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Cabello MC, Chen G, Melville MJ, Osman R, Kumar GD, Domaille DW, Lippert AR. Ex Tenebris Lux: Illuminating Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species with Small Molecule Probes. Chem Rev 2024; 124:9225-9375. [PMID: 39137397 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species are small reactive molecules derived from elements in the air─oxygen and nitrogen. They are produced in biological systems to mediate fundamental aspects of cellular signaling but must be very tightly balanced to prevent indiscriminate damage to biological molecules. Small molecule probes can transmute the specific nature of each reactive oxygen and nitrogen species into an observable luminescent signal (or even an acoustic wave) to offer sensitive and selective imaging in living cells and whole animals. This review focuses specifically on small molecule probes for superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, hypochlorite, nitric oxide, and peroxynitrite that provide a luminescent or photoacoustic signal. Important background information on general photophysical phenomena, common probe designs, mechanisms, and imaging modalities will be provided, and then, probes for each analyte will be thoroughly evaluated. A discussion of the successes of the field will be presented, followed by recommendations for improvement and a future outlook of emerging trends. Our objectives are to provide an informative, useful, and thorough field guide to small molecule probes for reactive oxygen and nitrogen species as well as important context to compare the ecosystem of chemistries and molecular scaffolds that has manifested within the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maidileyvis C Cabello
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, United States
| | - Gen Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, United States
| | - Michael J Melville
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Rokia Osman
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, United States
| | - G Dinesh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Dylan W Domaille
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Alexander R Lippert
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, United States
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Liu M, Huang Y, Sun X, Tang L. An “Aggregation-Induced Emission+Excited-State Intramolecular Proton Transfer” Mechanisms-Based Benzothiazole Derived Fluorescent Probe and Its ClO – Recognition. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202204054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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3
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Crawford H, Dimitriadi M, Bassin J, Cook MT, Abelha TF, Calvo‐Castro J. Mitochondrial Targeting and Imaging with Small Organic Conjugated Fluorophores: A Review. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202202366. [PMID: 36121738 PMCID: PMC10092527 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The last decade has seen an increasingly large number of studies reporting on the development of novel small organic conjugated systems for mitochondrial imaging exploiting optical signal transduction pathways. Mitochondria are known to play a critical role in a number of key biological processes, including cellular metabolism. Importantly, irregularities on their working function are nowadays understood to be intimately linked to a range of clinical conditions, highlighting the importance of targeting mitochondria for therapeutic benefits. In this work we carry out an in-depth evaluation on the progress to date in the field to pave the way for the realization of superior alternatives to those currently existing. The manuscript is structured by commonly used chemical scaffolds and comprehensively covers key aspects factored in design strategies such as synthetic approaches as well as photophysical and biological characterization, to foster collaborative work among organic and physical chemists as well as cell biologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Crawford
- School of Life and Medical SciencesUniversity of HertfordshireAL109ABHatfieldUK
| | - Maria Dimitriadi
- School of Life and Medical SciencesUniversity of HertfordshireAL109ABHatfieldUK
| | - Jatinder Bassin
- School of Life and Medical SciencesUniversity of HertfordshireAL109ABHatfieldUK
| | - Michael T. Cook
- School of Life and Medical SciencesUniversity of HertfordshireAL109ABHatfieldUK
| | - Thais Fedatto Abelha
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic ChemistryFaculty of Pharmacy and Food ScienceUniversity of Barcelona08028BarcelonaSpain
- Institute of Nanoscience and NanotechnologyUniversity of Barcelona (IN2UB)08028BarcelonaSpain
| | - Jesus Calvo‐Castro
- School of Life and Medical SciencesUniversity of HertfordshireAL109ABHatfieldUK
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Lu X, Zhan Y, He W. Recent development of small-molecule fluorescent probes based on phenothiazine and its derivates. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2022; 234:112528. [PMID: 35907277 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2022.112528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence probes, as analytical tools with the ability to perform rapid and sensitive detection of target analytes, have made outstanding contributions to environmental analysis and bioassays. Considering the expanding developments in these areas, fluorophores play a key role in the de-sign of fluorescence probes. Compared to classical fluorophores, phenothiazines with elec-tron-rich characteristics have been widely applied to construct electron donor-acceptor dyes, which exhibit outstanding performance in both fluorimetric and colorimetric analysis. In addition, these probes also exhibit the pronounced ability in both solution and solid-state, achieving portable detection for environmental analysis. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the performance of phenothiazine-based fluorescent probes for detecting various analytes, especially in cations, anions, ROS/RSS, enzyme and other small molecules. The general design rules, response mechanisms and practical applications of the probes are analyzed, followed by a discussion of exiting challenges and future research perspectives. It is hoped that this review will provide a few strategies for the development of phenothiazine-based fluorescent probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianlin Lu
- School of Pharmacy, The Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China
| | - Yu Zhan
- School of Pharmacy, The Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China
| | - Wei He
- School of Pharmacy, The Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China.
