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Cho H, Huh KM, Shim MS, Cho YY, Lee JY, Lee HS, Kwon YJ, Kang HC. Selective delivery of imaging probes and therapeutics to the endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi apparatus: Current strategies and beyond. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2024; 212:115386. [PMID: 38971180 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2024.115386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
To maximize therapeutic effects and minimize unwanted effects, the interest in drug targeting to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or Golgi apparatus (GA) has been recently growing because two organelles are distributing hubs of cellular building/signaling components (e.g., proteins, lipids, Ca2+) to other organelles and the plasma membrane. Their structural or functional damages induce organelle stress (i.e., ER or GA stress), and their aggravation is strongly related to diseases (e.g., cancers, liver diseases, brain diseases). Many efforts have been developed to image (patho)physiological functions (e.g., oxidative stress, protein/lipid-related processing) and characteristics (e.g., pH, temperature, biothiols, reactive oxygen species) in the target organelles and to deliver drugs for organelle disruption using organelle-targeting moieties. Therefore, this review will overview the structure, (patho)physiological functions/characteristics, and related diseases of the organelles of interest. Future direction on ER or GA targeting will be discussed by understanding current strategies and investigations on targeting, imaging/sensing, and therapeutic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Cho
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang Moo Huh
- Departments of Polymer Science and Engineering & Materials Science and Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Suk Shim
- Division of Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Yeon Cho
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Republic of Korea; Research Institute for Controls and Materials of Regulated Cell Death, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Young Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Republic of Korea; Research Institute for Controls and Materials of Regulated Cell Death, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Suk Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Republic of Korea; Research Institute for Controls and Materials of Regulated Cell Death, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jik Kwon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Han Chang Kang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Republic of Korea; Research Institute for Controls and Materials of Regulated Cell Death, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Republic of Korea.
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Geng Y, Wang Z, Zhou J, Zhu M, Liu J, James TD. Recent progress in the development of fluorescent probes for imaging pathological oxidative stress. Chem Soc Rev 2023. [PMID: 37190785 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00172a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is closely related to the physiopathology of numerous diseases. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and reactive sulfur species (RSS) are direct participants and important biomarkers of oxidative stress. A comprehensive understanding of their changes can help us evaluate disease pathogenesis and progression and facilitate early diagnosis and drug development. In recent years, fluorescent probes have been developed for real-time monitoring of ROS, RNS and RSS levels in vitro and in vivo. In this review, conventional design strategies of fluorescent probes for ROS, RNS, and RSS detection are discussed from three aspects: fluorophores, linkers, and recognition groups. We introduce representative fluorescent probes for ROS, RNS, and RSS detection in cells, physiological/pathological processes (e.g., Inflammation, Drug Induced Organ Injury and Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury etc.), and specific diseases (e.g., neurodegenerative diseases, epilepsy, depression, diabetes and cancer, etc.). We then highlight the achievements, current challenges, and prospects for fluorescent probes in the pathophysiology of oxidative stress-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Zhuo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Jiaying Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Mingguang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Jiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Tony D James
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
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3
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Cao X, Lu H, Wei Y, Jin L, Zhang Q, Liu B. A simple "turn-on" fluorescent probe capable of recognition cysteine with rapid response and high sensing in living cells and zebrafish. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 275:121167. [PMID: 35316627 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cysteine (Cys), an essential biological amino acid, participates several crucial functions in various physiological and pathological processes. The sensitive and specific detection of Cys is of great significance for understanding its biological function to disease diagnosis. Herein, we designed and synthesized a simple fluorescence sensor 2-(benzothiophen-2-yl)-4-oxo-4H-chromen-3-yl acrylate (BTCA) composed of a flavonol skeleton as the fluorophore and acrylic ester group as the recognition receptor. Probe BTCA displayed high selectivity and extremely fast response toward Cys in phosphate buffer solution in the presence of other competitive species even Homocysteine (Hcy) and Glutathione (GSH) owing to a specific conjugate addition-cyclization reaction between the acrylate moiety and Cys. The photoluminescence mechanism of probe BTCA toward Cys was modulated by excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) process. The sensing property for Cys was studied by UV-Visible, fluorescence spectrophotometric analyses and time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations, those results indicated that probe BTCA possessed excellent sensitivity, higher specificity, dramatically "naked-eye" fluorescence enhancement (30-fold), high anti-interference ability, especially immediate response speed (within 40 s). Additionally, the practicability of sensor BTCA in exogenous and endogenous Cys imaging in living cells and zebrafish was elucidated as well, suggesting that it has remarkedly diagnostic significance in physiological and pathological process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Cao
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis in Shaanxi Province, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723000, PR China.
