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Fiore L, Mazzaracchio V, Gosti C, Duranti L, Vitiello R, Maccauro G, Arduini F. Functionalized orthopaedic implant as pH electrochemical sensing tool for smart diagnosis of hardware infection. Analyst 2024; 149:3085-3096. [PMID: 38712737 DOI: 10.1039/d4an00253a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
In the orthopaedic surgery field, the use of medical implants to treat a patient's bone fracture is nowadays a common practice, nevertheless, it is associated with possible cases of infection. The consequent hardware infection can lead to implant failure and systemic infections, with prolonged hospitalization, time-consuming rehabilitation treatments, and extended antibiotic therapy. Hardware infections are strictly related to bacterial adhesion to the implant, leading to infection occurrence and consequent pH decreasing from physiological level to acid pH. Here, we demonstrate the new strategy to use an orthopaedic implant functionalized with iridium oxide film as the working electrode for the potentiometric monitoring of pH in hardware infection diagnosis. A functional investigation was focused on selecting the implant material, namely titanium, titanium alloy, and stainless steel, and the component, namely screws and implants. After selecting the titanium-based implant as the working electrode and a silver wire as the reference electrode in the final configuration of the smart sensing orthopaedic implant, a calibration curve was performed in standard solutions. An equation equal to y = (0.76 ± 0.02) - (0.068 ± 0.002) x, R2 = 0.996, was obtained in the pH range of 4-8. Subsequently, hysteresis, interference, matrix effect, recovery study, and storage stability were investigated to test the overall performance of the sensing device, demonstrating the tremendous potential of electrochemical sensors to deliver the next generation of smart orthopaedic implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Fiore
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy.
- SENSE4MED, Via Bitonto 139, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Mazzaracchio
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Christian Gosti
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Leonardo Duranti
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Raffaele Vitiello
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Giulio Maccauro
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Fabiana Arduini
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy.
- SENSE4MED, Via Bitonto 139, 00133, Rome, Italy
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2
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Nur-E-Alam M, Maurya DK, Yap BK, Rajabi A, Doroody C, Bin Mohamed H, Khandaker MU, Islam MA, Kiong Tiong S. Physical-Vapor-Deposited Metal Oxide Thin Films for pH Sensing Applications: Last Decade of Research Progress. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:8194. [PMID: 37837022 PMCID: PMC10575361 DOI: 10.3390/s23198194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
In the last several decades, metal oxide thin films have attracted significant attention for the development of various existing and emerging technological applications, including pH sensors. The mandate for consistent and precise pH sensing techniques has been increasing across various fields, including environmental monitoring, biotechnology, food and agricultural industries, and medical diagnostics. Metal oxide thin films grown using physical vapor deposition (PVD) with precise control over film thickness, composition, and morphology are beneficial for pH sensing applications such as enhancing pH sensitivity and stability, quicker response, repeatability, and compatibility with miniaturization. Various PVD techniques, including sputtering, evaporation, and ion beam deposition, used to fabricate thin films for tailoring materials' properties for the advanced design and development of high-performing pH sensors, have been explored worldwide by many research groups. In addition, various thin film materials have also been investigated, including metal oxides, nitrides, and nanostructured films, to make very robust pH sensing electrodes with higher pH sensing performance. The development of novel materials and structures has enabled higher sensitivity, improved selectivity, and enhanced durability in harsh pH environments. The last decade has witnessed significant advancements in PVD thin films for pH sensing applications. The combination of precise film deposition techniques, novel materials, and surface functionalization strategies has led to improved pH sensing performance, making PVD thin films a promising choice for future pH sensing technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Nur-E-Alam
- Institute of Sustainable Energy, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (B.K.Y.); (A.R.); (C.D.); (H.B.M.); (S.K.T.)
- School of Science, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia
- School of Engineering and Technology, Central Queensland University Australia, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Devendra Kumar Maurya
- National Centre for Flexible Electronics, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India;
| | - Boon Kar Yap
- Institute of Sustainable Energy, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (B.K.Y.); (A.R.); (C.D.); (H.B.M.); (S.K.T.)