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A novel fluorescent probe with large Stokes shift for accurate detection of HOCl in mitochondria and its imaging application. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1191:339287. [PMID: 35033256 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.339287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hypochlorous acid (HOCl), mainly generated in mitochondria, plays a critical role in various physiological processes. To better understand the role and function of HOCl in mitochondria, herein, we present the design and synthesis of a Mito-QL reporter for probing the HOCl within mitochondria without other interference generated in living cells. Through the combination of TICT/ICT mechanisms, probe Mito-QL, with large stokes shift (203 nm) and low background fluorescence, exhibited excellent sensitivity (900-fold fluorescence enhancement) and selectivity towards HOCl (LOD = 2.4 nM). The co-location experiments confirmed that probe Mito-QL can firstly localize in the mitochondria and then react with HOCl in mitochondria. Also, the probe is capable of imaging endogenous and exogenous HOCl even the generation of HOCl during the ferroptosis of cells, which is beneficial for more efficient application in biological imaging.
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Guo FF, Wu WN, Zhao XL, Wang Y, Fan YC, Zhang CX, Xu ZH. A deep-red lysosome-targetable fluorescent probe for detection of hypochlorous acid in pure water and its imaging application in living cells and zebrafish. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 264:120270. [PMID: 34438115 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Hypochlorite plays a significant role in physiological processes, particularly regulation of lysosomal functions, and is involved in various diseases. Thus, it is crucial to develop highly sensitive and selective molecule tools to detect HClO in lysosomes. Herein, a novel 2H-benzo[h]chromene-pyridine derivative (1) was synthesized through condensation reaction, which exhibited a notable deep-red emission at 640 nm in pure water. This deep-red emission was specifically quenched by adding ClO-. The response of probe 1 toward ClO- was rapid (within 10 s), sensitive (detection limit of 0.012 μM), and effective over a wide range of pH (1.0-12.0). Due to the existence of morpholine as the lysosome-targeting unit, the probe was successfully utilized to monitor lysosomal ClO-. Moreover, the probe 1 was also applied to detecting ClO- in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Fang Guo
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Coal Green Conversion, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, PR China
| | - Wei-Na Wu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Coal Green Conversion, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, PR China
| | - Xiao-Lei Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Coal Green Conversion, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, PR China
| | - Yuan Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Coal Green Conversion, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, PR China.
| | - Yun-Chang Fan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Coal Green Conversion, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, PR China
| | - Chuan-Xiang Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Coal Green Conversion, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, PR China.
| | - Zhi-Hong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Detection, College of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Xuchang University, 461000, PR China; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China.
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Abelha TF, Morris G, Lima SM, Andrade LHC, McLean AJ, Alexander C, Calvo‐Castro J, McHugh CJ. Development of a Neutral Diketopyrrolopyrrole Phosphine Oxide for the Selective Bioimaging of Mitochondria at the Nanomolar Level. Chemistry 2020; 26:3173-3180. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thais F. Abelha
- School of PharmacyThe University of Nottingham University Park NG72RD Nottingham UK
| | - Graeme Morris
- School of Computing, Engineering and Physical SciencesUniversity of the West of Scotland PA12BE Paisley UK
| | - Sandro M. Lima
- Grupo de Espectroscopia Óptica e FototérmicaUniversidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul CP 351 79804-970 Dourados MS Brazil
| | - Luis H. C. Andrade
- Grupo de Espectroscopia Óptica e FototérmicaUniversidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul CP 351 79804-970 Dourados MS Brazil
| | - Andrew J. McLean
- School of Computing, Engineering and Physical SciencesUniversity of the West of Scotland PA12BE Paisley UK
| | - Cameron Alexander
- School of PharmacyThe University of Nottingham University Park NG72RD Nottingham UK
| | - Jesus Calvo‐Castro
- School of Life and Medical SciencesUniversity of Hertfordshire AL109AB Hatfield UK
| | - Callum J. McHugh
- School of Computing, Engineering and Physical SciencesUniversity of the West of Scotland PA12BE Paisley UK
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Ma Q, Wang C, Bai Y, Xu J, Zhang J, Li Z, Guo X. A lysosome-targetable and ratiometric fluorescent probe for hypochlorous acid in living cells based on a 1,8-naphthalimide derivative. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 223:117334. [PMID: 31284239 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.117334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Hypochlorous acid (HClO) is an important reactive oxygen species (ROS) and plays a significant role in living organisms. Highly selective and lysosome-targetable probes for sensing hypochlorous acid are rare. In this article, we designed and prepared a new lysosome-targeting and ratiometric fluorescent probe for monitoring the levels of hypochlorous acid. 4-Aminonaphthalimide was chosen as the fluorescent group and (2-aminoethyl) thiourea group was used as a specific recognition group for HClO. A morpholine unit was employed as a lysosome-targeting group. In the absence of HClO the probe underwent intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) and showed a green emission. When excess HClO is present, the ICT process was interrupted which caused a 57 nm blue-shift of fluorescence emission from 533 nm to 476 nm. The ratiometric fluorescent probe showed outstanding selectivity toward HClO over other various bioactive species. Furthermore, the ratiometric fluorescent probe exhibited rapid response time and ability of working in a wide pH range. The linear response of I476nm/I533nm toward HClO was obtained in a concentration range of HClO from 1.0 × 10-6 to 1.0 × 10-4 mol·L-1. The detection limit was estimated to be 8.0 × 10-7 mol·L-1 for HClO. Moreover, the probe showed a perfect lysosome-targeting ability, and has been successfully used to the confocal imaging of HClO in lysosomes of HepG2 cells with little cell toxicity. All of such good properties illustrated that it could be applied to determine HClO at lysosomes in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiujuan Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China.
