1
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Ngo DT, Garwood JJA, Nagib DA. Cyclopropanation with Non-Stabilized Carbenes via Ketyl Radicals. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:24009-24015. [PMID: 39049431 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c07388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
A radical mechanism enables simple and robust access to nonstabilized, alkyl iron carbenes for novel (2 + 1) cycloadditions. This Fe-catalyzed strategy employs simple, aliphatic aldehydes as carbene precursors in a practical, efficient, and stereoselective cyclopropanation. This air- and water-tolerant method permits convenient generation of iron carbenes and coupling to an exceptionally wide range of sterically and electronically diverse alkenes (nucleophilic, electrophilic, and neutral). A transient ketyl radical intermediate is key to accessing and harnessing this rare, alkyl iron carbene reactivity. Mechanistic experiments confirm the (a) intermediacy of ketyl radicals, (b) iron carbene formation by radical capture, and (c) nonconcerted nature of the (2 + 1) cycloaddition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duong T Ngo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Jacob J A Garwood
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - David A Nagib
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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2
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Liu M, Uyeda C. Redox Approaches to Carbene Generation in Catalytic Cyclopropanation Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202406218. [PMID: 38752878 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202406218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Transition metal-catalyzed carbene transfer reactions have a century-old history in organic chemistry and are a primary method for the synthesis of cyclopropanes. Much of the work in this field has focused on the use of diazo compounds and related precursors, which can transfer a carbene fragment to a catalyst with concomitant loss of a stable byproduct. Despite the utility of this approach, there are persistent limitations in the scope of viable carbenes, most notably those lacking stabilizing substituents. By coupling carbene transfer chemistry with two-electron redox cycles, it is possible to expand the available starting materials that can be used as carbene precursors. In this Minireview, we discuss emerging catalytic reductive cyclopropanation reactions using either gem-dihaloalkanes or carbonyl compounds. This strategy is inspired by classic stoichiometric transformations, such as the Simmons-Smith cyclopropanation and the Clemmensen reduction, but instead entails the formation of a catalytically generated transition metal carbene or carbenoid. We also present recent efforts to generate carbenes directly from methylene (CR2H2) groups via a formal 1,1-dehydrogenation. These reactions are currently restricted to substrates containing electron-withdrawing substituents, which serve to facilitate deprotonation and subsequent oxidation of the anion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Dr., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Christopher Uyeda
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Dr., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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3
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Ogo S, Yatabe T, Miyazawa K, Hashimoto Y, Takahashi C, Nakai H, Shiota Y. Cyclopropanation Using Electrons Derived from Hydrogen: Reaction of Alkenes and Hydrogen without Hydrogenation. JACS AU 2024; 4:1615-1622. [PMID: 38665645 PMCID: PMC11040560 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.4c00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Have you ever imagined reactions of alkenes with hydrogen that result in anything other than hydrogenation or hydrogenative C-C coupling? We have long sought to develop not only hydrogenation catalysts that activate H2 as hydride ions but also electron transfer catalysts that activate H2 as a direct electron donor. Here, we report the reductive cyclopropanation of alkenes using an iridium electron storage catalyst with H2 as the electron source without releasing metal waste from the reductant. We discuss the catalytic mechanism with selectivity to give the trans-isomer. These findings are based on the isolation of three complexes and density functional theory calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Ogo
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- International
Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI Academy I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Center
for Small Molecule Energy, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yatabe
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- International
Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI Academy I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Center
for Small Molecule Energy, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Keishi Miyazawa
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- International
Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI Academy I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yunosuke Hashimoto
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- International
Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI Academy I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Chiaki Takahashi
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- International
Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI Academy I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Nakai
- Department
of Energy and Materials, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Shiota
- Institute
for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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4
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Liu M, Le N, Uyeda C. Nucleophilic Carbenes Derived from Dichloromethane. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202308913. [PMID: 37661190 PMCID: PMC10591934 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202308913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Nickel PyBox catalysts promote nucleophilic cyclopropanation reactions using CH2 Cl2 as a methylene source and Mn as a stoichiometric reductant. The substrate scope includes a broad range of alkenes bearing electron-withdrawing substituents, including esters, amides, ketones, nitriles, sulfones, phosphonate esters, trifluoromethyl groups, and electron-deficient arenes. Enantioselective cyclopropanations of α,β-unsaturated esters have been developed using chiral PyBox ligands. Mechanistic studies suggest the intermediacy of a (PyBox)Ni=CH2 species, which adds to the alkene by a stepwise [2+2]-cycloaddition/C-C reductive elimination mechanism. DFT models provide a rationale for the nucleophilic character of the nickel carbene and the sense of enantioinduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Dr., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Nguyen Le
