1
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Zukic E, Mokos D, Weber M, Stix N, Ditrich K, Ferrario V, Müller H, Willrodt C, Gruber K, Daniel B, Kroutil W. Biocatalytic Heteroaromatic Amide Formation in Water Enabled by a Catalytic Tetrad and Two Access Tunnels. ACS Catal 2024; 14:8913-8921. [PMID: 38868102 PMCID: PMC11165448 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.4c01268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
The amide moiety belongs to the most common motives in pharmaceutical chemistry, present in many prescribed small-molecule pharmaceuticals. Methods for its manufacture are still in high demand, especially using water/buffer as a solvent and avoiding stoichiometric amounts of activation reagents. Herein, we identified from a library of lipases/esterases/acyltransferases and variants thereof a lipase originating from Sphingomonas sp. HXN-200 (SpL) able to form amides in aqueous solution starting from a broad scope of sterically demanding heteroaromatic ethyl esters as well as aliphatic amines, reaching isolated yields up to 99% on preparative scale and space time yields of up to 864 g L-1 d-1; thus, in selected cases, the amide was formed within minutes. The enzyme features an aspartate next to the canonical serine of the catalytic triad, which was essential for amide formation. Furthermore, the enzyme structure revealed two tunnels to the active site, presumably one for the ester and one for the amine, which permit the bringing together of the sterically demanding heteroaromatic esters and the amine in the active site. This work shows that biocatalytic amide formation starting from various five- and six-membered heteroaromatic ethyl esters in the buffer can serve as a platform for preparative amide synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erna Zukic
- Austrian
Centre of Industrial Biotechnology Acib GmbH c/o University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Daniel Mokos
- Institute
of Molecular Biosciences, University of
Graz, Humboldtstraße
50, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Melanie Weber
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Niklas Stix
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Klaus Ditrich
- Group
Research BASF SE, A030, Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, 67056 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Valerio Ferrario
- Group
Research BASF SE, A030, Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, 67056 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Henrik Müller
- Group
Research BASF SE, A030, Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, 67056 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Christian Willrodt
- Group
Research BASF SE, A030, Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, 67056 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Karl Gruber
- Institute
of Molecular Biosciences, University of
Graz, Humboldtstraße
50, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Field
of Excellence BioHealth, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed
Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Bastian Daniel
- Institute
of Molecular Biosciences, University of
Graz, Humboldtstraße
50, 8010 Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed
Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Institute
of Molecular Biosciences, University of
Graz, Humboldtstraße
50, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Field
of Excellence BioHealth, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed
Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
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2
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Sheng X, Kroutil W, Himo F. Computational Study of the Fries Rearrangement Catalyzed by Acyltransferase from Pseudomonas protegens. ChemistryOpen 2024:e202300256. [PMID: 38224208 DOI: 10.1002/open.202300256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The acyltransferase from Pseudomonas protegens (PpATase) catalyzes in nature the reversible transformation of monoacetylphloroglucinol to diacetylphloroglucinol and phloroglucinol. Interestingly, this enzyme has been shown to catalyze the promiscuous transformation of 3-hydroxyphenyl acetate to 2',4'-dihydroxyacetophenone, representing a biological version of the Fries rearrangement. In the present study, we report a mechanistic investigation of this activity of PpATase using quantum chemical calculations. A detailed mechanism is proposed, and the energy profile for the reaction is presented. The calculations show that the acylation of the enzyme is highly exothermic, while the acetyl transfer back to the substrate is only slightly exothermic. The deprotonation of the C6-H of the substrate is rate-limiting, and a remote aspartate residue (Asp137) is proposed to be the general base group in this step. Analysis of the binding energies of various acetyl acceptors shows that PpATase can promote both intramolecular and intermolecular Fries rearrangement towards diverse compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Sheng
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, P.R. China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin, 300308, P.R. China
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Institute of Chemistry, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, 8010, Graz, Austria
- Field of Excellence BioHealth, BioTechMed Graz, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Fahmi Himo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
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3
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Rigo D, Masters AF, Maschmeyer T, Selva M, Fiorani G. Isopropenyl Esters (iPEs) in Green Organic Synthesis. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200431. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Davide Rigo
