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Murai M, Ono M, Tanaka Y, Akita M. Controlling Redox and Wirelike Charge-Delocalization Properties of Dinuclear Mixed-Valence Complexes with MCp*(dppe) (M = Fe, Ru) Termini Bridged by Metalloporphyrin Linkers. ACS ORGANIC & INORGANIC AU 2024; 4:504-516. [PMID: 39371324 PMCID: PMC11450764 DOI: 10.1021/acsorginorgau.4c00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 10/08/2024]
Abstract
Four dinuclear organometallic molecular wire complexes with diethynylmetalloporphyrin linkers 1 MM' , [5,15-bis{MCp*(dppe)ethynyl}-10,20-diarylporphinato]M' (Cp* = η5-C5Me5; dppe = 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane; M/M' = Fe/Zn (1 FeZn ), Ru/Zn (1 RuZn ), Fe/Ni (1 FeNi ), Ru/Ni (1 RuNi ); aryl = 3,5-di-tert-butylphenyl), are synthesized and characterized by NMR, CV, UV-vis-NIR, and ESI-TOF mass spectrometry techniques. Electrochemical investigations combined with electronic absorption spectroscopic studies reveal strong interactions among the electron-donating, redox-active MCp*(dppe) termini and the metalloporphyrin moieties. The monocationic species of the four complexes obtained by chemical oxidation have been characterized as mixed-valence Class II/III or Class III compounds according to the Robin-Day classification despite the long molecular dimension (>1.5 nm), as demonstrated by their intense intervalence charge transfer bands (IVCT) in the near IR region. DFT calculations indicate large spin densities on the metalloporphyrin moieties. Furthermore, the wirelike performance can be finely tuned by coordination of appropriate nitrogen donors to the axial sites of the metalloporphyrin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Masanori Ono
- Laboratory for Chemistry
and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Yuya Tanaka
- Laboratory for Chemistry
and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Munetaka Akita
- Laboratory for Chemistry
and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
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2
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Ma C, Li Y, Tang A, Wang R, Li Y, Li Z, Yang J, Li H. Manipulating the charge transport via incorporating a cobalt bridge into a single-molecule junction. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:1608-1611. [PMID: 38127678 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04979e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Cobalt-bridged organometallic molecular wires (p-Co-p, p-Co-m and m-Co-m) are synthesized, and their charge transport properties are studied. The experimental results show that the quantum interference (QI) effects of cobalt-bridged organometallic wires are determined by the anchoring group. Interestingly, the cobalt-bridge reduces the conductance of the junctions and tunes the QI effect of the wires. These results demonstrate the unique property of metal-bridged organometallic molecular wires and their potential applications in molecular electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoqi Ma
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China.
| | - Yunpeng Li
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China.
| | - Ajun Tang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China.
| | - Rui Wang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China.
| | - Yingjie Li
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China.
| | - Zhi Li
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China.
| | - Jiawei Yang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China.
| | - Hongxiang Li
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China.
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Kocábová J, Vavrek F, Nováková Lachmanová Š, Šebera J, Valášek M, Hromadová M. Self-Assembled Monolayers of Molecular Conductors with Terpyridine-Metal Redox Switching Elements: A Combined AFM, STM and Electrochemical Study. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238320. [PMID: 36500413 PMCID: PMC9738775 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of terpyridine-based transition metal (ruthenium and osmium) complexes, anchored to gold substrate via tripodal anchoring groups, have been investigated as possible redox switching elements for molecular electronics. An electrochemical study was complemented by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) methods. STM was used for determination of the SAM conductance values, and computation of the attenuation factor β from tunneling current-distance curves. We have shown that SAMs of Os-tripod molecules contain larger adlayer structures compared with SAMs of Ru-tripod molecules, which are characterized by a large number of almost evenly distributed small islands. Furthermore, upon cyclic voltammetric experimentation, Os-tripod films rearrange to form a smaller number of even larger islands, reminiscent of the Ostwald ripening process. Os-tripod SAMs displayed a higher surface concentration of molecules and lower conductance compared with Ru-tripod SAMs. The attenuation factor of Os-tripod films changed dramatically, upon electrochemical cycling, to a higher value. These observations are in accordance with previously reported electron transfer kinetics studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Kocábová
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 18223 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - František Vavrek
