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Li D, Liu Y, Fadiji T, Li Z, Okasha M. Analysis of the correlation between mesocarp biomechanics and its cell turgor pressure: A combined
FEM‐DEM
investigation for irrigation‐caused tomato cracking. J Texture Stud 2022; 54:206-221. [PMID: 36116087 DOI: 10.1111/jtxs.12720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Fruit mesocarp cracking caused by improper irrigation during development manifests at the macroscale but is ultimately the result of increasing cell turgor pressure at the microscale. Hence, a cell finite element (FE) model including shape, protoplast turgor pressure, and ripening information and a mesocarp tissue block discrete element (DE) model including the features of cell shape and number, were developed to predict the biomechanical correlation between mesocarp and its cell. The validated cell FE model with an internal turgor pressure of 12.9 kPa could reproduce the experimental force-deformation behavior of a single cell in compression up to 11% deformation with an average relative error of 5.8%. The validated mesocarp tissue block DE model could reproduce the experimental force-deformation behavior of a mesocarp block in compression up to 20% deformation with an average relative error of 9.5%. Sensitivity and regression analysis showed that turgor pressure was the most important factor affecting cell biomechanics, followed by cell shape and wall elastic modulus. Similarly, the apparent elastic modulus of the cells has the most significant effect on the mesocarp tissue biomechanics, followed by the number and shape of cells. Finally, a mathematical model was obtained to quantitatively describe the relationship between the elastic modulus of the mesocarp and its cell turgor pressure. This study contributes to a better understanding of the biomechanical mechanisms of irrigation-caused tomato fruit cracking at the cellular level and the development of strategies to prevent fruit cracking through a combination of gene breeding and irrigation management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Li
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University Yangling Shaanxi China
| | - Ying Liu
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University Yangling Shaanxi China
| | - Tobi Fadiji
- Postharvest Research Laboratory, Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology University of Johannesburg Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Zhiguo Li
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University Yangling Shaanxi China
| | - Mahmoud Okasha
- Agricultural Engineering Research Institute (AEnRI) , Agricultural Research Center (ARC) Giza Egypt
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2
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Malakooti S, Hatamleh MI, Zhang R, Taghvaee T, Miller M, Ren Y, Xiang N, Qian D, Sotiriou-Leventis C, Leventis N, Lu H. Metamaterial-like aerogels for broadband vibration mitigation. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:4496-4503. [PMID: 33949603 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm00074h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We report a mechanical metamaterial-like behavior as a function of the micro/nanostructure of otherwise chemically identical aliphatic polyurea aerogels. Transmissibility varies dramatically with frequency in these aerogels. Broadband vibration mitigation is provided at low frequencies (500-1000 Hz) through self-assembly of locally resonant metastructures wherein polyurea microspheres are embedded in a polyurea web-like network. A micromechanical constitutive model based on a discrete element method is established to explain the vibration mitigation mechanism. Simulations confirm the metamaterial-like behavior with a negative dynamic material stiffness for the micro-metastructured aerogels in a much wider frequency range than the majority of previously reported locally resonant metamaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadeq Malakooti
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA.
| | - Mohammad I Hatamleh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA.
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA.
| | - Tahereh Taghvaee
- Department of Chemistry, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA.
| | - Max Miller
- Graduate Program in Architectural Acoustics, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Yao Ren
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA.
| | - Ning Xiang
- Graduate Program in Architectural Acoustics, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Dong Qian
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA.
| | | | - Nicholas Leventis
- Department of Chemistry, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA.
| | - Hongbing Lu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA.
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Leszczuk A, Kalaitzis P, Blazakis KN, Zdunek A. The role of arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) in fruit ripening-a review. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2020; 7:176. [PMID: 33328442 PMCID: PMC7603502 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-020-00397-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are proteoglycans challenging researchers for decades. However, despite the extremely interesting polydispersity of their structure and essential application potential, studies of AGPs in fruit are limited, and only a few groups deal with this scientific subject. Here, we summarise the results of pioneering studies on AGPs in fruit tissue with their structure, specific localization pattern, stress factors influencing their presence, and a focus on recent advances. We discuss the properties of AGPs, i.e., binding calcium ions, ability to aggregate, adhesive nature, and crosslinking with other cell wall components that may also be implicated in fruit metabolism. The aim of this review is an attempt to associate well-known features and properties of AGPs with their putative roles in fruit ripening. The putative physiological significance of AGPs might provide additional targets of regulation for fruit developmental programme. A comprehensive understanding of the AGP expression, structure, and untypical features may give new information for agronomic, horticulture, and renewable biomaterial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Leszczuk
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Panagiotis Kalaitzis
- Department of Horticultural Genetics and Biotechnology, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania, Chania, P.O. Box 85, Chania, 73100, Greece
| | - Konstantinos N Blazakis
- Department of Horticultural Genetics and Biotechnology, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania, Chania, P.O. Box 85, Chania, 73100, Greece
| | - Artur Zdunek
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290, Lublin, Poland
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4
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Comparative performance of granular scaling laws for lightweight grouser wheels in sand and lunar simulant. POWDER TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2020.05.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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5