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems Ca' Foscari University of Venice Via Torino 155 30172 Venezia (VE) Italy
| | - Anthony F. Masters
- Laboratory of Advanced Catalysis for Sustainability School of Chemistry University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Thomas Maschmeyer
- Laboratory of Advanced Catalysis for Sustainability School of Chemistry University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Maurizio Selva
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems Ca' Foscari University of Venice Via Torino 155 30172 Venezia (VE) Italy
| | - Giulia Fiorani
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems Ca' Foscari University of Venice Via Torino 155 30172 Venezia (VE) Italy
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4
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Ospina F, Schülke KH, Hammer SC. Biocatalytic Alkylation Chemistry: Building Molecular Complexity with High Selectivity. Chempluschem 2021; 87:e202100454. [PMID: 34821073 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202100454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Biocatalysis has traditionally been viewed as a field that primarily enables access to chiral centers. This includes the synthesis of chiral alcohols, amines and carbonyl compounds, often through functional group interconversion via hydrolytic or oxidation-reduction reactions. This limitation is partly being overcome by the design and evolution of new enzymes. Here, we provide an overview of a recently thriving research field that we summarize as biocatalytic alkylation chemistry. In the past 3-4 years, numerous new enzymes have been developed that catalyze sp3 C-C/N/O/S bond formations. These enzymes utilize different mechanisms to generate molecular complexity by coupling simple fragments with high activity and selectivity. In many cases, the engineered enzymes perform reactions that are difficult or impossible to achieve with current small-molecule catalysts such as organocatalysts and transition-metal complexes. This review further highlights that the design of new enzyme function is particularly successful when off-the-shelf synthetic reagents are utilized to access non-natural reactive intermediates. This underscores how biocatalysis is gradually moving to a field that build molecules through selective bond forming reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Ospina
- Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Kai H Schülke
- Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Stephan C Hammer
- Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
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5
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Winkler C, Schrittwieser JH, Kroutil W. Power of Biocatalysis for Organic Synthesis. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2021; 7:55-71. [PMID: 33532569 PMCID: PMC7844857 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.0c01496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Biocatalysis, using defined enzymes for organic transformations, has become a common tool in organic synthesis, which is also frequently applied in industry. The generally high activity and outstanding stereo-, regio-, and chemoselectivity observed in many biotransformations are the result of a precise control of the reaction in the active site of the biocatalyst. This control is achieved by exact positioning of the reagents relative to each other in a fine-tuned 3D environment, by specific activating interactions between reagents and the protein, and by subtle movements of the catalyst. Enzyme engineering enables one to adapt the catalyst to the desired reaction and process. A well-filled biocatalytic toolbox is ready to be used for various reactions. Providing nonnatural reagents and conditions and evolving biocatalysts enables one to play with the myriad of options for creating novel transformations and thereby opening new, short pathways to desired target molecules. Combining several biocatalysts in one pot to perform several reactions concurrently increases the efficiency of biocatalysis even further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph
K. Winkler
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße
28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Joerg H. Schrittwieser
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße
28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße
28, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Field
of Excellence BioHealth − University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed
Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
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6
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Abstract
Cold-active enzymes increase their catalytic efficiency at low-temperature, introducing structural flexibility at or near the active sites. Inevitably, this feat seems to be accompanied by lower thermal stability. These characteristics have made cold-active enzymes into attractive targets for the industrial applications, since they could reduce the energy cost in the reaction, attenuate side-reactions, and simply be inactivated. In addition, the increased structural flexibility could result in broad substrate specificity for various non-native substrates, which is called substrate promiscuity. In this perspective, we deal with a less addressed aspect of cold-active enzymes, substrate promiscuity, which has enormous potential for semi-synthesis or enzymatic modification of fine chemicals and drugs. Further structural and directed-evolutional studies on substrate promiscuity of cold-active enzymes will provide a new workhorse in white biotechnology.