- College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Armin Rajabi
- Institute of Sustainable Energy, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (B.K.Y.); (A.R.); (C.D.); (H.B.M.); (S.K.T.)
| | - Camellia Doroody
- Institute of Sustainable Energy, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (B.K.Y.); (A.R.); (C.D.); (H.B.M.); (S.K.T.)
- College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hassan Bin Mohamed
- Institute of Sustainable Energy, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (B.K.Y.); (A.R.); (C.D.); (H.B.M.); (S.K.T.)
- College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mayeen Uddin Khandaker
- Centre for Applied Physics and Radiation Technologies, School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Mohammad Aminul Islam
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Sieh Kiong Tiong
- Institute of Sustainable Energy, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (B.K.Y.); (A.R.); (C.D.); (H.B.M.); (S.K.T.)
- College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
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3
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Zhao Y, Yu Y, Zhao S, Zhu R, Zhao J, Cui G. Highly sensitive pH sensor based on flexible polyaniline matrix for synchronal sweat monitoring. Microchem J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.108092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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4
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Fiore L, Vitiello R, Perna A, Maccauro G, Arduini F. Fast and reliable infection diagnosis during orthopaedic surgery using Bluetooth-assisted miniaturized-electrochemical sensor. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.108061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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González-Fernández E, Staderini M, Marland JRK, Gray ME, Uçar A, Dunare C, Blair EO, Sullivan P, Tsiamis A, Greenhalgh SN, Gregson R, Clutton RE, Smith S, Terry JG, Argyle DJ, Walton AJ, Mount AR, Bradley M, Murray AF. In vivo application of an implantable tri-anchored methylene blue-based electrochemical pH sensor. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 197:113728. [PMID: 34763151 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The development of robust implantable sensors is important in the successful advancement of personalised medicine as they have the potential to provide in situ real-time data regarding the status of health and disease and the effectiveness of treatment. Tissue pH is a key physiological parameter and herein, we report the design, fabrication, functionalisation, encapsulation and protection of a miniaturised, self-contained, electrochemical pH sensor system and characterisation of sensor performance. Notably for the first time in this environment the pH sensor was based on a methylene blue redox reporter which showed remarkable robustness, accuracy and sensitivity. This was achieved by encapsulation of a self-assembled monolayer containing methylene blue entrapped within a Nafion layer. Another powerful feature was the incorporation, within the same implanted device, of a fabricated on-chip Ag/AgCl reference electrode - vital in any electrochemical sensor, but often ignored. When utilised in vivo, the sensor allowed accurate tracking of externally induced pH changes within a naturally occurring ovine lung cancer model, and correlated well with single point laboratory measurements made on extracted arterial blood, whilst enabling in vivo time-dependent measurements. The sensors functioned robustly whilst implanted, and maintained in vitro function once extracted and together, these results demonstrate proof-of-concept of the ability to sense real-time intratumoral tissue pH changes in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva González-Fernández
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - Matteo Staderini
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - Jamie R K Marland
- School of Engineering, Institute for Integrated Micro and Nano Systems, University of Edinburgh, Scottish Microelectronics Centre, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3FF, UK
| | - Mark E Gray
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Ahmet Uçar
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK; School of Engineering, Institute for Bioengineering, University of Edinburgh, Faraday Building, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3DW, UK; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Ankara Yildirim Beyazıt University, 06010 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Camelia Dunare
- School of Engineering, Institute for Integrated Micro and Nano Systems, University of Edinburgh, Scottish Microelectronics Centre, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3FF, UK
| | - Ewen O Blair
- School of Engineering, Institute for Integrated Micro and Nano Systems, University of Edinburgh, Scottish Microelectronics Centre, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3FF, UK
| | - Paul Sullivan
- School of Engineering, Institute for Bioengineering, University of Edinburgh, Faraday Building, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3DW, UK
| | - Andreas Tsiamis
- School of Engineering, Institute for Bioengineering, University of Edinburgh, Faraday Building, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3DW, UK
| | - Stephen N Greenhalgh
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Rachael Gregson
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Richard Eddie Clutton
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Stewart Smith
- School of Engineering, Institute for Bioengineering, University of Edinburgh, Faraday Building, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3DW, UK
| | - Jonathan G Terry
- School of Engineering, Institute for Integrated Micro and Nano Systems, University of Edinburgh, Scottish Microelectronics Centre, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3FF, UK
| | - David J Argyle
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Anthony J Walton
- School of Engineering, Institute for Integrated Micro and Nano Systems, University of Edinburgh, Scottish Microelectronics Centre, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3FF, UK
| | - Andrew R Mount
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK.
| | - Mark Bradley
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK.
| | - Alan F Murray
- School of Engineering, Institute for Bioengineering, University of Edinburgh, Faraday Building, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3DW, UK.