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Dr., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Christopher Uyeda
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Dr., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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5
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Pan ZZ, Pan D, Li JH, Xue XS, Yin L. Copper(I)-Catalyzed Asymmetric Conjugate Addition of 1,4-Dienes to β-Substituted Alkenyl Azaarenes. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:1749-1758. [PMID: 36623207 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c10688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Chiral azaarene compounds are extremely important due to their prevalence in pharmaceutical ingredients. Herein, an array of chiral molecules bearing azaaryl groups is synthesized in moderate-to-excellent yields with moderate-to-excellent Z/E ratios, high dr, and excellent enantioselectivity by a copper(I)-catalyzed asymmetric conjugate addition of 1,4-dienes to (E)-β-substituted alkenyl azaarenes. The reaction is carried out under mild proton-transfer conditions, which enjoys very high atom economy. Moreover, the reaction features a broad substrate scope on (E)-α,β-unsaturated azaarenes as various azaarenes are well tolerated, such as benzothiazole, thiazole, N-methyl-benzimidazole, benzoxazole, quinoline, isoquinoline, pyrimidine, pyrazine, and triazine. Interestingly, the reaction with (Z)-α,β-unsaturated azaarenes affords the same products in excellent results but with a reversed absolute configuration. DFT calculations indicate that the C-C bond-forming nucleophilic addition is a Z-/E- and enantio-selectivities-determining step and provides a rationale for the origin of selectivities. At last, the synthetic utilities of the product are showcased by several transformations, including olefin metathesis, [4 + 2] cyclization, [2 + 1] cyclization, and cleavage of the benzothiazole ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Zhou Pan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Centre for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Deng Pan
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jia-Heng Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Centre for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiao-Song Xue
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China.,School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou 310024 P. R. China
| | - Liang Yin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Centre for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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6
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Zhang L, DeMuynck BM, Paneque AN, Rutherford JE, Nagib DA. Carbene reactivity from alkyl and aryl aldehydes. Science 2022; 377:649-654. [PMID: 35926031 PMCID: PMC9439075 DOI: 10.1126/science.abo6443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Carbenes are highly enabling reactive intermediates that facilitate a diverse range of otherwise inaccessible chemistry, including small-ring formation and insertion into strong σ bonds. To access such valuable reactivity, reagents with high entropic or enthalpic driving forces are often used, including explosive (diazo) or unstable (gem-dihalo) compounds. Here, we report that common aldehydes are readily converted (via stable α-acyloxy halide intermediates) to electronically diverse (donor or neutral) carbenes to facilitate >10 reaction classes. This strategy enables safe reactivity of nonstabilized carbenes from alkyl, aryl, and formyl aldehydes via zinc carbenoids. Earth-abundant metal salts [iron(II) chloride (FeCl2), cobalt(II) chloride (CoCl2), copper(I) chloride (CuCl)] are effective catalysts for these chemoselective carbene additions to σ and π bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lumin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Bethany M DeMuynck
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Alyson N Paneque
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Joy E Rutherford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - David A Nagib
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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7
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Abstract
Efforts to develop catalytic carbene transfer reactions have largely relied on the use of diazo precursors. However, diazoalkanes are susceptible to undergoing violent exothermic decomposition unless they contain stabilizing substituents. Consequently, most synthetic methods are restricted to diazoacetates or related derivatives. In this Perspective, we describe an alternative approach to carbene transfer catalysis based on the generation of metal carbenoids from gem-dihaloalkanes and gem-dihaloalkenes. These precursors are readily available and stable in unsubstituted form or with a variety of donor and acceptor substituents. Using this approach, it is possible to design cyclopropanation reactions with non-stabilized carbenes, such as methylene, isopropylidene, and vinylidene. Furthermore, due to the distinct mechanistic pathways of these reactions, novel modes of cycloaddition can be carried out, including [4 + 1]-cycloadditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Uyeda
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Annah E. Kalb
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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8
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Efficient Asymmetric Simmons-Smith Cyclopropanation and Diethylzinc Addition to Aldehydes Promoted by Enantiomeric Aziridine-Phosphines. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11080968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During an implementation of current research, a set of optically pure chiral aziridines and aziridine imines bearing a phosphine moiety was prepared with high values of chemical yield. The above chiral heteroorganic derivatives were tested for catalytic utility as chiral ligands in asymmetric Simmons-Smith cyclopropanation and asymmetric diethylzinc addition to various aldehydes. Most of the desired products were formed in high chemical yields, with satisfactory values of enantiomeric excess (sometimes more than 90%) and diastereomeric ratios (in case of cyclopropanation reaction).