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 18223 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Štěpánka Nováková Lachmanová
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 18223 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Šebera
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 18223 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Valášek
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Magdaléna Hromadová
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 18223 Prague, Czech Republic
- Correspondence:
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4
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Mandal S, Garu P, Chowdhury J, Saha R, Chattopadhyay S. Spectroscopic, structural and computational studies of thiophenolato bridged dirhenium(III,III) complexes. J COORD CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2022.2144266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suman Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, India
| | - Purnananda Garu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, India
| | | | - Rajat Saha
- Department of Chemistry, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol, India
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5
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Winter RF, Mang A, Linseis M. Synthesis and crystal structures of rhodium acetate paddle‐wheel complexes with anchor group‐functionalized and hydrogen bond‐supported axial ligands. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.202200199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - André Mang
- Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Konstanz Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Konstanz Universitätsstraße 10 78464 Konstanz GERMANY
| | - Michael Linseis
- Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Konstanz Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Konstanz Universitätsstraße 10 78464 Konstanz GERMANY
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6
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Bu D, Huang C, Sha P, Chen S, Bu D, Huang S. Tuning the current rectification behavior of Rh 2-based molecular junctions by varying their supramolecular structures. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:19200-19209. [PMID: 34783332 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr05487b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Molecular junctions with similar backbones, tunable chemical structures and controllable length are critical for the systematic study of the structure-functionality relationships of their charge transport behavior. Taking advantage of the feasibility and tunability of stepwise fabrication, we built series of asymmetric supramolecular SAMs on gold using Rh2(O2CCR3)4 (Rh2, R = CH3, H, and F) as the building blocks and conjugated N,N'-bidentate ligands (pyrazine (LS), 4,4'-bipyridine (LM) and 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethene (LL)) as the bridges. By varying the Rh2 units and bridging ligands, series of supramolecules with similar backbone and tunable chemical structures were assembled on gold. Their charge transport behavior was examined using conductive-probe atomic force microscopy. Notably, current rectification diminishes gradually as the degree of conjugation of the bridging ligands gets larger from LS to LL due to the decrease in the energy gap between the donor and the acceptor in π(Rh2)-π(L) conjugated MO arrays. Additionally, current rectification can be enhanced when the charge transport mechanistic transits from tunneling in dimers to hopping in tetramers. Unlike charges hopping along the MO arrays in tetramers, charges tunnel through the frontier MOs in dimers. The occupied frontier MOs of dimers localize near the center of the supramolecules or delocalize on the donor and acceptor, which contributes to the weakening of the asymmetric charge tunneling. This work reveals that the frontier MO configurations of these supramolecules could be adjusted by varying their chemical structures, and consequently realize tuning of their charge transport behavior, which deepens the understanding of the charge transport behavior and benefits the establishment of the structure-functionality relationship of Rh2-based molecular junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donglei Bu
- School of Materials and Energy, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Materials and Energy Storage Devices, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.
| | - Changgeng Huang
- School of Materials and Energy, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Materials and Energy Storage Devices, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.
| | - Pengzhan Sha
- School of Materials and Energy, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Materials and Energy Storage Devices, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.
| | - Shangxian Chen
- School of Materials and Energy, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Materials and Energy Storage Devices, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.
| | - Duocheng Bu
- School of Materials and Energy, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Materials and Energy Storage Devices, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.
| | - Shaoming Huang
- School of Materials and Energy, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Materials and Energy Storage Devices, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.