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Taal AJ, Lee C, Choi J, Hellenkamp B, Shepard KL. Toward implantable devices for angle-sensitive, lens-less, multifluorescent, single-photon lifetime imaging in the brain using Fabry-Perot and absorptive color filters. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2022; 11:24. [PMID: 35075116 PMCID: PMC8786868 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-00708-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Implantable image sensors have the potential to revolutionize neuroscience. Due to their small form factor requirements; however, conventional filters and optics cannot be implemented. These limitations obstruct high-resolution imaging of large neural densities. Recent advances in angle-sensitive image sensors and single-photon avalanche diodes have provided a path toward ultrathin lens-less fluorescence imaging, enabling plenoptic sensing by extending sensing capabilities to include photon arrival time and incident angle, thereby providing the opportunity for separability of fluorescence point sources within the context of light-field microscopy (LFM). However, the addition of spectral sensitivity to angle-sensitive LFM reduces imager resolution because each wavelength requires a separate pixel subset. Here, we present a 1024-pixel, 50 µm thick implantable shank-based neural imager with color-filter-grating-based angle-sensitive pixels. This angular-spectral sensitive front end combines a metal-insulator-metal (MIM) Fabry-Perot color filter and diffractive optics to produce the measurement of orthogonal light-field information from two distinct colors within a single photodetector. The result is the ability to add independent color sensing to LFM while doubling the effective pixel density. The implantable imager combines angular-spectral and temporal information to demix and localize multispectral fluorescent targets. In this initial prototype, this is demonstrated with 45 μm diameter fluorescently labeled beads in scattering medium. Fluorescent lifetime imaging is exploited to further aid source separation, in addition to detecting pH through lifetime changes in fluorescent dyes. While these initial fluorescent targets are considerably brighter than fluorescently labeled neurons, further improvements will allow the application of these techniques to in-vivo multifluorescent structural and functional neural imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriaan J Taal
- Columbia University - Department of Electrical Engineering, 500W. 120th St., Mudd 1310, New York, 10027, NY, USA
| | - Changhyuk Lee
- Columbia University - Department of Electrical Engineering, 500W. 120th St., Mudd 1310, New York, 10027, NY, USA
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology - Brain Science Institute, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaebin Choi
- Columbia University - Department of Electrical Engineering, 500W. 120th St., Mudd 1310, New York, 10027, NY, USA
| | - Björn Hellenkamp
- Columbia University - Department of Electrical Engineering, 500W. 120th St., Mudd 1310, New York, 10027, NY, USA
| | - Kenneth L Shepard
- Columbia University - Department of Electrical Engineering, 500W. 120th St., Mudd 1310, New York, 10027, NY, USA.