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7
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Levenfors JJ, Nord C, Bjerketorp J, Ståhlberg J, Larsson R, Guss B, Öberg B, Broberg A. Antibacterial pyrrolidinyl and piperidinyl substituted 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinols from Pseudomonas protegens UP46. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2020; 73:739-747. [PMID: 32439988 DOI: 10.1038/s41429-020-0318-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the search for new antibiotic compounds, fractionation of Pseudomonas protegens UP46 culture extracts afforded several known Pseudomonas compounds, including 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (DAPG), as well as two new antibacterial alkaloids, 6-(pyrrolidin-2-yl)DAPG (1) and 6-(piperidin-2-yl)DAPG (2). The structures of 1 and 2 were determined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Compounds 1 and 2 were found to have antibacterial activity against the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus, with minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) 2 and 4 μg ml-1, respectively, for 1, and 2 μg ml-1 for both pathogens for 2. The MICs for 1 and 2, against all tested Gram-negative bacteria, were >32 μg ml-1. The half maximal inhibitory concentrations against HepG2 cells for compounds 1 and 2 were 11 and 18 μg ml-1, respectively, which suggested 1 and 2 be too toxic for further evaluation as possible new antibacterial drugs. Stable isotope labelling experiments showed the pyrrolidinyl group of 1 to originate from ornithine and the piperidinyl group of 2 to originate from lysine. The P. protegens acetyl transferase (PpATase) is involved in the biosynthesis of monoacetylphloroglucinol and DAPG. No optical rotation was detected for 1 or 2, and a possible reason for this was investigated by studying if the PpATase may catalyse a stereo-non-specific introduction of the pyrrolidinyl/piperidinyl group in 1 and 2, but unless the PpATase can be subjected to major conformational changes, the enzyme cannot be involved in this reaction. The PpATase is, however, likely to catalyse the formation of 2,4,6-triacetylphloroglucinol from DAPG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta J Levenfors
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7015, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.,Ultupharma AB, Södra Rudbecksgatan 13, SE-752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christina Nord
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7015, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Joakim Bjerketorp
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7015, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.,Ultupharma AB, Södra Rudbecksgatan 13, SE-752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jerry Ståhlberg
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7015, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Rolf Larsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bengt Guss
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7036, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bo Öberg
- Ultupharma AB, Södra Rudbecksgatan 13, SE-752 36, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 574, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Broberg
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7015, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
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8
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Żądło-Dobrowolska A, Hammerer L, Pavkov-Keller T, Gruber K, Kroutil W. Rational Engineered C-Acyltransferase Transforms Sterically Demanding Acyl Donors. ACS Catal 2020; 10:1094-1101. [PMID: 32030315 PMCID: PMC6996649 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b04617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The biocatalytic Friedel-Crafts acylation has been identified recently for the acetylation of resorcinol using activated acetic acid esters for the synthesis of acetophenone derivatives catalyzed by an acyltransferase. Because the wild-type enzyme is limited to acetic and propionic derivatives as the substrate, variants were designed to extend the substrate scope of this enzyme. By rational protein engineering, the key residue in the active site was identified which can be replaced to allow binding of bulkier acyl moieties. The single-point variant F148V enabled the transformation of previously inaccessible medium chain length alkyl and alkoxyalkyl carboxylic esters as donor substrates with up to 99% conversion and up to >99% isolated yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Żądło-Dobrowolska
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz,
BioTechMed Graz, Heinrichstrasse
28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Lucas Hammerer
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz,
BioTechMed Graz, Heinrichstrasse
28, 8010 Graz, Austria
- ACIB
GmbH, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Tea Pavkov-Keller
- Institute
of Molecular Biosciences, University of
Graz, Humboldtstrasse
50, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Karl Gruber
- Institute
of Molecular Biosciences, University of
Graz, Humboldtstrasse
50, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz,
BioTechMed Graz, Heinrichstrasse
28, 8010 Graz, Austria
- ACIB
GmbH, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria
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9
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Sheng X, Kazemi M, Żądło-Dobrowolska A, Kroutil W, Himo F. Mechanism of Biocatalytic Friedel-Crafts Acylation by Acyltransferase from Pseudomonas protegens. ACS Catal 2020; 10:570-577. [PMID: 31929947 PMCID: PMC6945686 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b04208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Acyltransferases isolated from Pseudomonas
protegens (PpATase) and Pseudomonas fluorescens (PfATase)
have recently been reported to catalyze
the Friedel–Crafts acylation, providing a biological version
of this classical organic reaction. These enzymes catalyze the cofactor-independent
acylation of monoacetylphloroglucinol (MAPG) to diacetylphloroglucinol
(DAPG) and phloroglucinol (PG) and have been demonstrated to have
a wide substrate scope, making them valuable for potential applications
in biocatalysis. Herein, we present a detailed reaction mechanism
of PpATase on the basis of quantum chemical calculations,