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7
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Mallick S, Garu P, Chowdhury J, Saha R, Chattopadhyay S. Sulphido bridged dinuclear quadruple bond cleavage product from the reaction between Re2(µ-O2CCH3)4Cl2 and dithiocarbamate: An experimental and theoretical study. Polyhedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2021.115422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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8
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Naher M, Milan DC, Al-Owaedi OA, Planje IJ, Bock S, Hurtado-Gallego J, Bastante P, Abd Dawood ZM, Rincón-García L, Rubio-Bollinger G, Higgins SJ, Agraït N, Lambert CJ, Nichols RJ, Low PJ. Molecular Structure-(Thermo)electric Property Relationships in Single-Molecule Junctions and Comparisons with Single- and Multiple-Parameter Models. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:3817-3829. [PMID: 33606524 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c11605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The most probable single-molecule conductance of each member of a series of 12 conjugated molecular wires, 6 of which contain either a ruthenium or platinum center centrally placed within the backbone, has been determined. The measurement of a small, positive Seebeck coefficient has established that transmission through these molecules takes place by tunneling through the tail of the HOMO resonance near the middle of the HOMO-LUMO gap in each case. Despite the general similarities in the molecular lengths and frontier-orbital compositions, experimental and computationally determined trends in molecular conductance values across this series cannot be satisfactorily explained in terms of commonly discussed "single-parameter" models of junction conductance. Rather, the trends in molecular conductance are better rationalized from consideration of the complete molecular junction, with conductance values well described by transport calculations carried out at the DFT level of theory, on the basis of the Landauer-Büttiker model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masnun Naher
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - David C Milan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Oday A Al-Owaedi
- Department of Laser Physics, College of Science for Girls, The University of Babylon, Hilla 51001, Iraq
| | - Inco J Planje
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Sören Bock
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Juan Hurtado-Gallego
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid E-28049, Spain
| | - Pablo Bastante
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid E-28049, Spain
| | - Zahra Murtada Abd Dawood
- Department of Laser Physics, College of Science for Girls, The University of Babylon, Hilla 51001, Iraq
| | - Laura Rincón-García
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid E-28049, Spain
| | - Gabino Rubio-Bollinger
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid E-28049, Spain.,Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC) and Instituto Universitario de Ciencia de Materiales "Nicolás Cabrera" (INC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Simon J Higgins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Nicolás Agraït
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid E-28049, Spain.,Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC) and Instituto Universitario de Ciencia de Materiales "Nicolás Cabrera" (INC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia IMDEA-Nanociencia, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Colin J Lambert
- Department of Physics, University of Lancaster, Lancaster LA1 4YB, U.K
| | - Richard J Nichols
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Paul J Low
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
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Tahara K, Ashihara Y, Ikeda T, Kadoya T, Fujisawa JI, Ozawa Y, Tajima H, Toyoda N, Haruyama Y, Abe M. Immobilizing a π-Conjugated Catecholato Framework on Surfaces of SiO 2 Insulator Films via a One-Atom Anchor of a Platinum Metal Center to Modulate Organic Transistor Performance. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:17945-17957. [PMID: 33169615 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chemical modification of insulating material surfaces is an important methodology to improve the performance of organic field-effect transistors (OFETs). However, few redox-active self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) have been constructed on gate insulator film surfaces, in contrast to the numerous SAMs formed on many types of conducting electrodes. In this study, we report a new approach to introduce a π-conjugated organic fragment in close proximity to an insulating material surface via a transition metal center acting as a one-atom anchor. On the basis of the reported coordination chemistry of a catecholato complex of Pt(II) in solution, we demonstrate that ligand exchange can occur on an insulating material surface, affording SAMs on the SiO2 surface derived from a newly synthesized Pt(II) complex containing a benzothienobenzothiophene (BTBT) framework in the catecholato ligand. The resultant SAMs were characterized in detail by water contact angle measurements, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and cyclic voltammetry. The SAMs served as good scaffolds of π-conjugated pillars for forming thin films of a well-known organic semiconductor C8-BTBT (2,7-dioctyl[1]benzothieno[3,2-b][1]benzothiophene), accompanied by the engagements of the C8-BTBT molecules with the SAMs containing the common BTBT framework at the first layer on SiO2. OFETs containing the SAMs displayed improved performance in terms of hole mobility and onset voltage, presumably because of the unique interfacial structure between the organic semiconducting and inorganic insulating layers. These findings provide important insight into creating new elaborate interfaces through installing coordination chemistry in solution to solid surfaces, as well as OFET design by considering the compatibility between SAMs and organic semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keishiro Tahara