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Wijayaratna U, Kiridena S, Adams JD, Behrend CJ, Anker JN. Synovial fluid pH sensor for early detection of prosthetic hip infections. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2021; 31:2104124. [PMID: 36478668 PMCID: PMC9725744 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202104124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
We describe an implantable sensor developed to measure synovial fluid pH for noninvasive early detection and monitoring of hip infections using standard-of-care plain radiography. The sensor was made of a pH responsive polyacrylic acid-based hydrogel, which expands at high pH and contracts at low pH. A radiodense tantalum bead and a tungsten wire were embedded in the two ends of the hydrogel in order to monitor the change in length of the hydrogel sensor in response to pH via plain radiography. The effective pKa of the hydrogel-based pH sensor was 5.6 with a sensitivity of 3 mm/pH unit between pH 4 and 8. The sensor showed a linear response and reversibility in the physiologically relevant pH range of pH 6.5 and 7.5 in both buffer and bovine synovial fluid solutions with a 30-minute time constant. The sensor was attached to an explanted prosthetic hip and the pH response determined from the X-ray images by measuring the length between the tantalum bead and the radiopaque wire. Therefore, the developed sensor would enable noninvasive detection and studying of implant hip infection using plain radiography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uthpala Wijayaratna
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, 102 BRC, 105 Collings St., Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Sachindra Kiridena
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, 102 BRC, 105 Collings St., Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - John D Adams
- Prisma Health-Upstate, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Second Floor Support Tower, 701 Grove Road, Greenville, SC 29605, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey N Anker
- Departments of Chemistry and BioEngineering, and Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technology (COMSET), Clemson University, 102 BRC, 105 Collings St., Clemson, SC 29634, USA
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Rajamanthrilage A, Arifuzzaman M, Millhouse P, Pace T, Behrend C, DesJardins J, Anker J. Measuring Orthopedic Plate Strain to Track Bone Healing Using a Fluidic Sensor Read via Plain Radiography. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2021; 69:278-285. [PMID: 34181532 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2021.3092291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We describe a fluidic X-ray visualized strain indicator under applied load (X-VISUAL) to quantify orthopedic plate strain and inform rehabilitative care. METHODS The sensor comprises a polymeric device with a fluidic reservoir filled with a radio-dense fluid (cesium acetate) and an adjoining capillary wherein the liquid level is measured. A stainless-steel lever attaches to the plate and presses upon the acrylic bulb with a displacement proportional to plate bending strain. The sensor was attached to a plate in a Sawbones composite tibia mimic and a human cadaveric tibia. An osteotomy model (5 mm gap) was used to simulate an unstable fracture, and allograft repair to simulate a stiffer healed fracture. The cadaveric and Sawbones tibia were cyclically loaded five times (0-400 N) using a mechanical test stand, and fluid displacement was measured from plain radiographs. RESULTS The sensor displayed reversible and repeatable behavior with a slope of 0.096 mm/kg and fluid level noise of 50-80 micrometer (equivalent to 5-10 N). The allograft-repaired composite fracture was 13 times stiffer than the unstable fracture. CONCLUSION An analysis of prior external fracture fixation studies and fatigue curves for internal plates indicates that the threshold for safe weight bearing should be 1/5th-1/10th of the initial bending for an unstable fracture. The precision of our device (<2% body weight) should thus be sufficient to track fracture healing from unstable through safe weight bearing. SIGNIFICANCE The X-VISUAL fluidic sensor enables orthopedic plate strain quantification to monitor facture healing via X-ray imaging.
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Ernst M, Richards RG, Windolf M. Smart implants in fracture care - only buzzword or real opportunity? Injury 2021; 52 Suppl 2:S101-S105. [PMID: 32980139 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2020.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The assessment of fracture healing is still marked by a subjective and diffuse outcome due to the lack of clinically available quantitative measures. Without reliable information on the progression of healing and uniform criteria for union and non-union, therapeutic decision making, e.g. regarding the allowed weight bearing, hinges on the experience and the subjective evaluation of physicians. Already decades ago, fracture stiffness has been identified as a valid outcome measure for the maturity of the repair tissue. Despite early promising results, so far no method has made its way into practice beyond clinical studies. However, with current technological advancements and a general trend towards digital health care, measuring fracture healing seems to regain momentum. New generations of instrumented implants with sensoring capabilities, often termed as "smart implants", are under development. They target X-ray free and timely provision of reliable feedback upon the mechanical competence of the repair tissue and the healing environment to support therapeutic decision making and individualized after-care. With the gained experience from these devices, the next generations of smart implants may become increasingly sophisticated by internally analyzing the measured data and suggesting adequate therapeutic actions on their own.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Ernst
- AO Research Institute Davos, Clavadelerstrasse 8, 7270 Davos Platz, Switzerland.
| | - R Geoff Richards
- AO Research Institute Davos, Clavadelerstrasse 8, 7270 Davos Platz, Switzerland.
| | - Markus Windolf
- AO Research Institute Davos, Clavadelerstrasse 8, 7270 Davos Platz, Switzerland.