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9
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Wei N, Yang D, Zhao J, Mei T, Zhang Y, Wang B, Qu J. Structure and Methylene Transfer Reactivity of Thiolate-Bridged Dichromium Methylene Complexes Derived from Dihalomethane via Cleavage of Two Carbon–Halogen Bonds. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nianmin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dawei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinfeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yixin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People’s Republic of China
| | - Baomin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingping Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, People’s Republic of China
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10
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Mora KE, Musa MA, Robinson TJ, Mylod G, Bowyer WJ. Solvent Effects on Heterogeneous Rate Constants for Indium Mediated Allylations. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:2088-2094. [PMID: 33661629 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c11457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Indium mediated allylation is a highly selective tool for synthetic chemists to create carbon-carbon bonds, but the first step, heterogeneous reaction of allyl halides at solid indium surfaces, is still poorly understood. For example, the nature of the solvent dramatically affects the rate of reaction, but solvent choice is often based on empirical experiments. Fundamental kinetic studies are the best way to study this effect, but the determination of heterogeneous rate constants is challenging. In an effort to better understand solvent effects, we use optical microscopy to determine heterogeneous rate constants for IMA in aqueous acetonitrile, methanol, ethanol, and 2-propanol. We fit the reaction rate data over a range of mass transport rates using only two adjustable parameters, the heterogeneous rate constant and the mass transport rate. The results emphasize the critical importance of water in determining the rate of reaction. Surprisingly, the polarity of the organic solvent in the mix does not have a major effect on the rate. It is hypothesized that the oxygen atom in water and alcohols is an especially effective Lewis base to stabilize the transition state and the organoindium intermediates, similar to the importance of the oxygen in ethers for the formation of Grignard reagents. This study again demonstrates the power of microscopy for the study of heterogeneous reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E Mora
- Department of Chemistry, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York 14456, United States
| | - Megan A Musa
- Department of Chemistry, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York 14456, United States
| | - Troy J Robinson
- Department of Chemistry, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York 14456, United States
| | - Gabriella Mylod
- Department of Chemistry, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York 14456, United States
| | - Walter J Bowyer
- Department of Chemistry, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York 14456, United States
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11
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Zhao Y, Ge S. Chromium-Catalyzed Selective Dimerization/Hydroboration of Allenes to Access Boryl-Functionalized Skipped (E,Z)-Dienes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:2149-2154. [PMID: 33027539 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202012344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A chromium-catalyzed dimerization/hydroboration of allenes is developed to access synthetically versatile boryl-functionalized skipped dienes with a catalyst generated in situ from CrCl2 and a pyridine-2,6-diimine ligand mes PDI. A variety of allenes reacted with pinacolborane (HBpin) to afford the corresponding boryl-functionalized (E,Z)-1,4-dienes in high yields and with excellent selectivity. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopic studies suggest that this chromium-catalyzed reaction probably proceeds through a chromium(I) hydride intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinsong Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Shaozhong Ge
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
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12
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Zhao Y, Ge S. Chromium‐Catalyzed Selective Dimerization/Hydroboration of Allenes to Access Boryl‐Functionalized Skipped (
E
,
Z
)‐Dienes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202012344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yinsong Zhao
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543 Singapore
| | - Shaozhong Ge
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543 Singapore
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13
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Xu W, Zheng P, XU T. Dual Nickel- and Photoredox-Catalyzed Reductive Cross-Coupling of Aryl Halides with Dichloromethane via a Radical Process. Org Lett 2020; 22:8643-8647. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c03248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, People’s Republic of China
| | - Purui Zheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 4800 Caoan Road, Shanghai 201804, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao XU
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, People’s Republic of China
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14
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Ikeda H, Nishi K, Tsurugi H, Mashima K. Chromium-catalyzed cyclopropanation of alkenes with bromoform in the presence of 2,3,5,6-tetramethyl-1,4-bis(trimethylsilyl)-1,4-dihydropyrazine. Chem Sci 2020; 11:3604-3609. [PMID: 34094048 PMCID: PMC8152687 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc00964d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromium-catalyzed cyclopropanation of alkenes with bromoform was achieved to produce the corresponding bromocyclopropanes. In this catalytic cyclopropanation, an organosilicon reductant, 2,3,5,6-tetramethyl-1,4-bis(trimethylsilyl)-1,4-dihydropyrazine (1a), was indispensable for reducing CrCl3(thf)3 to CrCl2(thf)3, as well as for in situ generation of (bromomethylidene)chromium(iii) species from (dibromomethyl)chromium(iii) species. The (bromomethylidene)chromium(iii) species are proposed to react spontaneously with alkenes to give the corresponding bromocyclopropanes. This catalytic cyclopropanation was applied to various olefinic substrates, such as allyl ethers, allyl esters, terminal alkenes, and cyclic alkenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Ikeda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Kohei Nishi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Hayato Tsurugi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Kazushi Mashima
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
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15