- Graduate School of Material Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1, Kouto, Kamigori, Ako, Hyogo 6781297, Japan
| | - Yuya Ashihara
- Graduate School of Material Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1, Kouto, Kamigori, Ako, Hyogo 6781297, Japan
| | - Takashi Ikeda
- Graduate School of Material Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1, Kouto, Kamigori, Ako, Hyogo 6781297, Japan
| | - Tomofumi Kadoya
- Graduate School of Material Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1, Kouto, Kamigori, Ako, Hyogo 6781297, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Fujisawa
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, 1-5-1, Tenjin, Kiryu, Gunma 3768515, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Ozawa
- Graduate School of Material Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1, Kouto, Kamigori, Ako, Hyogo 6781297, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tajima
- Graduate School of Material Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1, Kouto, Kamigori, Ako, Hyogo 6781297, Japan
| | - Noriaki Toyoda
- Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, 2167, Shosha, Himeji, Hyogo 6712280, Japan
| | - Yuichi Haruyama
- Laboratory of Advanced Science and Technology for Industry, University of Hyogo, 3-1-2 Koto, Kamigori, Ako, Hyogo 6781205, Japan
| | - Masaaki Abe
- Graduate School of Material Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1, Kouto, Kamigori, Ako, Hyogo 6781297, Japan
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Ludwig S, Helmdach K, Hüttenschmidt M, Oberem E, Rabeah J, Villinger A, Ludwig R, Seidel WW. Metal/Metal Redox Isomerism Governed by Configuration. Chemistry 2020; 26:16811-16817. [PMID: 32648996 PMCID: PMC7756430 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
A pair of diastereomeric dinuclear complexes, [Tp′(CO)BrW{μ‐η2‐C,C′‐κ2‐S,P‐C2(PPh2)S}Ru(η5‐C5H5)(PPh3)], in which W and Ru are bridged by a phosphinyl(thiolato)alkyne in a side‐on carbon P,S‐chelate coordination mode, were synthesized, separated and fully characterized. Even though the isomers are similar in their spectroscopic properties and redox potentials, the like‐isomer is oxidized at W while the unlike‐isomer is oxidized at Ru, which is proven by IR, NIR and EPR‐spectroscopy supported by spectro‐electrochemistry and computational methods. The second oxidation of the complexes was shown to take place at the metal left unaffected in the first redox step. Finally, the tipping point could be realized in the unlike isomer of the electronically tuned thiophenolate congener [Tp′(CO)(PhS)W{μ‐η2‐C,C′‐κ2‐S,P‐C2(PPh2)S}Ru(η5‐C5H5)‐(PPh3)], in which valence trapped WIII/RuII and WII/RuIII cationic species are at equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Ludwig
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 3a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Kai Helmdach
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 3a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Mareike Hüttenschmidt
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 3a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Oberem
- Department Life, Light & Matter, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 25, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Jabor Rabeah
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse an der Universität Rostock e.V., Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Alexander Villinger
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 3a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Ralf Ludwig
- Department Life, Light & Matter, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 25, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Wolfram W Seidel
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 3a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
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11
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Bonnet R, Lenfant S, Mazérat S, Mallah T, Vuillaume D. Long-range electron transport in Prussian blue analog nanocrystals. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:20374-20385. [PMID: 33020768 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr06971j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We report electron transport measurements through nano-scale devices consisting of 1 to 3 Prussian blue analog (PBA) nanocrystals connected between two electrodes. We compare two types of cubic nanocrystals, CsCoIIIFeII (15 nm) and CsNiIICrIII (6 nm), deposited on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite and contacted by conducting-AFM. The measured currents show an exponential dependence with the length of the PBA nano-device (up to 45 nm), with low decay factors β, in the range 0.11-0.18 nm-1 and 0.25-0.34 nm-1 for the CsCoFe and the CsNiCr nanocrystals, respectively. From the theoretical analysis of the current-voltage curve for the nano-scale device made of a single nanoparticle, we deduce that the electron transport is mediated by the localized d bands at around 0.5 eV from the electrode Fermi energy in the two cases. By comparison with previously reported ab initio calculations, we tentatively identify the involved orbitals as the filled Fe(ii)-t2g d band (HOMO) for CsCoFe and the half-filled Ni(ii)-eg d band (SOMO) for CsNiCr. Conductance values measured for multi-nanoparticle nano-scale devices (2 and 3 nanocrystals between the electrodes) are consistent with a multi-step coherent tunneling in the off-resonance regime between adjacent PBAs, a simple model gives a strong coupling (around 0.1-0.25 eV) between the adjacent PBA nanocrystals, mediated by electrostatic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roméo Bonnet
- Institute for Electronics Microelectronics and Nanotechnology (IEMN), CNRS, Av. Poincaré, 59652 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
| | - Stéphane Lenfant
- Institute for Electronics Microelectronics and Nanotechnology (IEMN), CNRS, Av. Poincaré, 59652 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
| | - Sandra Mazérat
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO), CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France.