| | - Hongzhao Lu
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723000, PR China
| | - Yifan Wei
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis in Shaanxi Province, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723000, PR China
| | - Lingxia Jin
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis in Shaanxi Province, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723000, PR China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis in Shaanxi Province, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723000, PR China
| | - Bo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis in Shaanxi Province, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723000, PR China
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Tang F, Wu C, Zhai Z, Wang K, Liu X, Xiao H, Zhuo S, Li P, Tang B. Recent progress in small-molecule fluorescent probes for endoplasmic reticulum imaging in biological systems. Analyst 2022; 147:987-1005. [PMID: 35230358 DOI: 10.1039/d1an02290c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an indispensable organelle in eukaryotic cells involved in protein synthesis and processing, as well as calcium storage and release. Therefore, maintaining the quality of ER is of great importance for cellular homeostasis. Aberrant fluctuations of bioactive species in the ER will result in homeostasis disequilibrium and further cause ER stress, which has evolved to contribute to the pathogenesis of various diseases. Therefore, the real-time monitoring of various bioactive species in the ER is of high priority to ascertain the mysterious roles of ER, which will contribute to unveiling the corresponding mechanism of organism disturbances. Recently, fluorescence imaging has emerged as a robust technique for the direct visualization of molecular events due to its outstanding sensitivity, high temporal-spatial resolution and noninvasive nature. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the recent progress in design strategies, bioimaging applications, potential directions and challenges of ER-targetable small-molecular fluorescent probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyan Tang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, P. R. China. .,College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China.
| | - Chuanchen Wu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China.
| | - Zhaodong Zhai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, P. R. China.
| | - Kai Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, P. R. China.
| | - Xueli Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, P. R. China.
| | - Haibin Xiao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, P. R. China. .,College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China.
| | - Shuping Zhuo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, P. R. China.
| | - Ping Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China.
| | - Bo Tang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China.
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Qiao L, Yang Y, Li Y, Lv X, Hao J. A fluorescent probe capable of naked eye recognition for the selective detection of biothiols. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2021.113654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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6
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Wang Z, He S, Xu X, Xie P, Yan H, Zhang D, Ye Y, Zhao Y. A novel NIR fluorescent probe with ratiometric imaging of cysteine in endoplasmic reticulum. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj04902c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We develop a large Stoke's shift ratiometric probe for imaging endoplasmic reticulum oxidative stress induced by Cytoxan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziming Wang
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Shenwei He
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xiujuan Xu
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Peiyao Xie
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Hanlei Yan
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Di Zhang
- Institute of Agricultural Quality Standards and Testing Technology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yong Ye
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yufen Zhao
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China
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Wang S, Huang Y, Guan X. Fluorescent Probes for Live Cell Thiol Detection. Molecules 2021; 26:3575. [PMID: 34208153 PMCID: PMC8230801 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Thiols play vital and irreplaceable roles in the biological system. Abnormality of thiol levels has been linked with various diseases and biological disorders. Thiols are known to distribute unevenly and change dynamically in the biological system. Methods that can determine thiols' concentration and distribution in live cells are in high demand. In the last two decades, fluorescent probes have emerged as a powerful tool for achieving that goal for the simplicity, high sensitivity, and capability of visualizing the analytes in live cells in a non-invasive way. They also enable the determination of intracellular distribution and dynamitic movement of thiols in the intact native environments. This review focuses on some of the major strategies/mechanisms being used for detecting GSH, Cys/Hcy, and other thiols in live cells via fluorescent probes, and how they are applied at the cellular and subcellular levels. The sensing mechanisms (for GSH and Cys/Hcy) and bio-applications of the probes are illustrated followed by a summary of probes for selectively detecting cellular and subcellular thiols.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xiangming Guan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Professions, South Dakota State University, Box 2202C, Brookings, SD 57007, USA; (S.W.); (Y.H.)