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Werth J, Berger K, Uyeda C. Cobalt Catalyzed Reductive Spirocyclopropanation Reactions. Adv Synth Catal 2020; 362:348-352. [PMID: 33192219 DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201901293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Cobalt pyridine-diimine (PDI) complexes catalyze the reductive spirocyclopropanation of terminal 1,3-dienes. gem-Dichlorocycloalkanes serve as carbene precursors and Zn is used as a terminal electron source. The reaction is effective for a range of gem-dichloro partners including those containing sulfur and nitrogen heterocycles. An example of an intramolecular Rh-catalyzed [5 + 2]-cycloaddition of a vinyl spirocyclopropane is demonstrated, providing rapid access to a complex tricyclic framework. Overall, this catalyst system is capable of suppressing the kinetically facile 1,2-hydride shift, which has hampered the development of Simmons-Smith reactions using Zn carbenoids possessing β-hydrogen atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Werth
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Kristen Berger
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Christopher Uyeda
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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16
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Herndon JW. The chemistry of the carbon-transition metal double and triple bond: Annual survey covering the year 2018. Coord Chem Rev 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2019.213051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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17
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Herraiz AG, Suero MG. A transition-metal-free & diazo-free styrene cyclopropanation. Chem Sci 2019; 10:9374-9379. [PMID: 32110302 PMCID: PMC7017872 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc02749a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An operationally simple and broadly applicable novel cyclopropanation of styrenes using gem-diiodomethyl carbonyl reagents has been developed. Visible-light triggered the photoinduced generation of iodomethyl carbonyl radicals, able to cyclopropanate a wide array of styrenes with excellent chemoselectivity and functional group tolerance. To highlight the utility of our photocyclopropanation, we demonstrated the late-stage functionalization of biomolecule derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana G Herraiz
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ) , The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , Av. Països Catalans 16 , Tarragona , 43007 , Spain .
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica , Universitat Rovira i Virgili , Calle Marcel. lí Domingo, 1 , Tarragona , 43007 , Spain
| | - Marcos G Suero
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ) , The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , Av. Països Catalans 16 , Tarragona , 43007 , Spain .
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18
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Phipps EJT, Piou T, Rovis T. Rh(III)-Catalyzed Cyclopropanation of Unactivated Olefins Initiated by C-H Activation. Synlett 2019; 30:1787-1790. [PMID: 32801480 PMCID: PMC7428168 DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1690130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a Rh(III)-catalyzed cyclopropanation of unactivated olefins initiated by an alkenyl C-H activation. A variety of 1,1-disubstituted olefins undergo efficient cyclopropanation with a slight excess of alkene stoichiometry. A series of mechanistic interrogations implicate a metal-carbene as an intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik J T Phipps
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Tiffany Piou
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Tomislav Rovis
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
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Phipps EJT, Rovis T. Rh(III)-Catalyzed C-H Activation-Initiated Directed Cyclopropanation of Allylic Alcohols. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:6807-6811. [PMID: 30998324 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b02156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a Rh(III)-catalyzed diastereoselective [2+1] annulation onto allylic alcohols initiated by alkenyl C-H activation of N-enoxyphthalimides to furnish substituted cyclopropyl-ketones. Notably, the traceless oxyphthalimide handle serves three functions: directing C-H activation, oxidation of Rh(III), and, collectively with the allylic alcohol, in directing cyclopropanation to control diastereoselectivity. Allylic alcohols are shown to be highly reactive olefin coupling partners leading to a directed diastereoselective cyclopropanation reaction, providing products not accessible by other routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik J T Phipps
- Department of Chemistry , Columbia University , New York , New York 10027 , United States
| | - Tomislav Rovis
- Department of Chemistry , Columbia University , New York , New York 10027 , United States
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Zang W, Wang L, Wei Y, Shi M, Guo Y. Gold(I)‐Catalyzed Ring Expansion of Alkynylcyclopropyl Allyl Ethers to Construct Tetrasubstituted Methylenecyclobutanones: A Mechanistic Investigation about the Character of Catalytic Amount of Water. Adv Synth Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201900053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenqing Zang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic ChemistryCenter for Excellence in Molecular SynthesisUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai Institute of Organic ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic ChemistryCenter for Excellence in Molecular SynthesisUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai Institute of Organic ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 People's Republic of China
| | - Yin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic ChemistryCenter for Excellence in Molecular SynthesisUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai Institute of Organic ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 People's Republic of China
| | - Min Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic ChemistryCenter for Excellence in Molecular SynthesisUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai Institute of Organic ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 People's Republic of China
| | - Yinlong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic ChemistryCenter for Excellence in Molecular SynthesisUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai Institute of Organic ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 People's Republic of China
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Yan X, Shao P, Song X, Zhang C, Lu C, Liu S, Li Y. Chemoselective syntheses of spirodihydrofuryl and spirocyclopropyl barbiturates via cascade reactions of barbiturate-based olefins and acetylacetone. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:2684-2690. [PMID: 30768085 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob00004f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The Michael addition initiated ring closure reaction of barbiturate-based olefins and acetylacetone with NBS has been explored. The efficient and chemoselective approach for the synthesis of barbiturate-fused spirocycles was established. Spirodihydrofuryl barbiturates and spirocyclopropyl barbiturates were synthesized selectively via cascade reactions under different basic conditions in moderate to excellent yields. The structure of 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-diacetyl-5,7-dimethyl-5,7-diazaspiro[2,5]octane-4,6,8-trione was confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuebin Yan
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China.