| | - Talal Mallah
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO), CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France.
| | - Dominique Vuillaume
- Institute for Electronics Microelectronics and Nanotechnology (IEMN), CNRS, Av. Poincaré, 59652 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
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12
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Ikeda T, Tahara K, Kadoya T, Tajima H, Toyoda N, Yasuno S, Ozawa Y, Abe M. Ferrocene on Insulator: Silane Coupling to a SiO 2 Surface and Influence on Electrical Transport at a Buried Interface with an Organic Semiconductor Layer. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:5809-5819. [PMID: 32407106 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c00515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A silane coupling-based procedure for decoration of an insulator surface containing abundant hydroxy groups by constructing redox-active self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) is described. A newly synthesized ferrocene (Fc) derivative containing a triethoxysilyl group designated FcSi was immobilized on SiO2/Si by a simple operation that involved immersing the substrate in a toluene solution of the Fc silane coupling reagent and then rinsing the resulting substrate. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements confirmed that the Fc group was immobilized on SiO2/Si in the Fe(II) state. Cyclic voltammetry measurements showed that the Fc groups were electrically insulated from the Si electrode by the SiO2 layer. The FcSi on SiO2/Si structures were found to serve as a good scaffold for formation of organic semiconductor thin films by vacuum thermal evaporation of C8-BTBT (2,7-dioctyl[1]benzothieno[3,2-b][1]benzothiophene), which is well-known as an organic field-effect transistor (OFET) material. The X-ray diffraction profile indicated that the conventional standing-up conformation of the C8-BTBT molecules perpendicular to the substrates was maintained in the thin films formed on FcSi@SiO2/Si. Further vacuum thermal evaporation of Au provided an FcSi-based OFET structure with good transfer characteristics. The FcSi-based OFET showed pronounced source-drain current hysteresis between the forward and backward scans. The degree of this hysteresis was varied reversibly via gate bias manipulation, which was presumably accompanied by trapping and detrapping of hole carriers at the Fc-decorated SiO2 surface. These findings provide new insights into application of redox-active SAMs to nonvolatile OFET memories while also creating new interfaces through junctions with functional thin films, in which the underlying redox-active SAMs play supporting roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Ikeda
- Graduate School of Material Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1, Kouto, Kamigori, Ako, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
| | - Keishiro Tahara
- Graduate School of Material Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1, Kouto, Kamigori, Ako, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
| | - Tomofumi Kadoya
- Graduate School of Material Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1, Kouto, Kamigori, Ako, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tajima
- Graduate School of Material Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1, Kouto, Kamigori, Ako, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
| | - Noriaki Toyoda
- Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, 2167, Shosha, Himeji, Hyogo 671-2280, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yasuno
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, 1-1-1, Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Ozawa
- Graduate School of Material Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1, Kouto, Kamigori, Ako, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
| | - Masaaki Abe
- Graduate School of Material Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1, Kouto, Kamigori, Ako, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
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Meng M, Tang Z, Mallick S, Luo MH, Tan Z, Liu JY, Shi J, Yang Y, Liu CY, Hong W. Enhanced charge transport via d(δ)-p(π) conjugation in Mo 2-integrated single-molecule junctions. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:10320-10327. [PMID: 32367099 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr00195c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A trans-dimolybdenum nicotinate (m-Mo2) complex and its isonicotinate isomer (p-Mo2) were synthesized and characterized crystallographically, and their single-molecule charge transport properties were investigated using the STM break junction (STM-BJ) technique. With a quadruply bonded Mo2 complex unit integrated into molecular backbones, the single-molecule conductance for complex molecules was increased by more than one order of magnitude compared with that of the organic π-conjugated analogues 1,4-bis(4-pyridyl)benzene (p-Ph) and 1,4-bis(3-pyridyl)benzene (m-Ph). More interestingly, unlike m-Ph, m-Mo2 with meta connected pyridyl anchors presents larger conductance than that of p-Mo2 with two para connected pyridyl groups. DFT-based transmission calculations revealed that the significant conductance enhancement of Mo2 molecules originates from the largely reduced HOMO-LUMO gap, and the unique d(δ)-p(π) conjugation between the Mo2 unit and the pyridine rings gives rise to a delocalized electronic structure that endows the Mo2 molecules with an unexpected high conductance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Meng