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Liu Z, Wang Q, Wang H, Su W, Dong S. A FRET Based Two-Photon Fluorescent Probe for Visualizing Mitochondrial Thiols of Living Cells and Tissues. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20061746. [PMID: 32245186 PMCID: PMC7147317 DOI: 10.3390/s20061746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is the main component of the mitochondrial thiol pool and plays key roles in the biological processes. Many evidences have suggested that cysteine and homocysteine also exist in mitochondria and are interrelated with GSH in biological systems. The fluctuation of the levels of mitochondrial thiols has been linked to many diseases and cells’ dysfunction. Therefore, the monitoring of mitochondrial thiol status is of great significance for clinical studies. We report here a novel fluorescence resonance energy transfer based two-photon probe MT-1 for mitochondrial thiols detection. MT-1 was constructed by integrating the naphthalimide moiety (donor) and rhodamine B (accepter and targeting group) through a newly designed linker. MT-1 shows a fast response, high selectivity, and sensitivity to thiols, as well as a low limit of detection. The two-photon property of MT-1 allows the direct visualization of thiols in live cells and tissues by two-photon microscopy. MT-1 can serve as an effective tool to unravel the diverse biological functions of mitochondrial thiols in living systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengkun Liu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui South Road, Lanzhou 730000, China; (Z.L.); (Q.W.); (H.W.); (W.S.)
| | - Qianqian Wang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui South Road, Lanzhou 730000, China; (Z.L.); (Q.W.); (H.W.); (W.S.)
| | - Hao Wang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui South Road, Lanzhou 730000, China; (Z.L.); (Q.W.); (H.W.); (W.S.)
| | - Wenting Su
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui South Road, Lanzhou 730000, China; (Z.L.); (Q.W.); (H.W.); (W.S.)
| | - Shouliang Dong
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui South Road, Lanzhou 730000, China; (Z.L.); (Q.W.); (H.W.); (W.S.)
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui South Road, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-931-891-2428
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9
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Choi JW, Choi SH, Hong ST, Kim MS, Ryu SS, Yoon YU, Paik KC, Han MS, Sim T, Cho BR. Two-photon probes for the endoplasmic reticulum: its detection in a live tissue by two-photon microscopy. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:3657-3660. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc00236d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BER-blue and FER-green can detect the endoplasmic reticulum in a live tissue by two-photon microscopy.
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Gao P, Pan W, Li N, Tang B. Fluorescent probes for organelle-targeted bioactive species imaging. Chem Sci 2019; 10:6035-6071. [PMID: 31360411 PMCID: PMC6585876 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc01652j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 370] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The dynamic fluctuations of bioactive species in living cells are associated with numerous physiological and pathological phenomena. The emergence of organelle-targeted fluorescent probes has significantly facilitated our understanding on the biological functions of these species. This review describes the design, applications, challenges and potential directions of organelle-targeted bioactive species probes.
Bioactive species, including reactive oxygen species (ROS, including O2˙–, H2O2, HOCl, 1O2, ˙OH, HOBr, etc.), reactive nitrogen species (RNS, including ONOO–, NO, NO2, HNO, etc.), reactive sulfur species (RSS, including GSH, Hcy, Cys, H2S, H2Sn, SO2 derivatives, etc.), ATP, HCHO, CO and so on, are a highly important category of molecules in living cells. The dynamic fluctuations of these molecules in subcellular microenvironments determine cellular homeostasis, signal conduction, immunity and metabolism. However, their abnormal expressions can cause disorders which are associated with diverse major diseases. Monitoring bioactive molecules in subcellular structures is therefore critical for bioanalysis and related drug discovery. With the emergence of organelle-targeted fluorescent probes, significant progress has been made in subcellular imaging. Among the developed subcellular localization fluorescent tools, ROS, RNS and RSS (RONSS) probes are highly attractive, owing to their potential for revealing the physiological and pathological functions of these highly reactive, interactive and interconvertible molecules during diverse biological events, which are rather significant for advancing our understanding of different life phenomena and exploring new technologies for life regulation. This review mainly illustrates the design principles, detection mechanisms, current challenges, and potential future directions of organelle-targeted fluorescent probes toward RONSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Gao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong , Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes , Ministry of Education , Institute of Molecular and Nano Science , Shandong Normal University , Jinan 250014 , P. R. China . ;
| | - Wei Pan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong , Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes , Ministry of Education , Institute of Molecular and Nano Science , Shandong Normal University , Jinan 250014 , P. R. China . ;
| | - Na Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong , Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes , Ministry of Education , Institute of Molecular and Nano Science , Shandong Normal University , Jinan 250014 , P. R. China . ;
| | - Bo Tang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong , Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes , Ministry of Education , Institute of Molecular and Nano Science , Shandong Normal University , Jinan 250014 , P. R. China . ;
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