th(iv)](Cl)–[Al] product resulted in a [Th(iii)]–[Al] complex [Cp‡2Th(μ-H3)AlC(SiMe3)3 (4)]. The U(iii) analogue [Cp‡2U(μ-H3)AlC(SiMe3)3 (5)] could be synthesized directly from a U(iii) halide starting material. Electron paramagnetic resonance studies on 4 demonstrate hyperfine interactions between the unpaired electron and the Al atom indicative of spin density delocalization from the Th metal center to the Al. Density functional theory and atom in molecules calculations confirmed the presence of An→Al interactions in 4 and 5, which represents the first examples of An→M interactions where the actinide behaves as an electron donor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison B Altman
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , USA.,Chemical Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , USA .
| | - Alexandra C Brown
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , USA
| | - Guodong Rao
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Davis , California 95616 , USA
| | - Trevor D Lohrey
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , USA.,Chemical Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , USA .
| | - R David Britt
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Davis , California 95616 , USA
| | - Laurent Maron
- LPCNO , Université de Toulouse , INAS Toulouse , 135 Avenue de Rangueil , 31077 , Toulouse , France
| | - Stefan G Minasian
- Chemical Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , USA .
| | - David K Shuh
- Chemical Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , USA .
| | - John Arnold
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , USA.,Chemical Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , USA .
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