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, 601 Huang-Pu Avenue West, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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14
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Schmitz S, Qiu X, Glöß M, van Leusen J, Izarova NV, Nadeem MA, Griebel J, Chiechi RC, Kögerler P, Monakhov KY. Conductive Self-Assembled Monolayers of Paramagnetic {Co II Co 4 III } and { Co 4 II Co 2 III } Coordination Clusters on Gold Surfaces. Front Chem 2019; 7:681. [PMID: 31750287 PMCID: PMC6848059 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Two polynuclear cobalt(II,III) complexes, [Co5(N3)4(N-n-bda)4(bza·SMe)2] (1) and [Co6(N3)4(N-n-bda)2(bza·SMe)5(MeOH)4]Cl (2), where Hbza·SMe = 4-(methylthio)benzoic acid and N-n-H2bda = N-n-butyldiethanolamine, were synthesized and fully characterized by various techniques. Compound 1 exhibits an unusual, approximately C 2-symmetric {CoIICo 4 III } core of two isosceles Co3 triangles with perpendicularly oriented planes, sharing a central, high-spin CoII ion residing in a distorted tetrahedral coordination environment. This central CoII ion is connected to four outer, octahedrally coordinated low-spin CoIII ions via oxo bridges. Compound 2 comprises a semi-circular {Co 4 II Co 2 III } motif of four non-interacting high-spin CoII and two low-spin CoIII centers in octahedral coordination environments. Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of 1 and 2 were physisorbed on template-stripped gold surfaces contacted by an eutectic gallium-indium (EGaIn) tip. The acquired current density-voltage (I-V) data revealed that the cobalt-based SAMs are more electrically robust than those of the previously reported dinuclear {CuIILnIII} complexes with Ln = Gd, Tb, Dy, or Y (Schmitz et al., 2018a). In addition, between 170 and 220°C, the neutral, mixed-valence compound 1 undergoes a redox modification, yielding a {Co5}-based coordination cluster (1-A) with five non-interacting, high-spin octahedral CoII centers as indicated by SQUID magnetometry analysis in combination with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy. Solvothermal treatment of 1 results in a high-nuclearity coordination cluster, [Co10(N3)2(N-n-bda)6(bza·SMe)6] (3), containing 10 virtually non-interacting high-spin CoII centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Schmitz
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Xinkai Qiu
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Maria Glöß
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance (JARA-FIT), Peter Grünberg Institute, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Jan van Leusen
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Natalya V. Izarova
- Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance (JARA-FIT), Peter Grünberg Institute, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | | | - Jan Griebel
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ryan C. Chiechi
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Paul Kögerler
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance (JARA-FIT), Peter Grünberg Institute, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
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15
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Luo Y, Wächtler M, Barthelmes K, Winter A, Schubert US, Dietzek B. Superexchange in the fast lane - intramolecular electron transfer in a molecular triad occurs by conformationally gated superexchange. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:5251-5254. [PMID: 30990492 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc01886g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Photoinduced electron transfer via hopping is generally considered to have a stronger temperature dependence than electron transfer via superexchange. However, in this work, an opposite trend of the temperature dependence is observed. This unexpected result is rationalized by considering the specific geometrical and electronic structure of the Ru-bis(terpyridine) photosensitizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusen Luo
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany and Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Straβe 9, 07745 Jena, Germany.
| | - Maria Wächtler
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany and Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Straβe 9, 07745 Jena, Germany.