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Rathnayaka CM, Karunasena HCP, Wijerathne WDCC, Senadeera W, Gu YT. A three-dimensional (3-D) meshfree-based computational model to investigate stress-strain-time relationships of plant cells during drying. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235712. [PMID: 32634165 PMCID: PMC7340284 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A better understanding of plant cell micromechanics would enhance the current opinion on “how things are happening” inside a plant cell, enabling more detailed insights into plant physiology as well as processing plant biomaterials. However, with the contemporary laboratory equipment, the experimental investigation of cell micromechanics has been a challenging task due to diminutive spatial and time scales involved. In this investigation, a three-dimensional (3-D) coupled Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) and Coarse-Grained (CG) computational approach has been employed to model micromechanics of single plant cells going through drying or dehydration. This meshfree-based computational model has conclusively demonstrated that it can effectively simulate the behaviour of stress and strain in a plant cell being compressed at different levels of dryness: ranging from a fresh state to an extremely dried state. In addition, different biological and physical circumstances have been approximated through the proposed novel computational framework in the form of different turgor pressures, strain rates, mechanical properties and cell sizes. The proposed computational framework has potential not only to study the micromechanical characteristics of plant cellular structure during drying, but also other equivalent, biological structures and processes with relevant modifications. There are no underlying difficulties in adopting the model to replicate other types of cells and more sophisticated micromechanical phenomena of the cells under different external loading conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. M. Rathnayaka
- Science and Engineering Faculty, School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - H. C. P. Karunasena
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Ruhuna, Galle, Sri Lanka
| | - W. D. C. C. Wijerathne
- Department of Science and Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Uva Wellassa University, Badulla, Sri Lanka
| | - W. Senadeera
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield, Australia
| | - Y. T. Gu
- Science and Engineering Faculty, School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
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Diels E, Wang Z, Nicolai B, Ramon H, Smeets B. Discrete element modelling of tomato tissue deformation and failure at the cellular scale. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:3362-3378. [PMID: 30932127 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm00149b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Bruise damage in fruit results from cell wall failure and inter-cellular separation. Despite the importance of the micro-mechanics of plant tissue with respect to its integrity, it remains largely unquantified and poorly understood, due to many difficulties during experimental characterization. In this article, a 3D micro-mechanical plant tissue model that is able to model cell rupture and inter-cellular debonding and thus provide more insight into the micro-mechanics was developed. The model is based on the discrete element method (DEM) and represents the tissue as a mass-spring system. Each plant cell is represented as a deformable visco-elastoplastic triangulated mesh under turgor pressure. To model cell wall rupture, it is assumed that a spring connection in the wall breaks at a certain critical stretch ratio and that a ruptured cell is turgorless. The inter-cellular contact model assumes brittle fracture between a cell's node and an adjacent cell's triangle when their bond distance exceeds a critical value. A high-speed tomato fruit cell compression test was simulated and the modelled force-strain curve compares well with the experimental data, including for strains above the elastic limit. By varying the shape of the cell in the compression simulation it was shown that the force-strain curve is highly dependent on the cell shape and thus parameter fitting procedures based on a spherical cell model will be inaccurate. Furthermore, the wall stiffness and thickness showed a positive linear relationship with the force at cell bursting. Besides simulating compression tests of single cells, we also simulated tensile and compression tests on small tissue specimens. Realistic tissue structures of tomato mesocarp tissue were generated by a novel method using DEM simulations of deformable cells in a shrinking cylinder. The cell area, volume and anisotropy distributions of the virtual tissue compared well with micro-CT images of real tomato mesocarp tissue (normalized root mean square error values smaller than 3%). The tissue compression and tensile test simulations demonstrated an important influence of the inter-cellular bonding energy and tissue porosity on the tissue failure characteristics and elastic modulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elien Diels
- KU Leuven, BIOSYST-MeBioS, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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Thoesen A, McBryan T, Marvi H. Helically-driven granular mobility and gravity-variant scaling relations. RSC Adv 2019; 9:12572-12579. [PMID: 35515864 PMCID: PMC9063715 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra00399a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study discusses the role and function of helical design as it relates to slippage during translation of a vehicle in glass bead media. We show discrete element method (DEM) and multi-body dynamics (MBD) simulations and experiments of a double-helix Archimedes screw propelled vehicle traveling in a bed of soda-lime glass beads. Utilizing granular parameters from the literature and a reduced Young's modulus, we validate the set of granular parameters against experiments. The results suggest that MBD-DEM provides reliable dynamic velocity estimates. We provide the glass, ABS, and glass-ABS simulation parameters used to obtain these results. We also examine recently developed granular scaling laws for wheels applied to these shear-driven vehicles under three different simulated gravities. The results indicate that the system obeys gravity granular scaling laws for constant slip conditions but is limited in each gravity regime when slip begins to increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Thoesen
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy (SEMTE), Arizona State University Tempe Arizona USA
| | - Teresa McBryan
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy (SEMTE), Arizona State University Tempe Arizona USA
| | - Hamidreza Marvi
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy (SEMTE), Arizona State University Tempe Arizona USA
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Zhang J, Zhong Y, Gu C. Deformable Models for Surgical Simulation: A Survey. IEEE Rev Biomed Eng 2018; 11:143-164. [DOI: 10.1109/rbme.2017.2773521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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