employing a large model of the active site. The proposed mechanism
is consistent with available kinetics, mutagenesis, and structural
data. The roles of various active site residues are analyzed. Very
importantly, the Asp137 residue, located more than 10 Å from
the substrate, is predicted to be the proton source for the protonation
of the substrate in the rate-determining step. This key prediction
is corroborated by site-directed mutagenesis experiments. Based on
the current calculations, the regioselectivity of PpATase and its specificity toward non-natural substrates can be rationalized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Sheng
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Masoud Kazemi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Żądło-Dobrowolska
- Institute of Chemistry, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Institute of Chemistry, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Fahmi Himo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R. Petchey
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry University of York Heslington, York YO10 5DD U.K
| | - Gideon Grogan
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry University of York Heslington, York YO10 5DD U.K
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11
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Żądło‐Dobrowolska A, Schmidt NG, Kroutil W. Thioesters as Acyl Donors in Biocatalytic Friedel-Crafts-type Acylation Catalyzed by Acyltransferase from Pseudomonas Protegens. ChemCatChem 2019; 11:1064-1068. [PMID: 31423289 PMCID: PMC6686624 DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201801856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Functionalization of aromatic compounds by acylation has considerable significance in synthetic organic chemistry. As an alternative to chemical Friedel-Crafts acylation, the C-acyltransferase from Pseudomonas protegens has been found to catalyze C-C bond formation with non-natural resorcinol substrates. Extending the scope of acyl donors, it is now shown that the enzyme is also able to catalyze C-S bond cleavage prior to C-C bond formation, thus aliphatic and aromatic thioesters can be used as acyl donors. It is worth to mention that this reaction can be performed in aqueous buffer. Identifying ethyl thioacetate as the most suitable acetyl donor, the products were obtained with up to >99 % conversion and up to 88 % isolated yield without using additional base additives; this represents a significant advancement to prior protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nina G. Schmidt
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazNAWI Graz, BioTechMed GrazGraz8010Austria
- ACIB GmbHGraz8010Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazNAWI Graz, BioTechMed GrazGraz8010Austria
- ACIB GmbHGraz8010Austria
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12
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Pavkov-Keller T, Schmidt NG, Żądło-Dobrowolska A, Kroutil W, Gruber K. Structure and Catalytic Mechanism of a Bacterial Friedel-Crafts Acylase. Chembiochem 2019; 20:88-95. [PMID: 30318713 PMCID: PMC6392133 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
C-C bond-forming reactions are key transformations for setting up the carbon frameworks of organic compounds. In this context, Friedel-Crafts acylation is commonly used for the synthesis of aryl ketones, which are common motifs in many fine chemicals and natural products. A bacterial multicomponent acyltransferase from Pseudomonas protegens (PpATase) catalyzes such Friedel-Crafts C-acylation of phenolic substrates in aqueous solution, reaching up to >99 % conversion without the need for CoA-activated reagents. We determined X-ray crystal structures of the native and ligand-bound complexes. This multimeric enzyme consists of three subunits: PhlA, PhlB, and PhlC, arranged in a Phl(A2 C2 )2 B4 composition. The structure of a reaction intermediate obtained from crystals soaked with the natural substrate 1-(2,4,6-trihydroxyphenyl)ethanone together with site-directed mutagenesis studies revealed that only residues from the PhlC subunits are involved in the acyl transfer reaction, with Cys88 very likely playing a significant role during catalysis. These structural and mechanistic insights form the basis of further enzyme engineering efforts directed towards enhancing the substrate scope of this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tea Pavkov-Keller
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB), Petersgasse 14, 8010, Graz, Austria
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Humboldtstrasse 50, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Nina G Schmidt
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB), Petersgasse 14, 8010, Graz, Austria
- Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28/2, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Anna Żądło-Dobrowolska
- Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28/2, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB), Petersgasse 14, 8010, Graz, Austria
- Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28/2, 8010, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, Mozartgasse 12/II, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Karl Gruber
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB), Petersgasse 14, 8010, Graz, Austria
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Humboldtstrasse 50, 8010, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, Mozartgasse 12/II, 8010, Graz, Austria
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13
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Contente ML, Pinto A, Molinari F, Paradisi F. Biocatalytic N
-Acylation of Amines in Water Using an Acyltransferase from Mycobacterium smegmatis. Adv Synth Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201801061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Letizia Contente
- School of Chemistry; University of Nottingham; University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Pinto
- Department of Food; Environmental and Nutritional Science, DeFENS; University of Milan; via Mangiagalli 25 Milan Italy
| | - Francesco Molinari
- Department of Food; Environmental and Nutritional Science, DeFENS; University of Milan; via Mangiagalli 25 Milan Italy
| | - Francesca Paradisi
- School of Chemistry; University of Nottingham; University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD United Kingdom
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