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Al-Zubeidi A, Stein F, Flatebo C, Rehbock C, Hosseini Jebeli SA, Landes CF, Barcikowski S, Link S. Single-Particle Hyperspectral Imaging Reveals Kinetics of Silver Ion Leaching from Alloy Nanoparticles. ACS NANO 2021; 15:8363-8375. [PMID: 33886276 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c10150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Gold-silver alloy nanoparticles are interesting for multiple applications, including heterogeneous catalysis, optical sensing, and antimicrobial properties. The inert element gold acts as a stabilizer for silver to prevent particle corrosion, or conversely, to control the release kinetics of antimicrobial silver ions for long-term efficiency at minimum cytotoxicity. However, little is known about the kinetics of silver ion leaching from bimetallic nanoparticles and how it is correlated with silver content, especially not on a single-particle level. To characterize the kinetics of silver ion release from gold-silver alloy nanoparticles, we employed a combination of electron microscopy and single-particle hyperspectral imaging with an acquisition speed fast enough to capture the irreversible silver ion leaching. Single-particle leaching profiles revealed a reduction in silver ion leaching rate due to the alloying with gold as well as two leaching stages, with a large heterogeneity in rate constants. We modeled the initial leaching stage as a shrinking-particle with a rate constant that exponentially depends on the silver content. The second, slower leaching stage is controlled by the electrochemical oxidation potential of the alloy being steadily increased by the change in relative gold content and diffusion of silver atoms through the lattice. Interestingly, individual nanoparticles with similar sizes and compositions exhibited completely different silver ion leaching yields. Most nanoparticles released silver completely, but 25% of them appeared to arrest leaching. Additionally, nanoparticles became slightly porous. Alloy nanoparticles, produced by scalable laser ablation in liquid, together with kinetic studies of silver ion leaching, provide an approach to design the durability or bioactivity of alloy nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Al-Zubeidi
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Frederic Stein
- Technical Chemistry I and Center for Nanointegration, Duisburg-Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 7, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Charlotte Flatebo
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Applied Physics Program, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Christoph Rehbock
- Technical Chemistry I and Center for Nanointegration, Duisburg-Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 7, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Seyyed Ali Hosseini Jebeli
- Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Christy F Landes
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Stephan Barcikowski
- Technical Chemistry I and Center for Nanointegration, Duisburg-Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 7, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Stephan Link
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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11
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Molinnus D, Drinic A, Iken H, Kröger N, Zinser M, Smeets R, Köpf M, Kopp A, Schöning MJ. Towards a flexible electrochemical biosensor fabricated from biocompatible Bombyx mori silk. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 183:113204. [PMID: 33836429 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In modern days, there is an increasing relevance of and demand for flexible and biocompatible sensors for in-vivo and epidermal applications. One promising strategy is the implementation of biological (natural) polymers, which offer new opportunities for flexible biosensor devices due to their high biocompatibility and adjustable biodegradability. As a proof-of-concept experiment, a biosensor was fabricated by combining thin- (for Pt working- and counter electrode) and thick-film (for Ag/AgCl quasi-reference electrode) technologies: The biosensor consists of a fully bio-based and biodegradable fibroin substrate derived from silk fibroin of the silkworm Bombyx mori combined with immobilized enzyme glucose oxidase. The flexible glucose biosensor is encapsulated by a biocompatible silicon rubber which is certificated for a safe use onto human skin. Characterization of the sensor set-up is exemplarily demonstrated by glucose measurements in buffer and Ringer's solution, while the stability of the quasi-reference electrode has been investigated versus a commercial Ag/AgCl reference electrode. Repeated bending studies validated the mechanical properties of the electrode structures. The cross-sensitivity of the biosensor against ascorbic acid, noradrenaline and adrenaline was investigated, too. Additionally, biocompatibility and degradation tests of the silk fibroin with and without thin-film platinum electrodes were carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Molinnus
- Institute of Nano- and Biotechnologies (INB), FH Aachen, Campus Jülich, Heinrich-Mußmann-Strasse 1, 52428, Jülich, Germany
| | - Aleksander Drinic
- Fibrothelium GmbH, TRIWO Technopark Aachen, Philipsstr. 8, 52068, Aachen, Germany
| | - Heiko Iken
- Institute of Nano- and Biotechnologies (INB), FH Aachen, Campus Jülich, Heinrich-Mußmann-Strasse 1, 52428, Jülich, Germany
| | - Nadja Kröger
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Max Zinser
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ralf Smeets
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Division of Regenerative Orofacial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marius Köpf
- Fibrothelium GmbH, TRIWO Technopark Aachen, Philipsstr. 8, 52068, Aachen, Germany
| | - Alexander Kopp
- Fibrothelium GmbH, TRIWO Technopark Aachen, Philipsstr. 8, 52068, Aachen, Germany
| | - Michael J Schöning
- Institute of Nano- and Biotechnologies (INB), FH Aachen, Campus Jülich, Heinrich-Mußmann-Strasse 1, 52428, Jülich, Germany; Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-3), Wilhelm-Johnen-Strasse 6, 52425, Jülich, Germany.