| | - Chunyan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China
| | - Yu Bai
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China
| | - Junhong Xu
- Department of Dynamical Engineering, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450011, PR China
| | - Juan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China
| | - Zhengkai Li
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China
| | - Xiaoyu Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China.
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Yudhistira T, Mulay SV, Kim Y, Halle MB, Churchill DG. Imaging of Hypochlorous Acid by Fluorescence and Applications in Biological Systems. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:3048-3084. [PMID: 31347256 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201900672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, HOCl research has attracted a lot of scientists from around the world. This chemical species is well known as an important player in the biological systems of eukaryotic organisms including humans. In the human body, HOCl is produced by the myeloperoxidase enzyme from superoxide in very low concentrations (20 to 400 μm); this species is secreted by neutrophils and monocytes to help fight pathogens. However, in the condition called "oxidative stress", HOCl has the capability to attack many important biomolecules such as amino acids, proteins, nucleotides, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids; these reactions could ultimately contribute to a number of diseases such as neurodegenerative diseases (AD, PD, and ALS), cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes. In this review, we discuss recent efforts by scientists to synthesize various fluorophores which are attached to receptors to detect HOCl such as: chalcogen-based oxidation, oxidation of 4-methoxyphenol, oxime/imine, lactone ring opening, and hydrazine. These synthetic molecules, involving rational synthetic pathways, allow us to chemoselectively target HOCl and to study the level of HOCl selectivity through emission responses. Virtually all the reports here deal with well-defined and small synthetic molecular systems. A large number of published compounds have been reported over the past years; this growing field has given scientists new insights regarding the design of the chemosensors. Reversibility, for example is considered important from the stand point of chemosensor reuse within the biological system; facile regenerability using secondary analytes to obtain the initial probe is a very promising avenue. Another aspect which is also important is the energy of the emission wavelength of the sensor; near-infrared (NIR) emission is favorable to prevent autofluorescence and harmful irradiation of tissue; thus, extended applicability of such sensors can be made to the mouse model or animal model to help image internal organs. In this review, we describe several well-known types of receptors that are covalently attached to the fluorophore to detect HOCl. We also discuss the common fluorophores which are used by chemist to detect HOCl, Apart from the chemical aspects, we also discuss the capabilities of the compounds to detect HOCl in living cells as measured through confocal imaging. The growing insight from HOCl probing suggests that there is still much room for improvement regarding the available molecular designs, knowledge of interplay between analytes, biological applicability, biological targeting, and chemical switching, which can also serve to further sensor and theurapeutic agent development alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tesla Yudhistira
- Molecular Logic Gate Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Sandip V Mulay
- Molecular Logic Gate Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea.,Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea.,Artificial Photosynthesis Research Group, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), 100 Jang-dong, Yuseong, Daejeon, 305 600, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngsam Kim
- Molecular Logic Gate Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea.,Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea.,Semiconductor Material Division, LG Chemistry, 104-1, Munji-dong, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Mahesh B Halle
- Molecular Logic Gate Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - David G Churchill
- Molecular Logic Gate Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea.,Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea.,KI for Health Science and Technology, KI Institute, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
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Wang JY, Qu J, Zhang H, Wei K, Ni SX. A fast-responsive two-photon fluorescent probe for monitoring endogenous HClO with a large turn-on signal and its application in zebrafish imaging. RSC Adv 2019; 9:16467-16471. [PMID: 35516359 PMCID: PMC9064391 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra02160d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel fast-responsive two-photon fluorescent probe NS-ClO was constructed for imaging endogenous HClO in living cells, tissues and fresh zebrafish with a large turn-on signal (about 860 times) and Stokes shift (about 90 nm). The probe NS-ClO for the recognition of HClO in vivo exhibited fast response (about 1 min) and good selectivity; thus, it might be a useful tool to understand the role of HClO in various physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Yong Wang
- School of Light Industry and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Jinan 250353 P. R. China
| | - Jianbo Qu
- School of Light Industry and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Jinan 250353 P. R. China
| | - Haitao Zhang
- School of Light Industry and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Jinan 250353 P. R. China
| | - Kang Wei
- School of Light Industry and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Jinan 250353 P. R. China
| | - Shan-Xiu Ni
- School of Light Industry and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Jinan 250353 P. R. China
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