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Abstract
Cyclopropanes, one of the most important strained rings, have gained much attention for more than a century because of their interesting and unique reactivity. They not only exist in many natural products, but have also been widely used in the fields of organic synthesis, medicinal chemistry and materials science as versatile building blocks. Based on the sustainable development in this area, this review mainly focuses on the recent advances in the synthesis of cyclopropanes classified by the type of catalytic system, including regio-, diastereo-, and enantio-selective reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanqing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Green Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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Alig L, Fritz M, Schneider S. First-Row Transition Metal (De)Hydrogenation Catalysis Based On Functional Pincer Ligands. Chem Rev 2018; 119:2681-2751. [PMID: 30596420 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 497] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The use of 3d metals in de/hydrogenation catalysis has emerged as a competitive field with respect to "traditional" precious metal catalyzed transformations. The introduction of functional pincer ligands that can store protons and/or electrons as expressed by metal-ligand cooperativity and ligand redox-activity strongly stimulated this development as a conceptual starting point for rational catalyst design. This review aims at providing a comprehensive picture of the utilization of functional pincer ligands in first-row transition metal hydrogenation and dehydrogenation catalysis and related synthetic concepts relying on these such as the hydrogen borrowing methodology. Particular emphasis is put on the implementation and relevance of cooperating and redox-active pincer ligands within the mechanistic scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Alig
- Universität Göttingen , Institut für Anorganische Chemie , Tammannstrasse 4 , D-37077 Göttingen , Germany
| | - Maximilian Fritz
- Universität Göttingen , Institut für Anorganische Chemie , Tammannstrasse 4 , D-37077 Göttingen , Germany
| | - Sven Schneider
- Universität Göttingen , Institut für Anorganische Chemie , Tammannstrasse 4 , D-37077 Göttingen , Germany
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Werth J, Uyeda C. Cobalt-Catalyzed Reductive Dimethylcyclopropanation of 1,3-Dienes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:13902-13906. [PMID: 30144253 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201807542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Dimethylcyclopropanes are valuable synthetic targets that are challenging to access in high yield using Zn carbenoid reagents. Herein, we describe a cobalt-catalyzed variant of the Simmons-Smith reaction that enables the efficient dimethylcyclopropanation of 1,3-dienes using a Me2 CCl2 /Zn reagent mixture. The reactions proceed with high regioselectivity based on the substitution pattern of the 1,3-diene. The products are vinylcyclopropanes, which serve as substrates for transition-metal-catalyzed ring-opening reactions, including 1,3-rearrangement and [5+2] cycloaddition. Preliminary studies indicate that moderately activated monoalkenes are also amenable to dimethylcyclopropanation under the conditions of cobalt catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Werth
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Christopher Uyeda
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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Werth J, Uyeda C. Cobalt‐Catalyzed Reductive Dimethylcyclopropanation of 1,3‐Dienes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201807542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Werth
- Department of ChemistryPurdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Christopher Uyeda
- Department of ChemistryPurdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
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Abstract
Cyclopropanes have gained much attention by virtue of their interesting structure and unique reactivity. This review discusses the recent advances in the synthesis of cyclopropanes, and some of the related applications will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanqing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Green Fine Chemicals
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
| | - Zhiming Lin
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Green Fine Chemicals
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
| | - Huanfeng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Green Fine Chemicals
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
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