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FITC-Labeled Alendronate as an In Vivo Bone pH Sensor. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:4012194. [PMID: 32550231 PMCID: PMC7256770 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4012194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
pH is a critical indicator of bone physiological function and disease status; however, noninvasive and real-time sensing of bone pH in vivo has been a challenge. Here, we synthesized a bone pH sensor by labeling alendronate with the H+-sensitive dye fluorescein isothiocyanate (Aln-FITC). Aln-FITC showed selective affinity for hydroxyapatite (HAp) rather than other calcium materials. An in vivo biodistribution study showed that Aln-FITC can be rapidly and specifically delivered to rat bones after caudal vein injection, and the fluorescence lasted for at least 12 h. The fluorescence intensity of Aln-FITC binding to HAp linearly decreased when the pH changed from 6 to 12. This finding was further confirmed on bone blocks and perfused bone when the pH changed from 6.8 to 7.4, indicating unique pH-responsive characteristics in the bone microenvironment. Aln-FITC was then preliminarily applied to evaluate the changes in bone pH in a nude mouse acidosis model. Our results demonstrated that Aln-FITC might have the potential for minimally invasive and real-time in vivo bone pH sensing in preclinical studies of bone healing, metabolism, and cancer mechanisms.
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Suckey MM, Benza D, Arifuzzaman M, Millhouse PW, Anderson D, Heath J, DesJardins JD, Anker JN. Luminescent Spectral Rulers for Noninvasive Displacement Measurement through Tissue. ACS Sens 2020; 5:711-718. [PMID: 32096404 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b01930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A luminescent spectral ruler was developed to measure micrometer to millimeter displacements through tissue. The spectral ruler has two components: a luminescent encoder patterned with alternating stripes of two spectrally distinct luminescent materials and an analyzer mask with periodic transparent windows the same width as the encoder stripes. The analyzer mask is placed over the encoder and held so that only one type of luminescent stripe is visible through the window; sliding the analyzer over the encoder modulates the luminescence spectrum acquired through the analyzer windows, enabling detection of small displacements without imaging. We prepared two types of spectral rulers, one with a fluorescent encoder and a second with an X-ray excited optical luminescent (XEOL) encoder. The fluorescent ruler used two types of quantum dots to form stripes that were excited with 633 nm light and emitted at 645 and 680 nm, respectively. Each ruler type was covered with chicken breast tissue to simulate implantation. The XEOL ruler generated a strong signal with negligible tissue autofluorescence but used ionizing radiation, while the fluorescence ruler used non-ionizing red light excitation but required spectral fitting to account for tissue autofluorescence. The precision for both types of luminescent spectral rulers (with 1 mm wide analyzer windows, and measured through 6 mm of tissue) was <2 μm, mostly limited by shot noise. The approach enabled high micrometer to millimeter displacement measurements through tissue and has applications in biomechanical and mechanochemical measurements (e.g., tracking postsurgical bone healing and implant-associated infection).
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M. Suckey
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Donald Benza
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Md. Arifuzzaman
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Paul W. Millhouse
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Dakotah Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Jonathan Heath
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - John D. DesJardins
- Department of BioEngineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Jeffrey N. Anker
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
- Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technology (COMSET) and Environmental Toxicology Program, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
- Department of BioEngineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
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