| | - Kevin Barthelmes
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Humboldtstraβe 10, 07743 Jena, Germany and Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Andreas Winter
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Humboldtstraβe 10, 07743 Jena, Germany and Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrich S Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Humboldtstraβe 10, 07743 Jena, Germany and Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Benjamin Dietzek
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany and Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Straβe 9, 07745 Jena, Germany. and Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
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16
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Aramburu-Trošelj BM, Oviedo PS, Ramírez-Wierzbicki I, Baraldo LM, Cadranel A. Inversion of donor–acceptor roles in photoinduced intervalence charge transfers. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:7659-7662. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc03483h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Upon MLCT photoexcitation, {(tpy)Ru} becomes the electron acceptor in the mixed valence {(tpy˙−)RuIII−δ-NC-MII+δ} moiety, reversing its role as the electron donor in the ground-state mixed valence analogue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno M. Aramburu-Trošelj
- Universidad de Buenos Aires
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica
- Analítica y Química Física, Pabellón 2
- Ciudad Universitaria
| | - Paola S. Oviedo
- Universidad de Buenos Aires
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica
- Analítica y Química Física, Pabellón 2
- Ciudad Universitaria
| | - Ivana Ramírez-Wierzbicki
- Universidad de Buenos Aires
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica
- Analítica y Química Física, Pabellón 2
- Ciudad Universitaria
| | - Luis M. Baraldo
- Universidad de Buenos Aires
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica
- Analítica y Química Física, Pabellón 2
- Ciudad Universitaria
| | - Alejandro Cadranel
- Universidad de Buenos Aires
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica
- Analítica y Química Física, Pabellón 2
- Ciudad Universitaria
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17
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Zhang J, Du J, Wang J, Wang Y, Wei C, Li M. Vertical Step‐Growth Polymerization Driven by Electrochemical Stimuli from an Electrode. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201809567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and ChemistryChangchun Institute of Applied Chemistry (CIAC) Changchun 130022 China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Jia Du
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and ChemistryChangchun Institute of Applied Chemistry (CIAC) Changchun 130022 China
| | - Jinxin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and ChemistryChangchun Institute of Applied Chemistry (CIAC) Changchun 130022 China
- University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
| | - Yanfang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and ChemistryChangchun Institute of Applied Chemistry (CIAC) Changchun 130022 China
| | - Chang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and ChemistryChangchun Institute of Applied Chemistry (CIAC) Changchun 130022 China
- University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
| | - Mao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and ChemistryChangchun Institute of Applied Chemistry (CIAC) Changchun 130022 China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
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18
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Zhang J, Du J, Wang J, Wang Y, Wei C, Li M. Vertical Step‐Growth Polymerization Driven by Electrochemical Stimuli from an Electrode. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:16698-16702. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201809567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and ChemistryChangchun Institute of Applied Chemistry (CIAC) Changchun 130022 China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Jia Du
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and ChemistryChangchun Institute of Applied Chemistry (CIAC) Changchun 130022 China
| | - Jinxin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and ChemistryChangchun Institute of Applied Chemistry (CIAC) Changchun 130022 China
- University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
| | - Yanfang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and ChemistryChangchun Institute of Applied Chemistry (CIAC) Changchun 130022 China
| | - Chang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and ChemistryChangchun Institute of Applied Chemistry (CIAC) Changchun 130022 China
- University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
| | - Mao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and ChemistryChangchun Institute of Applied Chemistry (CIAC) Changchun 130022 China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
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19
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Zhang Y, Soni S, Krijger TL, Gordiichuk P, Qiu X, Ye G, Jonkman HT, Herrmann A, Zojer K, Zojer E, Chiechi RC. Tunneling Probability Increases with Distance in Junctions Comprising Self-Assembled Monolayers of Oligothiophenes. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:15048-15055. [PMID: 30359013 PMCID: PMC6225337 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b09793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Molecular tunneling junctions should enable the tailoring of charge-transport at the quantum level through synthetic chemistry but are hindered by the dominance of the electrodes. We show that the frontier orbitals of molecules can be decoupled from the electrodes, preserving their relative energies in self-assembled monolayers even when a top-contact is applied. This decoupling leads to the remarkable observation of tunneling probabilities that increase with distance in a series of oligothiophenes, which we explain using a two-barrier tunneling model. This model is generalizable to any conjugated oligomers for which the frontier orbital gap can be determined and predicts that the molecular orbitals that dominate tunneling charge-transport can be positioned via molecular design rather than by domination of Fermi-level pinning arising from strong hybridization. The ability to preserve the electronic structure of molecules in tunneling junctions facilitates the application of well-established synthetic design rules to tailor the properties of molecular-electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxi Zhang
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands.,Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Saurabh Soni
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands.,Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Theodorus L Krijger
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Pavlo Gordiichuk
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Xinkai Qiu
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands.,Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Gang Ye
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands.,Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Harry T Jonkman
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Karin Zojer
- Institute of Solid State Physics , NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology , Graz , Austria
| | - Egbert Zojer
- Institute of Solid State Physics , NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology , Graz , Austria
| | - Ryan C Chiechi
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands.,Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands
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